A robust optimization model for demand response management with source-grid-load collaboration to consume wind-power

To accommodate wind power as safely as possible and deal with the uncertainties of the output power of winddriven generators,a min-max-min two-stage robust optimization model is presented,considering the unit commitment,source-network load collaboration,and control of the load demand response.After the constraint functions are linearized,the original problem is decomposed into the main problem and subproblem as a matrix using the strong dual method.The minimum-maximum of the original problem was continuously maximized using the iterative method,and the optimal solution was finally obtained.The constraint conditions expressed by the matrix may reduce the calculation time,and the upper and lower boundaries of the original problem may rapidly converge.The results of the example show that the injected nodes of the wind farms in the power grid should be selected appropriately;otherwise,it is easy to cause excessive accommodation of wind power at some nodes,leading to a surge in reserve costs and the load demand response is continuously optimized to reduce the inverse peak regulation characteristics of wind power.Thus,the most economical optimization scheme for the worst scenario of the output power of the generators is obtained,which proves the economy and reliability of the two-stage robust optimization method.

Complement activation targeted inhibitor C2-FH ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice

BACKGROUND Complement activation is recognized as an important factor in the progression of liver damage caused by acetaminophen(APAP).However,the role of the complement inhibitor C2-FH in APAP-induced liver injury remains unclear.AIM To explore C2-FH in protecting against APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting complement activation.METHODS A model of APAP-induced liver injury was used to study the protective effect of C2-FH on liver injury.C2-FH was administered through intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes after APAP treatment.We detected the effects of C2-FH on liver function,inflammatory response and complement activation.Additionally,RNA-sequencing(RNA-Seq)analysis was conducted to understand the mechanism through which C2-FH provides protection against APAP-induced liver injury.RESULTS C2-FH inhibited the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase activity,aspartate aminotransferase activity and lactate dehydrogenase,and reduced liver tissue necrosis caused by APAP.Moreover,it attenuated the inflammatory response and inhibited complement activation in APAP-induced liver injury.RNA-Seq analysis provided additional explanations for the protective role of C2-FH against APAP-induced liver injury.CONCLUSION C2-FH attenuates APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting complement activation.

Complement-dependent neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury:from pathology to therapeutic implications

Spinal cord injury remains a major cause of disability in young adults,and beyond acute decompression and rehabilitation,there are no pharmacological treatments to limit the progression of injury and optimize recovery in this population.Following the thorough investigation of the complement system in triggering and propagating cerebral neuroinflammation,a similar role for complement in spinal neuroinflammation is a focus of ongoing research.In this work,we survey the current literature investigating the role of complement in spinal cord injury including the sources of complement proteins,triggers of complement activation,and role of effector functions in the pathology.We study relevant data demonstrating the different triggers of complement activation after spinal cord injury including direct binding to cellular debris,and or activation via antibody binding to damage-associated molecular patterns.Several effector functions of complement have been implicated in spinal cord injury,and we critically evaluate recent studies on the dual role of complement anaphylatoxins in spinal cord injury while emphasizing the lack of pathophysiological understanding of the role of opsonins in spinal cord injury.Following this pathophysiological review,we systematically review the different translational approaches used in preclinical models of spinal cord injury and discuss the challenges for future translation into human subjects.This review emphasizes the need for future studies to dissect the roles of different complement pathways in the pathology of spinal cord injury,to evaluate the phases of involvement of opsonins and anaphylatoxins,and to study the role of complement in white matter degeneration and regeneration using translational strategies to supplement genetic models.

Antibodies elicited by Newcastle disease virus-vectored H7N9 avian influenza vaccine are functional in activating the complement system

H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus poses a great challenge for poultry industry.Newcastle disease virus(NDV)-vectored H7N9 avian influenza vaccines(NDV_(vec)H7N9)are effective in disease control because they are protective and allow mass administration.Of note,these vaccines elicit undetectable H7N9-specific hemagglutination-inhibition(HI)but high IgG antibodies in chickens.However,the molecular basis and protective mechanism underlying this particular antibody immunity remain unclear.Herein,immunization with an NDV_(vec)H7N9 induced low anti-H7N9 HI and virus neutralization titers but high levels of hemagglutinin(HA)-binding IgG antibodies in chickens.Three residues(S150,G151 and S152)in HA of H7N9 virus were identified as the dominant epitopes recognized by the NDV_(vec)H7N9 immune serum.Passively transferred NDV_(vec)H7N9 immune serum conferred complete protection against H7N9 virus infection in chickens.The NDV_(vec)H7N9 immune serum can mediate a potent lysis of HA-expressing and H7N9 virus-infected cells and significantly suppress H7N9 virus infectivity.These activities of the serum were significantly impaired after heat-inactivation or treatment with complement inhibitor,suggesting the engagement of the complement system.Moreover,mutations in the 150-SGS-152 sites in HA resulted in significant reductions in cell lysis and virus neutralization mediated by the NDV_(vec)H7N9 immune serum,indicating the requirement of antibody-antigen binding for complement activity.Therefore,antibodies induced by the NDV_(vec)H7N9 can activate antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis of H7N9 virus-infected cells and complement-mediated neutralization of H7N9 virus.Our findings unveiled a novel role of the complement in protection conferred by the NDV_(vec)H7N9,highlighting a potential benefit of engaging the complement system in H7N9 vaccine design.

