Iron Oxen on the Banks of the Yelow River

The twelfth year of the Kaiyuan Reign during the Tang Dynasty （725 A. D.）Each iron ox is about 3.3 m long and 2.5 m high, weighs about 30 t, and is mounted on a square ron base which is 2.3 m wide and 0.5 m thick. Behind the rear legs of each iron ox, there is a large horizontal iron bar which is about 2.33 m long, 0.4 m in diameter, and was used to support the iron chain bridge across over the roaring Yellow River. Under the square iron base, there are 6 slant iron columns buried in the ground, each of which is about 3 m long and 0.4 m in diameter. The iron base and columns weigh about 40 t. The total weight of each whole iron ox sculpture is approximately 70 t

Strategic Planning of "Yellow River Golden Bank" of Yinchuan Section

Through the analysis on location condition,industrial development situation of "Yellow River Golden Bank" of Yinchuan section,strategic idea for this section has been proposed,providing theoretical basis for Yinchuan City to build a distinctive city along Yellow River.

Development of Rural Banks in Yellow River Delta

The status quo of new-type rural financial institutions in the Yellow River delta is summarized.It is pointed out that these financial institutions have improved the development of economy concerning agriculture,rural areas and peasants,but due to the shortage of capital,deficit and many other reasons,the outlets is fewer,which can not serve the agriculture,rural areas and peasants well.The necessity of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta is introduced:firstly,rural banks can serve the agriculture,rural areas and peasants well with flexible system and management methods.Secondly,rural banks can serve and support the vulnerable groups of the three rural issues concerning agriculture,countryside and famers well.Thirdly,rural banks provide strong support for the all around development of rural business concerning the agriculture,rural areas and peasants.Fourthly,rural banks have significant advantages in serving the agriculture,rural areas and peasants.The probability of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta is analyzed from the three advantages of policy,environment and economy.The challenges faced by the development of rural banks are studied as follows:firstly,the short-term profits are hard to take effect.Secondly,the capital quantity of rural banks is large.Thirdly,the pressure of competition and operation is great.Thus the countermeasures of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta are put forward:for instance,clarifying the service object in a certain area;using the minority to bring along the majority;reducing the risk of asymmetric information by information technology.

Variations of bank shift rates along the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River and their influencing factors

It is important to examine the lateral shift rate variation of river banks in different periods. One of the challenges in this regard is how to obtain the shift rate of river banks, as gauging stations are deficient for the study of river reaches. The present study selected the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River with a length of 196 km as a case study, and searched each point of intersection of 153 cross-sections （interval between two adjacent cross-sections was 1.3 km） and river banks in 1975, 1990, 2010 and 2011, which were plotted according to remote sensing images in those years. Then the shift rates for the points of intersection during 1975-1990, 1990-2010 and 2010-2011 were calculated, as well as the average shift rates for different sections and different periods. The results show that the left bank of the river reach shifts mostly to the right, with the average shift rates being 36.5 m/a, 27.8 m/a and 61.5 m/a in the three periods, respectively. Contemporarily, the right bank shifts mostly to the right in the first period, while it shifts to the left in the second and third periods, with the average shift rates being 31.7 m/a, 23.1 m/a and 50.8 m/a in the three periods, respectively. The average shift rates for the left and right banks during the period 1975-2011 are 22.3 m/a and 14.8 m/a, respectively. The bank shift rates for sections A, B and C are different. The shift rate ratio of the left bank in the three sections is 1：7.6：4.6 for shift to the left and 1：1.7：3.8 for shift to the right, while that of the right bank is 1：1.8：1.2 for shift to the left and 1：5.6：17.7 for shift to the right during the period 1975-2011. Obviously, the average shift rate is the least in section A, while it is maximum in section B for shift to the left and in section C for shift to the right. The temporal variation of the shift rate is influenced by human activities while the spatial variation is controlled by the local difference in bank materials.

Healthy Yellow River’s essence and indicators

River＇s healthy life is a description of their living conditions, and it is also a comprehensive assessment of river＇s functions and relations with the human society. Through analyzing the demands of human being and river ecosystem, the continuous flow, safe river channel for water and sediment transportation, good water quality, sustainable river ecosystem and water supply capacity are regarded as symbols of the healthy Yellow River. Minimum flow, maximum flood discharging capacity, bank-full discharge, transverse slope of floodplain, water quality degree, wetlands area, aquatic ecosystem, and water supply capacity, altogether eight quantitative indicators are set as symbols of healthy Yellow River, and their corresponding standards are determined based on the analysis with historical hydrological data and observed data of 1956-2004.

