The Dynamic Characteristic Experimental Method on the Composite Foundation with Rigid-Flexible Compound Piles

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the composite foundations, which include cememt-flyash-gaavel (for short CFG) long piles and cement-soil (for short CS) short piles, and CS piles with CFG core as well, are formed. The method of the site dynamic characteristic tests of the composite foundations is discussed. The test results show that fireworks bomb may replace demolitions as the vibration resource. Vibration time is about 0.1 sec. Horizontal vibration major frequency is at 22.476 - 56.436 Hz, and vertical vibration major frequency is at 15.538 - 55.884 Hz. The pile arrangements of the composite foundation in the same site have more effect on the acceleration peak value. From the point of vibration, the anti-seismic effect of the CS piles with CFG core is better than others.

Buckling analysis of shear deformable composite conical shells reinforced by CNTs subjected to combined loading on the two-parameter elastic foundation

The main objective of this study is to investigate the buckling analysis of CCSs reinforced by CNTs subjected to combined loading of hydrostatic pressure and axial compression resting on the twoparameter elastic foundation(T-P-EF).It is one of the first attempts to derive the governing equations of the CCSs reinforced with CNTs,based on a generalized first-order shear deformation shell theory(FSDST)which includes shell-foundation interaction.By adopting the extended mixing rule,the effective material properties of CCSs reinforced by CNTs with linear distributions are approximated by introducing some efficiency parameters.Three carbon nanotube distribution in the matrix,i.e.uniform distribution(U)and V and X-types linear distribution are taken into account.The stability equations are solved by using the Galerkin procedure to determine the combined buckling loads(CBLs)of the structure selected here.The numerical illustrations cover CBLs characteristics of CCSs reinforced by CNTs in the presence of the T-P-EF.Finally,a parametric study is carried out to study the influences of the foundation parameters,the volume fraction of carbon nanotubes and the types of reinforcement on the CBLs.

Bending and stress analysis of polymeric composite plates reinforced with functionally graded graphene platelets based on sinusoidal shear-deformation plate theory

The bending and stress analysis of a functionally graded polymer composite plate reinforced with graphene platelets are studied in this paper.The governing equations are derived by using principle of virtual work for a plate which is rested on Pasternak’s foundation.Sinusoidal shear deformation theory is used to describe displacement field.Four different distribution patterns are employed in our analysis.The analytical solution is presented for a functionally graded plate to investigate the influence of important parameters.The numerical results are presented to show the deflection and stress results of the problem for four employed patterns in terms of geometric parameters such as number of layers,weight fraction and two parameters of Pasternak’s foundation.

Deformation and failure modes of composite foundation with sub-embankment plain concrete piles

With the development of high-speed railway in China, composite foundation with rigid piles has become a stamdard solution of meeting the high requirements of stability and post-construction settlement of embankment on soft subgrade. Among several im- provement pattems, plain concrete piles have been extensively used to treat soft ground supported embankment. To investigate the deformation and failure modes of unimproved soft ground and soft ground reinforced by sub-embankment plain concrete piles, and to learn the influences of track and vehicle load, the effect of pile spacing, as well as the compression moduli of soil layers and upper load condition on the failure modes, a series of centrifuge model tests were performed. Test results indicate that the dis- placement of unimproved soft ground under the embankment increases continuously as embankment, track and train loading, and slip circle failure takes place. The deformation law of soft ground reinforced by sub-embankment plain concrete piles depends on pile spacing, compression modulus of the soft ground, and loading conditions. It was also found that plain concrete piles show displacement and failure patterns depending on its location, compression modulus of soft soil around the pile, and loading condi- tions. Furthermore, the evaluation of improved ground stability as well as the model test procedure is also presented.