Association of complement components with risk of colorectal cancer:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Complement components could contribute to the tumor microenvironment and the systemic immune response.Nevertheless,their role in colorectal cancer(CRC)remains a contentious subject.AIM To elucidate the relationship between complement components and CRC risk and clinical characteristics.METHODS Searches were conducted in PubMed,the Cochrane Library,and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database until June 1,2023.We included cohort studies encompassing participants aged≥18 years,investigating the association between complement components and CRC.The studies were of moderate quality or above,as determined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.The meta-analysis employed fixed-effects or random-effects models based on the I^(2)test,utilizing risk ratio(RR)and their corresponding 95%confidence interval(CI)for outcomes.Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the collective estimates and identify the source of heterogeneity.RESULTS Data from 15 studies,comprising 1631 participants that met the inclusion criteria,were included in the meta-analysis.Our findings indicated that protein levels of cluster of differentiation 46(CD46)(RR=3.66,95%CI:1.75-7.64,P<0.001),CD59(RR=2.86,95%CI:1.36-6.01,P=0.005),and component 1(C1)(RR=5.88,95%CI:1.75-19.73,P=0.004)and serum levels of C3(standardized mean difference=1.82,95%CI:0.06-3.58,P=0.040)were significantly elevated in patients with CRC compared to healthy controls.Strong expression of CD55 or CD59 was associated with a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis,whereas strong CD46 expression correlated with a higher incidence of tumor differentiation compared to low CD46 expression(P<0.05 for all).Although specific pooled results demonstrated notable heterogeneity,subgroup analyses pointed to regional differences as the primary source of inconsistency among the studies.CONCLUSION Our analysis underscores that increased levels of specific complement components are associated with a heightened risk of CRC,emphasizing the potential significance of monitoring elevated complement component levels.

Complement factor Ⅰ knockdown inhibits colon cancer development by affecting Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway and glycolysis

BACKGROUND Colon cancer(CC)occurrence and progression are considerably influenced by the tumor microenvironment.However,the exact underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear.AIM To investigate immune infiltration-related differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in CC and specifically explored the role and potential molecular mechanisms of complement factor I(CFI).METHODS Immune infiltration-associated DEGs were screened for CC using bioinformatics.Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to examine hub DEGs expression in the CC cell lines.Stable CFI-knockdown HT29 and HCT116 cell lines were constructed,and the diverse roles of CFI in vitro were assessed using CCK-8,5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine,wound healing,and transwell assays.Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining were employed to evaluate the influence of CFI on the tumorigenesis of CC xenograft models constructed using BALB/c male nude mice.Key proteins associated with glycolysis and the Wnt pathway were measured using western blotting.RESULTS Six key immune infiltration-related DEGs were screened,among which the expression of CFI,complement factor B,lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1,and SRY-related high-mobility-group box 4 was upregulated,whereas that of fatty acid-binding protein 1,and bone morphogenic protein-2 was downregulated.Furthermore,CFI could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for CC.Functionally,CFI silencing inhibited CC cell proliferation,migration,invasion,and tumor growth.Mechanistically,CFI knockdown downregulated the expression of key glycolysis-related proteins(glucose transporter type 1,hexokinase 2,lactate dehydrogenase A,and pyruvate kinase M2)and the Wnt pathway-related proteins(β-catenin and c-Myc).Further investigation indicated that CFI knockdown inhibited glycolysis in CC by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway.CONCLUSION The findings of the present study demonstrate that CFI plays a crucial role in CC development by influencing glycolysis and the Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc pathway,indicating that it could serve as a promising target for therapeutic intervention in CC.