黄河下游多因素耦合作用生态护坡破坏机制研究进展

黄河流域在中国经济社会发展中具有重要的战略地位,其下游河道水少沙多、水沙关系不协调,具有二级悬河、河势演变复杂等特点,岸坡破坏会严重威胁防洪安全和经济社会高质量发展,因此,保障岸坡稳定、开展黄河下游护坡治理与风险管控十分必要。生态护坡破坏涉及水、土、植被、结构等因素,机理复杂,传统河流动力学理论已不能完全适用,需进一步深入研究。本文总结分析了黄河下游岸坡破坏现状、岸坡失稳机理及其主要影响因素、生态护坡结构研究及应用和护坡工程风险评估及管控等方面现有研究成果及存在的不足,在此基础上探讨和梳理了黄河下游生态护坡未来的一些研究方向,包括揭示水-土-植被等多因素耦合作用下的生态护坡破坏机制、研发适用于强冲积特点的刚-柔协同新型生态护坡结构型式、建立考虑多要素多层次的生态护坡工程风险综合评价指标体系、形成岸坡监测-评估-处置/防护一体化的风险管控技术体系等。

Lateral erosion/accretion area and shrinkage rate of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River between 1977 and 2014

Quantitative studies on river channel lateral erosion/accretion area changes over time can reveal the characteristics of channel evolution. Taking the 213-km-long Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River as an example, area changes in channel bank ero- sion/accretion in four sub-reaches （S1, S2, S3 and S4） over 19 different periods were evalu- ated on the basis of remote sensing images captured since 1977. Mean channel shrinkage rate for the whole river reach was also obtained. Results show that the left and right banks of the Linhe reach were dominated by lateral net accretion between 1977 and 2014. The channel area of this section of the Yellow River was characterized by reduction between 1977 and 2001, while periods of alternate erosion and accretion occurred subsequent to 2001. Mean channel shrinkage rate in the Linhe reach braided channel was 6.15 km2/yr between 1977 and 2014, while the most remarkable changes in channel planform occurred in the 1990s. Compared to 1995, channel length and sinuosity increased by 5.8% and 6.6% by 2000, while channel area and mean width decreased by 39.4% and 42.8%, respectively. Significant changes in channel planform and shrinkage of the Linhe reach occurred in the 1990s, mainly as a result of the joint-operation of the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs since 1986, which caused substantial reductions in runoff and sediment flux during the annual flooding season. In addition, bank erosion/accretion in the four sub-reaches was affected by the physical properties of local banks, engineering emplaced to protect channel banks, and hydrodynamic differences. However, since the implementation of integrated river manage- ment measures from 2000 onwards, these changes have been significantly mitigated and the health of the Linhe reach braided channel of the Yellow River has been restored.

基于AHP-熵权法的望虞河西岸圩区活水调度方案多目标优选

以望虞河西岸的甘露圩和荡北圩为研究区,构建水动力-水质模型,选取恰当的水动力、水质和经济成本指标构建活水调度多目标评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和熵权法主客观相结合确定指标权重,决策单圩活水调度最优方案,并与圩区联合调度方案比较活水调度效果。结果表明:利用多目标评价指标体系可有效确定活水调度最优方案;甘露圩最优调度方案为陈家角闸和甘露港闸共同引水,徐家浜闸站以6 m^(3)/s流量抽排;荡北圩最优调度方案为黄塘河闸和五星河北闸引水,珠桥河闸站和五星河闸站共以9 m^(3)/s流量抽排;与单圩活水调度相比,两圩联合调度后畅流活水效果更优。

