Effects of P301L-TAU on post-translational modifications of microtubules in human iPSC-derived cortical neurons and TAU transgenic mice

TAU is a microtubule-associated protein that promotes microtubule assembly and stability in the axon.TAU is missorted and aggregated in an array of diseases known as tauopathies.Microtubules are essential for neuronal function and regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications,changes of which affect microtubule stability and dynamics,microtubule interaction with other proteins and cellular structures,and mediate recruitment of microtubule-severing enzymes.As impairment of microtubule dynamics causes neuronal dysfunction,we hypothesize cognitive impairment in human disease to be impacted by impairment of microtubule dynamics.We therefore aimed to study the effects of a disease-causing mutation of TAU(P301L)on the levels and localization of microtubule post-translational modifications indicative of microtubule stability and dynamics,to assess whether P301L-TAU causes stability-changing modifications to microtubules.To investigate TAU localization,phosphorylation,and effects on tubulin post-translational modifications,we expressed wild-type or P301L-TAU in human MAPT-KO induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons(i Neurons)and studied TAU in neurons in the hippocampus of mice transgenic for human P301L-TAU(p R5 mice).Human neurons expressing the longest TAU isoform(2N4R)with the P301L mutation showed increased TAU phosphorylation at the AT8,but not the p-Ser-262 epitope,and increased polyglutamylation and acetylation of microtubules compared with endogenous TAU-expressing neurons.P301L-TAU showed pronounced somatodendritic presence,but also successful axonal enrichment and a similar axodendritic distribution comparable to exogenously expressed 2N4R-wildtype-TAU.P301L-TAU-expressing hippocampal neurons in transgenic mice showed prominent missorting and tauopathy-typical AT8-phosphorylation of TAU and increased polyglutamylation,but reduced acetylation,of microtubules compared with non-transgenic littermates.In sum,P301L-TAU results in changes in microtubule PTMs,suggestive of impairment of microtubule stability.This is accompanied by missorting and aggregation of TAU in mice but not in i Neurons.Microtubule PTMs/impairment may be of key importance in tauopathies.

Healthcare providers’perspectives on factors influencing their critical care decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic:An international pilot survey

BACKGROUND Understanding a patient's clinical status and setting priorities for their care are two aspects of the constantly changing process of clinical decision-making.One analytical technique that can be helpful in uncertain situations is clinical judgment.Clinicians must deal with contradictory information,lack of time to make decisions,and long-term factors when emergencies occur.AIM To examine the ethical issues healthcare professionals faced during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic and the factors affecting clinical decision-making.METHODS This pilot study,which means it was a preliminary investigation to gather information and test the feasibility of a larger investigation was conducted over 6 months and we invited responses from clinicians worldwide who managed patients with COVID-19.The survey focused on topics related to their professional roles and personal relationships.We examined five core areas influencing critical care decision-making:Patients'personal factors,family-related factors,informed consent,communication and media,and hospital administrative policies on clinical decision-making.The collected data were analyzed using theχ2 test for categorical variables.RESULTS A total of 102 clinicians from 23 specialties and 17 countries responded to the survey.Age was a significant factor in treatment planning(n=88)and ventilator access(n=78).Sex had no bearing on how decisions were made.Most doctors reported maintaining patient confidentiality regarding privacy and informed consent.Approximately 50%of clinicians reported a moderate influence of clinical work,with many citing it as one of the most important factors affecting their health and relationships.Clinicians from developing countries had a significantly higher score for considering a patient's financial status when creating a treatment plan than their counterparts from developed countries.Regarding personal experiences,some respondents noted that treatment plans and preferences changed from wave to wave,and that there was a rapid turnover of studies and evidence.Hospital and government policies also played a role in critical decision-making.Rather than assessing the appropriateness of treatment,some doctors observed that hospital policies regarding medications were driven by patient demand.CONCLUSION Factors other than medical considerations frequently affect management choices.The disparity in treatment choices,became more apparent during the pandemic.We highlight the difficulties and contradictions between moral standards and the realities physicians encountered during this medical emergency.False information,large patient populations,and limited resources caused problems for clinicians.These factors impacted decision-making,which,in turn,affected patient care and healthcare staff well-being.