Tumor-related factor complement Clq/TNF-related protein 6 affects the development of digestive system tumors through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway

In this editorial,we review the work of Razali et al published in World J Gas-troenterology,with a particular focus on the effect of rs10889677 variation in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)pathway and buparlisib on colitis-associated cancer.The role of PI3K in promoting cancer progression has been widely recognized,as it is involved in regulating the survival,differentiation,and prolif-eration of cancer cells.The complement Clq/TNF-related protein 6(CTRP6)is a newer tumor-associated factor.Recent studies have revealed the pro-tumor effect of CTRP6 in gastric cancer,hepatocellular carcinoma,colorectal cancer,and other gastrointestinal tumors through the PI3K pathway.This article attempts to reveal the mechanism through which the CTRP6 affects the development of digestive system tumors through the PI3K pathway by summarizing recent research.

Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 2 is a functional downstream regulator of complement factor D that controls mitochondrial fitness in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a disorder of the cardiac muscle that affects patients with diabetes.The exact mechanisms underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy are mostly unknown,but several factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease and its progression towards heart failure,including endothelial dysfunction,autonomic neuropathy,metabolic alterations,oxidative stress,and alterations in ion homeostasis,especially calcium transients[1].In Military Medical Research,Jiang et al.[2]sought to determine the functional role of complement factor D(Adipsin)in the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Repetitive traumatic brain injury–induced complement C1–related inflammation impairs long-term hippocampal neurogenesis

Repetitive traumatic brain injury impacts adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus,leading to long-term cognitive impairment.However,the mechanism underlying this neurogenesis impairment remains unknown.In this study,we established a male mouse model of repetitive traumatic brain injury and performed long-term evaluation of neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus after repetitive traumatic brain injury.Our results showed that repetitive traumatic brain injury inhibited neural stem cell proliferation and development,delayed neuronal maturation,and reduced the complexity of neuronal dendrites and spines.Mice with repetitive traumatic brain injuryalso showed deficits in spatial memory retrieval.Moreover,following repetitive traumatic brain injury,neuroinflammation was enhanced in the neurogenesis microenvironment where C1q levels were increased,C1q binding protein levels were decreased,and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was downregulated.An inhibitor of C1 reversed the long-term impairment of neurogenesis induced by repetitive traumatic brain injury and improved neurological function.These findings suggest that repetitive traumatic brain injury–induced C1-related inflammation impairs long-term neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and contributes to spatial memory retrieval dysfunction.

Steady-state voltage-control method considering large-scale wind-power transmission using half-wavelength transmission lines

Half-wavelength transmission can transmit large-scale renewable energy over very long distances.This paper proposes an improved steady-state voltage-control method for half-wavelength transmission systems considering largescale wind-power transmission.First,the unique voltage characteristics of half-wavelength lines are deduced based on the distributed parameter model.In the secondary voltage-control level,reactive power-transmission limits of half-wavelength lines are introduced as another control objective except for tracing the pilot bus voltage reference.Considering the uncertainty and fluctuation of wind power,the overvoltage risk-assessment method of half-wavelength lines is presented to determine specific voltage-control strategies.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed voltage-control method delivers superior tracking performance according to a voltage reference value and prevents the overvoltage risk of halfwavelength lines effectively in different wind-power penetrations.

Wind-power estimating model based on the experimental data in laboratory

Wind-power （WP） estimation is necessary for power system in several operations, which are as the optimal power flow between conventional units and wind farms, generators scheduling, and electricity market bidding. Estimating the output power of a wind energy conversion unit （WEC） mainly bases on the incident wind speed at the unit site by using the power characteristic curve. In addition, several time-series models have been using in wind speed forecasting. These models are characterized with requiring a large set of data. In order to prevent from the wind speed measurement and the need of a precise wind turbine model, an novel method basing on neural network and the grey predictor model GM （1,1） is proposed. Though the method, the estimating model can be built only by using the experimental data, which are obtained from the WP system in laboratory. The effectiveness of the estimating model is confirmed by the simulation results.

Different serum levels of IgG and complements and recurrence rates in IgG4-positive and negative lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion

·AIM:To analyze the differences in immune indicators and prognosis between Ig G4-positive and negative lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion(LGBLEL).·METHODS:This was a single-center retrospective clinical study including 105 cases of Ig G4-positive LGBLEL and 41 cases of Ig G4-negative LGBLEL.Basic information,related indicators of peripheral venous blood samples using immunoscattering turbidimetry,treatment(partial surgical excision and glucocorticoid therapy)and prognosis(recurrence and death)were collected.Survival curves for recurrence were created using the Kaplan-Meier analysis.Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze prognostic factors.·RESULTS:The mean age was 50.10±14.23y and 44.76±11.43y(P=0.033)in Ig G4-positive and negative group respectively.The serum C3 and C4 was lower in Ig G4-positive group(P=0.005,P=0.002),while the serum Ig G and Ig G2 was higher in Ig G4-positive group(P=0.000 and P=0.008).Twenty-one cases had recurrence in Ig G4-positive group and 3 cases recurrence in Ig G4-negative group.The 5-year recurrence-free cumulative percentages of Ig G4-positive group was 81.85%,and 83.46%in the Ig G-negative group(P=0.216).The history of preoperative glucocorticoid therapy,serum C4,Ig G1 and Ig G2 were the factors affecting recurrence in Ig G4-positive group,while serum C4,and Ig G1 were the factors affecting recurrence of LGBLEL.·CONCLUSION:Serum C4 and Ig G1 are the factors affecting recurrence of LGBLEL,while the Ig G4 does not affect recurrence of LGBLEL.

Association of C-reactive protein and complement factor H gene polymorphisms with risk of lupus nephritis in Chinese population

BACKGROUND Complement overactivation is a major driver of lupus nephritis(LN).Impaired interactions of C-reactive protein(CRP)with complement factor H(CFH)have been shown as a pathogenic mechanism that contributes to the overactivation of complement in LN.However,genetic variations of neither CRP nor CFH show consistent influences on the risk of LN.AIM To examine whether genetic variations of CRP and CFH in combination can improve the risk stratification in Chinese population.METHODS We genotyped six CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)(rs1205,rs3093062,rs2794521,rs1800947,rs3093077,and rs1130864)and three CFH SNPs(rs482934,rs1061170,and rs1061147)in 270 LN patients and 303 healthy subjects.RESULTS No linkage was found among CRP and CFH SNPs,indicating lack of genetic interactions between the two genes.Moreover,CRP and CFH SNPs,neither individually nor in combination,are associated with the risk or clinical manifestations of LN.Given the unambiguous pathogenic roles of the two genes.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the biological effects of most genetic variations of CRP and CFH on their expressions or activities are not sufficient to influence the disease course of LN.

补体因子H相关蛋白1促进巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α调控足细胞增殖和迁移实验研究

目的:探讨补体因子H相关蛋白1(CFHR1)通过巨噬细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)调控足细胞增殖和迁移的作用。方法:体外培养人单核巨噬细胞和人肾足细胞。巨噬细胞分为对照组和CFHR1干预组,分别进行牛血清白蛋白或CFHR1重组蛋白干预24 h,ELISA法测定上清液TNF-α水平。足细胞分为空白组、TNF-α干预组、对照上清液干预组、CFHR1上清液干预组、CFHR1上清液+TNF-α中和抗体干预组。CCK8法检测各组细胞增殖。Transwell法检测各组细胞迁移。Wb法检测各组细胞中相关蛋白变化。结果:巨噬细胞的CFHR1干预组上清液中TNF-α含量显著增加(P<0.05)。与空白组比较,TNF-α干预组、CFHR1上清液干预组的细胞增殖比率和迁移数量均显著降低(均P<0.05)。与CFHR1上清液干预组比较,CFHR1上清液+TNF-α中和抗体干预组的细胞增殖比率和迁移数量均显著提高(均P<0.05)。与空白组比较,TNF-α干预组、CFHR1上清液干预组的足细胞裂孔膜蛋白(Nephrin)、足突蛋白(Podocin)、纤维状肌动蛋白(F-Actin)、整合素α3β1蛋白(α3β1)表达均显著降低(均P<0.05)。与CFHR1上清液干预组比较,CFHR1上清液+TNF-α中和抗体干预组的Nephrin、Podocin、F-actin、α3β1蛋白表达均显著增多(均P<0.05)。结论:CFHR1促进巨噬细胞分泌的TNF-α可显著抑制足细胞增殖水平和迁移能力,这可能是高浓度CFHR1促进肾病综合征发展的途径。

补体C3水平对冻融胚胎移植妊娠结局的早期预测价值

目的探讨补体C3对冻融胚胎移植(F-ET)妊娠结局的早期预测价值。方法前瞻性收集378个F-ET周期相关资料,依据补体C3预测F-ET妊娠结局的最佳截断值分为A组(补体C3≤1.05)120个周期;B组(补体C3>1.05)258个周期,比较两组结局。分析B组补体C3预测F-ET自然流产的最佳截断值。结果年龄是F-ET妊娠成功的危险因素(P<0.05);补体C3和胚胎类型是F-ET妊娠成功的保护因素(P<0.05)。补体C3对F-ET妊娠结局的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线下面积为0.702,最佳截断值为1.05 g/L,其预测临床妊娠灵敏度为87.60%、特异度为52.00%。B组临床妊娠率(67.05%)和胚胎着床率(52.75%)明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。补体C3早期预测F-ET后自然流产最佳截断值为1.32 g/L,ROC曲线下面积为0.760,灵敏度为69.00%、特异度为81.20%。结论补体C3对早期预测F-ET妊娠结局有一定的临床意义,当补体C3超过1.32 g/L可能会导致自然流产率升高。