Settlement of composite foundation with discrete material pile considering modulus change

Based on deeply discussing the deformation mechanism of composite foundation with discrete material pile, firstly, the settlement of composite foundation in rigid foundation conditions was assumed to consist of two parts, an expanding part and an un-expanding part. Then, in view of the differences of deformation properties between the expanding part and the un-expanding part, the relationships between the pile modulus and the applied load in these two parts were respectively developed. Thirdly, by introducing the above relationships into settlement analysis, a new method to calculate displacement of composite foundation with discrete material pile was proposed by using the multi-stage loading theory and the layer-wise summation approach. This method is effective not only for accounting for the effect of variations of pores on deformation modulus of the pile body in different depths, but also for describing the characteristics of different deformation mechanisms of the pile body with varying depth. Finally, the proposed method was used to a practical composite foundation problem, whose theoretical results were presented and compared to those of other methods. The rationality and feasibility of this method are identified through comparative analysis.

Free-Form Laminated Doubly-Curved Shells and Panels of Revolution Resting on Winkler-Pasternak Elastic Foundations: A 2-D GDQ Solution for Static and Free Vibration Analysis

This work presents the static and dynamic analyses of laminated doubly-curved shells and panels of revolution resting on Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundations using the Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method. The analyses are worked out considering the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) for the above mentioned moderately thick structural elements. The effect of the shell curvatures is included from the beginning of the theory formulation in the kinematic model. The solutions are given in terms of generalized displacement components of points lying on the middle surface of the shell. Simple Rational Bézier curves are used to define the meridian curve of the revolution structures. The discretization of the system by means of the GDQ technique leads to a standard linear problem for the static analysis and to a standard linear eigenvalue problem for the dynamic analysis. Comparisons between the present formulation and the Reissner-Mindlin theory are presented. Furthermore, GDQ results are compared with those obtained by using commercial programs. Very good agreement is observed. Finally, new results are presented in order to investtigate the effects of the Winkler modulus, the Pasternak modulus and the inertia of the elastic foundation on the behavior of laminated shells of revolution.

不均匀地层中刚性桩复合地基变形及加固措施分析

刚性桩复合地基凭借其工后沉降小、施工周期短、整体稳定性强、社会经济效益高等优势,逐渐得到广泛应用,但也伴随着一些工程问题,如在不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基路堤容易出现稳定性问题。本文针对不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基典型工程案例展开研究,采用有限元软件建立三维模型,揭示改进方案前后不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基的变形规律,研究3种加固方式对于刚性桩复合地基稳定性的增强效果。结果表明:不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基会产生偏应力进而引起路堤差异沉降,结构稳定性较差,改进方案可以有效降低路堤沉降,提高结构整体稳定性,横梁加固可以有效提高刚性桩复合地基的水平稳定性。

排桩复合土钉支护结构水平位移简化计算方法

针对排桩复合土钉支护结构,基于其受力变形机理,引入了土钉钉头与排桩在相应位置处变形协调的基本假定,考虑了分步开挖施工工况,采用增量法建立了考虑施工过程影响的排桩复合土钉支护结构水平位移简化计算方法。算例及工程实例计算的对比分析表明,所建立的排桩复合土钉支护结构水平位移简化计算方法具有工程适用性。

套筒强夯长短桩复合地基承载特性研究

【目的】随着大型海洋工程项目不断发展,对水下软土地基处理提出了新的挑战,水下挤密砂桩和水下水泥搅拌桩复合地基等传统方法具有定位难、制桩难、桩体质量差等问题,始终制约着其在海洋工程中的应用和发展。【方法】借鉴陆上孔内深层强夯施工方法,因地制宜地提出水下套筒强夯复合地基成桩技术,该技术使用套筒阻隔海水进入桩孔,具有定位准、加固深和强度高等优点,通过模型试验的方法对该技术进行研究。【结果】结果表明,在强夯碎石桩与传统碎石桩相结合的工况下,地基极限承载力提高50%以上,等长度群桩复合地基极限承载力比长短桩复合地基提升18%;在全部采用强夯碎石桩的工况下,地基极限承载力提高170%以上,等长度群桩复合地基极限承载力比长短桩复合地基提升3.7%。【结论】全部采用强夯碎石桩的复合地基比强夯碎石桩与传统碎石桩组合而成的复合地基承载力提高更多,在提高承载力方面,采用套筒强夯长短桩复合地基更加经济有效。