基于稀土元素示踪技术的库岸崩滑土体堆积特征研究

降雨和库水位变化是库岸崩滑的重要诱发因素。以黄河中游土质库岸为研究对象,在由3°缓坡、40°陡坡和70°急坡组成的概化岸坡上,利用稀土元素(REE)示踪技术,研究降雨和库水位升降作用下库区堆积土体的来源,分析离岸方向上的土体堆积特征。结果表明:在水位下降、水位上升、降雨作用-水位下降和降雨作用-水位上升4种工况下,同一组地形经过5场试验后,库区内来源于缓坡、陡坡、急坡的土量以及堆积土体总量均与堆积土体和库岸之间的距离存在负指数函数关系,且相关性较高;急坡是库区堆积土体的主要来源,其中水位变化条件下尤为明显;在水位上升和水位下降工况下,同一组地形5场试验后来源于急坡的堆积土量平均约占总堆积土量的71%;急坡对库区堆积土体的泥沙贡献率在坡脚处基本达到最高,各组地形5场试验后急坡对临岸堆积体泥沙量的平均贡献率约为66%。因而,在水库蓄水或放水时,需重点做好对急坡的防护。

黄河下游漫滩洪水滩槽分流比变化及其影响因素分析

采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了黄河下游漫滩洪水滩槽分流比变化及其影响因素。研究结果表明:花园口4次漫滩洪水滩槽分流比均值为0.18,说明主槽是黄河下游泄洪排沙的主体;黄河下游上宽下窄,滩槽分流比沿程变大。1986年后,下游河道萎缩,平滩流量下降,滩槽分流比增大;2000年后,下游河道冲刷,平滩流量增大,滩槽分流比减小。滩槽分流比随滩槽糙率比的增大而减小,随滩槽水面宽度比、滩槽水深比的增大而增大。提高主槽过流能力,必须采用综合治理措施维护下游主槽适宜规模的平滩流量;提高滩地过流能力,必须降低人类活动对滩地的影响,给滩地留有足够的行洪空间,确保全断面行洪安全。

黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化与水沙过程的响应关系

平滩流量是表征河道排洪输沙能力的重要指标,开展宁蒙河段平滩流量变化机理的研究对于治理黄河意义重大,本文采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化特征及其与汛期水沙过程的定量关系。研究结果表明:黄河上游宁蒙河段沿程六站平滩流量由1960年代中期的3600~5800 m^(3)/s减小到目前的1900~4000 m^(3)/s。2000年前宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程关系点群与2000年后两者关系点群存在明显分区,说明2000年后宁蒙河段河床演变机理发生了变化,遵循不同规律。建立的宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程的定量关系式表明,宁蒙河段平滩流量随着汛期平均水量的减小(增大)而减小(增大),随着汛期平均来沙系数的减小(增大)而增大(减小),随着汛期水流过程参数的增大(减小)而增大(减小)。

不同水分调控对沿黄灌区向日葵水分利用影响研究

为探究达拉特旗黄河南岸灌区向日葵根系吸水来源及其利用策略,通过测定达拉特旗黄河南岸灌区向日葵木质部水及其各种潜在水源(降水、土壤水和地下水)的氢氧同位素组成(δD和δ18O),利用直接对比法和MixSIAR模型研究对比不同灌溉制度下向日葵不同生育期水分来源及各水源利用差异。结果表明,向日葵在苗期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期的吸水深度分别在0~30、0~50、0~70和30~90 cm土层。不同灌溉量下,向日葵的主要吸水层具有一定的差异。0~10、10~30、30~50、50~70、70~90 cm深度土壤水和地下水对向日葵平均贡献比例分别为22.17%、17.99%、18.74%、14.68%、15.97%和10.45%。通过相关性分析,50 cm以下土层水分贡献对产量提高有利,0~10 cm土壤水、30~50 cm土壤水和地下水利用对灌溉水利用效率具有正相关关系。设置灌溉定额为187.5 mm时能显著提高产量,灌溉定额为100 mm时,能显著提升灌溉水利用效率。

盐度-温度对内蒙古砒砂岩断裂行为耦合作用机理

低温、矿化流体耦合下砒砂岩断裂力学特征对于内蒙古黄河岸坡岩体稳定性具有关键影响。利用半圆盘三点弯曲加载(semi-circular bending,SCB)对内蒙古准格尔旗砒砂岩在常温、低温条件下断裂行为进行试验研究,研究表明:相同盐度下液氮制冷后砒砂岩试样断裂载荷和断裂韧度显著下降,同等温度下试样断裂载荷和断裂韧度随浸泡流体盐度增大线性升高;液氮制冷后砒砂岩试样断裂全程能耗显著低于常温条件下试样,随浸泡流体盐度增加砒砂岩试样断裂能耗呈指数上升;液氮制冷后砒砂岩试样断裂速率远高于常温试样,随盐度增加砒砂岩断裂速率呈现出对数下降趋势;砒砂岩试样断裂韧度、断裂功及断裂速率损伤变量随盐度增大趋近于零,盐度对本区砒砂岩断裂行为影响显著。结合试样断口分析认为常温下砒砂岩内部盐度增大形成结晶(盐敏)效应提升了岩石在外载下的断裂效率,而低温环境砒砂岩内部含盐度增加反而削弱了冰劈效应。