来氟米特联合环磷酰胺对狼疮性肾炎患者血清白蛋白及补体C3水平的影响

目的探讨狼疮性肾炎(LN)患者应用来氟米特联合环磷酰胺治疗的临床效果。方法选择2019年4月至2021年4月九江市第一人民医院收治的84例LN患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组(42例)及对照组(42例)。两组均予以泼尼松治疗,观察组同时给予环磷酰胺加用来氟米特治疗,对照组同时给予环磷酰胺治疗。两组均持续用药6个月。比较两组的临床疗效、肾功能指标、血清白蛋白和补体C3水平,并记录不良反应发生情况。结果观察组的治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后的血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)、24 h尿蛋白量水平均低于对照组,血清白蛋白、补体C3水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组的不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论来氟米特联合环磷酰胺治疗LN效果显著,可有效提高血清白蛋白和补体C3水平,促进肾功能恢复,减轻肾功能损害,缓解临床症状,稳定病情,值得推广应用。

重症肌无力的免疫靶向治疗进展

重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)是由神经肌肉接头处的特异性自身抗体引起的自身免疫性疾病。MG的传统免疫治疗药物包括糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、静脉注射免疫球蛋白等。虽然这些免疫抑制剂对大多数MG患者有效,但所带来的不良反应或并发症仍为MG治疗中的难题。此外,非特异性免疫抑制剂通常起效较慢,且存在骨髓抑制、增加感染及肿瘤发生的风险。随着多种新型靶向生物制剂的涌现,MG的治疗进入分子免疫时代,为患者和临床医生提供了更多的治疗选择。本文重点综述了分别作用于MG病理生理过程中不同靶点的3类新型生物制剂,包括B细胞耗竭剂、末端补体C5抑制剂以及新生儿Fc受体(FcRn)抑制剂等。与传统的免疫制剂相比,此类靶向药物在MG治疗中的副作用更少,起效更快,而且具有潜在的长期持续疾病缓解能力。

酒精性肝病免疫球蛋白及补体水平检测的临床意义研究

目的观察免疫球蛋白(Ig)及补体(C)水平在酒精性肝病(ALD)患者中的临床表达及意义。方法选取2022年10月至2023年10月长春中医药大学附属医院收治的85例ALD患者作为观察组,另外采用便利取样法选取同期80例健康体检者作为对照组。根据病理结果将ALD患者分为轻度组(28例)、中度组(26例)和重度组(31例)。采用免疫电泳法检测IgA、IgG、IgM水平,荧光免疫分析检测IgD、IgE;采用免疫比浊法检测C3、C4和C5水平。比较两组研究对象及ALD患者不同病情程度的Ig及C水平。结果观察组患者IgA、IgG、IgM水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组IgD和IgE比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组患者C3、C4和C5水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在不同病情程度上,重度组IgA、IgG、IgM水平高于中度组和轻度组,中度组IgA、IgG、IgM高于轻度组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度组C3和C5水平高于中度组和轻度组,中度组C3和C5高于轻度组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组C4比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ALD患者IgA、IgG、IgM和C3、C4和C4水平高于健康人群,且Ig和C水平与ALD的发病和病情严重程度密切相关,检测其水平对诊治ALD具有一定临床价值。

基于改进互补品序贯拍卖模型的建设用地指标定价机制

在引入用地指标与土地间相互依存特征前提下,本文改进了传统的互补品序贯拍卖模型,以期提出具有针对性的用地指标定价方法。研究表明,建设用地指标的成交价格受竞标人数和土地闲置费用的影响。竞标人指标报价随竞标人数递增而降低,但随土地闲置费递增而递增。进一步分析表明,适当提高土地闲置费用及资质审核要求可最大程度显化指标核心价值,激发农民退出闲置宅基地的积极性,提高农村用地的使用效率。研究为盘活农村闲置土地资产,实现可持续化发展给予了一定的理论参考。

血清主导的及肾小球沉积的IgG亚型和补体分子对肾小球疾病作用的研究进展

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