填方灰土桩复合地基大底盘建筑倾斜特性数值分析

目前建筑倾斜事故频繁发生,但对于大底盘建筑倾斜全过程的变形力学行为受到了较少的关注。因此,研究了填方灰土桩复合地基倾斜过程的沉降变形特性及受力特性。基于数值模拟,探讨了填方灰土桩复合地基大底盘建筑倾斜特性相应变化规律,分析填方灰土桩复合地基倾斜过程中沉降变形及大底盘基础变形受力特性,研究了填方区地基处理优化方案。研究结果表明:建筑倾斜过程中,基础边缘处剪切变形最大,剪切变形值与倾斜值呈正相关;大底盘建筑倾斜过程中基础顶板混凝土首先开裂,其弯曲点不断变化;基础底板尚未开裂但底板南半段出现隆起现象,在靠近倾斜建筑0.2 L(L为底板长度)位置处存在开裂风险,倾斜过程弯曲点基本不变;水泥粉煤灰碎石桩(cement fly-ash gravel,CFG)桩地基处理方案剪应变最大值比原有方案剪应变最大值降低了67.08%,沉降值和倾斜值分别降低了67.52%、73.83%,达到此类建筑倾斜率不应超过3‰的规范要求;研究结果为类似复合地基大底盘建筑纠偏加固提供了借鉴和参考。

地下交通枢纽多级基坑组合支护结构体系设计及变形特性研究

北京地铁M3线星火站地下枢纽是高铁星火站地下综合枢纽的一个组成部分,采用明挖法施工。因枢纽基坑内部主体结构使用功能的不同需求,基坑采用三级布置形式,基坑一侧邻近既有高铁星火站,另一侧为城市道路,基坑开挖受四层地下水影响。为了解决地铁M3线星火站地下枢纽多级基坑支护结构设计遇到的困难,开展基坑组合支护结构体系研究。首先分析枢纽基坑的空间布局特点、周边环境情况及地下水赋存特征,讨论常规支护结构体系存在的问题,基于分级支护和分级止水理念,研发基坑组合支护结构体系,详细给出各级基坑支护结构体系布置、结构参数及多级基坑开挖支护步序;然后采用数值模拟方法建立多级基坑开挖支护的三维数值计算模型,分析各级基坑的坑底隆起和围护结构变形;最后结合各级基坑围护结构变形实测结果,探讨基坑组合支护结构的变形特性。数值模拟和现场实测结果表明:各级基坑的坑底隆起及围护结构变形均满足控制值要求。

典型软土地层管廊基坑垫层换撑可行性研究

针对基坑传统换撑方法换撑工序复杂,对管廊结构施工延续性及施工效率影响较大的问题,基于典型软土地层,以广东中山某管廊深基坑工程为背景,提出了利用垫层换撑的新方法.首先,对基坑进行三维Abaqus数值模拟并与实测数据进行对比分析;然后,提出垫层换撑方法并进行数值模拟正交试验,探究采用垫层换撑方法在拆撑后不同因素对基坑围护结构变形影响情况;最后,通过现场试验验证管廊深基坑垫层换撑新方法的合理性和可行性,并将垫层换撑方法与传统换撑方法对于围护结构水平位移影响进行对比.研究结果表明:影响围护结构变形的3个主要因素为垫层改良区域(垫层梁)厚度、混凝土强度等级和纵向钢筋直径,其中垫层改良区域(垫层梁)的厚度极差最大,为影响围护结构变形最显著的因素;垫层换撑现场实验在拆除底部横撑后,围护结构最大水平位移平均实测值仅为21.79 mm,有效解决了软土区围护结构易变形过大的问题,验证了垫层换撑方法的适用性;在基坑地层及开挖条件相同情况下,采用垫层换撑方法围护结构最大水平位移约为传统方法的84%,相较于传统换撑方法能够更好地控制基坑变形.