“东数西算”赋能黄河流域生态保护策略研究

“东数西算”是把我国东部算力资源转移到西部的数字新基建,符合数字经济自身发展规律和地理环境差异协同规律,具有历史的必然性和现实的必要性。实施“东数西算”重大工程可通过减少水土流失、降碳节能减排、减缓荒漠化进程、优化能源消费结构、促进数字治黄能力提升等具体策略的实施,有效赋能黄河流域生态保护。在习近平生态文明思想的指导下,实施“东数西算”重大工程,有助于实现经济社会发展数字化和绿色化的统一。

用Sentinel-1卫星影像数据监测珠江西岸地表沉降

珠江西岸近年来频繁发生地面沉降、塌陷等地质灾害,对人民生命安全和经济发展造成了严重影响。为准确把该区域的地面沉降规律,利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, InSAR)技术开展了沉降监测,通过约220景Sentinel-1A/B卫星影像数据,获取了珠江西岸2015—2022年的地表形变信息。结果表明珠江西岸整体变形较小,但珠海市金湾区、江门市江海区和新会区、中山市马安岛等局部区域沉降变形显著,最大沉降形变量超过350 mm。文中利用2012—2022年间的高分辨率历史存档光学影像数据,揭示了珠海市横琴新区局部区域的土地资源利用变化情况。最后分析软土层分布和人类活动综合作用是造成珠江西岸地表沉降的主要原因。

黄河邻岸异形超深基坑支护结构变形研究

根据济南穿黄济洛路隧道合建段深基坑项目,针对黄河邻岸异形深基坑施工支护结构变形开展了研究工作,主要研究成果为:(1)基坑开挖地下连续墙整体变形呈现“中间大、两端小”的形态,变形趋势呈现出先缓后快再趋于平稳的过程;阳角部位变形较大,深度为22 m时的偏移量有增大趋势,ZQL 24偏移值最大为33.1 mm;(2)基坑开挖地下连续墙顶竖向位移在深度为16~22 m时,沉降速度较大,整体为下降的趋势;地下连续墙顶水平位移偏移方向偏向远离基坑一侧,偏移量呈增大趋势,阳角部位的偏移量相对较大;(3)首道支撑处于逐渐受拉状态,其他支撑轴力值基本呈增加趋势,与深层水平位移监测数据吻合,同时混凝土支撑承受荷载远大于钢支撑。

黄河几字弯水网:南水北调西线配套东延工程构想

黄河几字弯区是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大国家战略实施的核心区,但区域发展长期受到水资源短缺的严重制约。提出的黄河几字弯水网构想是借助南水北调西线调水入洮河的方案,充分利用洮河与黄河几字弯区高程差,以隧洞形式穿越洮河与渭河分水岭,向陇东黄土高原等地区延伸,全程自流引水到几字弯中部白于山高地,形成人工“水脊”,并以此为轴线,东、北、南自流辐射三大发展带,由此形成“一轴三带十片”黄河几字弯水网整体框架。按照供水目标分级规划、分步实施的思想,推荐适宜调水规模为25亿~54亿m^(3)。黄河几字弯水网是南水北调西线配套东延工程构想,是对南水北调西线配套工程的优化完善,可以实现高水高用、专线专用,还可以打通南水北调西线输水“渭河通道”,实现“三线配水”的优化格局,并通过引汉济渭工程与南水北调中线“互补互济”,提高南水北调中线受水区和几字弯区供水保障率。建设黄河几字弯水网对系统破解区域水资源制约问题,促进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。

黄河下游游荡段河势演变及模拟技术

黄河下游滩岸易崩退,主流易摆动,尤以游荡段最为显著,危及防洪安全。当前定量模拟河势变化过程仍是河流动力学领域一大难题。从滩岸变形、深泓摆动等方面研究了小浪底水库运行后游荡段河势的变化特点,揭示了影响河势演变的主要因素,并提出了滩岸变形及深泓摆动的定量模拟技术,可为黄河下游河道治理提供科学依据。