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

基于改进Reddy型三阶剪切变形理论的弹性地基上FG-CNTRC板屈曲无网格分析

针对含碳纳米管转向的Pasternak地基上功能梯度碳纳米管增强复合材料FG-CNTRC(functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite)板的屈曲问题,提出了一种基于改进Reddy型三阶剪切变形理论TSDT(third-order shear deformation theory)和移动最小二乘近似MLS(moving-least square)的无网格分析模型。该模型避免了无网格法第二类边界条件的施加困难问题,且能够满足中厚/厚板的自由表面条件,无需额外引入剪切修正因子。基于最小势能原理推导了弹性地基上FG-CNTRC板的无网格屈曲控制方程,采用完全转换法处理本质边界条件。通过基准算例验证了本文方法的收敛性及有效性,讨论了碳纳米管的转向角、体积分数、分布形式、地基系数、宽厚比和边界条件等对FG-CNTRC板临界屈曲荷载的影响。

高阶剪切变形理论下Pasternak地基上FG-CNTRC梁自由振动及屈曲分析

功能梯度碳纳米管增强复合材料(functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite,FG-CNTRC)作为新一代先进复合材料,因其优越的力学性能而被研究者们广泛关注。该研究以Pasternak地基上FG-CNTRC梁为研究对象,基于不同高阶剪切变形理论,将一种具有插值特性的无网格法——稳定移动克里金插值(stabilized moving Kriging interpolation,SMKI)应用于求解Pasternak地基上FG-CNTRC梁的自由振动及屈曲问题。基于稳定移动克里金插值和不同高阶剪切变形理论给出FG-CNTRC梁的位移场,利用Hamilton原理和最小势能原理分别推导了Pasternak地基上FG-CNTRC梁的自由振动和屈曲控制方程。采用MATLAB软件编制了相关程序,将该研究解与解析解或文献解对比,证明了该方法在计算Pasternak地基上FG-CNTRC梁自由振动与屈曲的有效性及准确性。最后,还讨论了不同高阶剪切变形理论、地基系数、碳纳米管体积分数等对其自振频率和屈曲临界荷载的影响。

加筋路堤下刚性桩复合地基变形特性分析

刚性桩复合地基在珠海地区软土区道路工程中应用时常出现沉降和不均匀沉降较大的问题,进而引发沿路管线破坏和路面波浪起伏。为了解决深厚软土区刚性桩复合地基存在的沉降和差异沉降过大问题,优化复合地基设计,为防治道路病害提供参考,本研究通过数值计算方法建立了平面应变模型。将三维桩体和桩帽进行二维等效,并考虑了路堤填注和土体固结的过程,分析了基准工况和不同参数条件下加筋路堤下刚性桩复合地基变形特性。结果表明:刚性桩复合地基的变形可分为变形协调区、统一沉降区和压缩变形区,其中变形协调区主要影响差异沉降,压缩变形区主要影响总沉降,统一沉降区则因自身压缩变形小,随复合地基整体下沉,而起到减小总沉降的作用;在桩两端约束强于桩中部约束的情况下,边桩可能首先在中部发生弯曲破坏;刚性桩复合地基施工过程中出现的路堤外隆起现象会在工后逐步消失并在路堤带动下发生沉降;参数分析结果表明,持力层的强度、桩端嵌入持力层深度对路堤沉降影响最大,而桩间距、桩帽尺寸对差异沉降影响最大,场坪土的强度及砂黏性、褥垫层厚度、地下水深度对路堤沉降均有一定影响,但影响较为有限。因此,对于深厚软土区域,根据软土厚度确定桩长并合理增大桩间距和桩帽尺寸,可以控制路堤沉降并节省工程造价。

修正等应变假定下均匀开孔透水管桩复合地基固结解析解

复合地基是一种有效且应用广泛的软土地基处理技术,而开孔透水管桩综合了散体材料桩的透水性与黏结材料桩高承载力的优点,是地基处理中增强体的新选择。据此,为研究透水管桩复合地基的固结特性,在考虑桩体向褥垫层和下卧层发生刺入的前提下对传统等应变假定进行了修正,并引入半透水边界作为桩土界面排水条件,在此基础上推导了桩身均匀开孔下土体固结的微分方程和求解条件,综合考虑了不同的附加应力分布形式以及扰动效应。利用有限正弦傅里叶变换等方法,求解了土体内部超静孔压、地基沉降及固结度的解析表达式,并通过退化分析和有限差分解的对比,验证了本文解答的正确性。最后,通过算例分析系统探究了开孔率、开孔半径、地基附加应力分布形式、扰动效应以及垫层和下卧层的压缩模量对地基固结特性的影响。结果表明:相比于传统管桩,透水管桩对加快桩周土内超静孔压的消散有着显著的效果;具体为开孔率越高、开孔半径越小,则桩侧土内超静孔压消散越快;与此同时,附加应力呈倒三角分布且不考虑扰动效应时地基固结速率最快;此外,增加垫层和下卧层的压缩模量也可以提升地基固结速率。本文的研究结果可为透水管桩技术的推广和工程设计提供一定的理论依据。

CFG桩复合地基设计要点

结合已有研究成果及工程实践,从CFG桩复合地基设计角度出发,对设计过程中的附加压力、变形计算深度、压缩模量、压缩模量提高系数、地下水等设计要点进行了分析,并探讨了桩长、桩径、桩间距等参数的选取原则,得出桩径越小,经济性越好,但同时相邻桩相互影响问题更加突出等结论。

倾斜单桩复合地基受压变形特征与破坏模式试验研究

为了摸清桩体复合地基施工或服役过程中受侧向堆载或开挖产生的侧向作用而发生倾斜的受压变形规律变化情况,通过采用室内模型试验的手段,研究不同倾斜角度单桩复合地基受压变形规律及破坏模式,为倾斜桩复合地基质量评定提供依据。试验结果表明:(1)倾斜桩复合地基中,倾斜角在4°~10°范围内,相同荷载作用下,桩顶沉降随倾斜角增大而增大,上刺入量随倾斜角增大而减小。桩顶侧移有峰值,对应的倾斜角为“侧移临界倾斜角”。(2)桩身轴力随桩身倾斜角增大而减小,桩身摩阻力随倾斜角增大而增大。不同倾斜角单桩复合地基桩身受力产生弯矩,弯矩自上而下呈现“增大-减小”的变化规律,整体上呈“S”形,在桩身中上部出现峰值。(3)倾斜桩复合地基破坏模式存在地基沉降超限、桩身侧向失稳和桩身弯曲破坏。荷载增大时,倾斜桩沉降和侧移增大,地基沉降可能超限、桩身侧移增大、侧向失稳,荷载增加到一定值时,倾斜桩发生弯曲破坏,荷载继续增大时,地基沉降继续增大,超过容许值。处治倾斜桩时,建议加强桩身中上部抗弯刚度,采用轻质填料以减少荷载。

软土地区紧邻地铁深基坑施工变形控制研究

随着地下空间开发成为城市建设重点,邻近地铁的深基坑施工变形控制也成为了工程研究中的热点和难点。以上海城区某紧邻地铁的地下空间开发项目为实例,结合周边环境保护、基坑施工技术、隧道变形控制等方面,分析并提出了项目重点与技术方案。通过合理的地下连续墙分坑规划与轴压伺服水平支撑,控制了基坑开挖工程的变形;通过封闭承压降水与周边回灌,控制了对周边环境的影响范围;通过注浆措施,缓解了地铁隧道的局部变形。基坑与地铁隧道监测结果表明,相关技术措施可有效保证施工过程中地铁隧道、基坑围护及周边环境的安全,可为其他同类工程提供借鉴。