大豆新品种长农301的选育及栽培技术

长农301为长春市农业科学院以长密豆30为母本、合农71为父本配制杂交组合,经系谱法多年选育而成的吉林省中熟品种,该品种丰产性好,稳产性强。介绍了长农301的选育过程和农艺性状,分析了其栽培技术要点,以期大范围推广种植长农301,实现大豆高产、优产。

B301试验区油井结蜡主控因素及对策

B301试验区位于H盆地,该试验区目前油井结蜡现象严重,防蜡效果较差,防蜡措施有效期较短,无法满足油井防蜡的需要,亟需找到影响油井结蜡的主控因素。针对上述问题,通过室内实验对产出液中的蜡质、胶质、沥青质和机械杂质含量进行测定。利用Olga数值模拟软件对温度、压力、流速进行模拟。研究表明:蜡质、沥青质、机械杂质含量以及温度、流速为影响B301试验区油井井筒结蜡的主控因素,影响程度强弱依次为蜡质、温度、沥青质、机械杂质、流速。研究成果可为B301试验区进一步高效开发提供理论与技术基础,为高含蜡油藏防蜡方法提供参考。

退火工艺对δ铁素体在301L不锈钢铸坯中溶解行为的影响

利用高温热处理炉,分析了轧制前热处理对301L不锈钢铸坯的溶解行为。结果表明,退火时间和温度对δ铁素体在301L铸坯中的溶解影响显著,溶解初期,δ铁素体的含量从12wt%降至6wt%以下。随着退火时间的延长和温度的升高,301L铸坯固态中δ铁素体含量减少,受Cr、Ni的扩散控制显著,1300℃扩散退火60 min后铁素体球化,晶粒尺寸减小为2~3μm,节点处平衡态δ铁素体的球化行为降低了γ/α界面的附加应力,有利于轧制过程。利用动力学方程验证了后期Cr、Ni元素对组织的影响,当退火温度为1210℃时,溶解参数K_(Ni)^(γ)为0.26,Ni的扩散系数D_(NiNi)^(γ)=4.8×10-10cm2/s。δ铁素体的体积分数与退火时间t1/2成正比。研究结果可为301L铸坯的组织控制提供理论指导。

中烟特香301特异SNP指纹图谱构建及应用

指纹图谱可以用于品种真实性鉴定,为品种的推广种植和工业利用提供技术保障。本研究采用全基因组重测序技术,对包括烤烟新品种中烟特香301在内的33份烟草种质资源进行了单核苷酸多态性(SNP)变异分析,从中鉴定获得中烟特香301特异SNP位点268个。利用包括烤烟、雪茄烟、香料烟、白肋烟、晒烟在内的62份不同类型烟草种质资源进行了筛选,初步获得有效SNP标记21个。以2022—2023年山东产区的中烟特香301及其他5个主栽品种的大田新鲜烟叶和初烤烟叶为材料,利用上述21个SNP标记进行品种真实性检测,结果显示,18个SNP标记在所有烟叶中可全部检测到中烟特香301特异SNP位点。利用这18个SNP标记构建的指纹图谱可以用于中烟特香301品种真实性鉴定。

采用Cyanex 301从废旧三元锂电浸出液中萃取分离镍和钴

近年来全球电动汽车销量激增,废旧锂电池的回收愈发迫在眉睫。本文以废旧三元锂电池正极材料的硫酸浸出液为研究对象,采用Cyanex 301选择性分离回收其中的Ni(Ⅱ)和Co(Ⅱ);分别考察了初始pH、萃取相比、萃取时间等因素对各金属萃取率的影响,以及反萃剂HCl浓度、反萃时间、反萃温度等因素对金属反萃率的影响。结果表明:在初始pH=2.0、相比(O/A)为2∶1、Cyanex 301体积分数20%、时间30 min的萃取条件下,经两级逆流萃取,Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)萃取率分别达97.32%和99.45%。萃取完成后,在最优条件下,通过25℃三级逆流反萃Co(Ⅱ)、80℃两级逆流反萃Ni(Ⅱ),反萃率分别达99.23%和99.08%。最后通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱初步证明Cyanex 301萃取Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)的过程为金属离子与S—H键中的H+发生阳离子交换,且与P=S键形成配位键的过程。

miR-301a的上调通过PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号轴诱导巨噬细胞M1极化促进动脉瘤的进展

目的:研究miR-301a通过PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号轴调节巨噬细胞M1极化加速血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导的腹动脉瘤(AAA)进展的机制。方法:体内实验中,8~10周龄ApoE^(-/-)雄性小鼠分为对照组、模型组、miR-301a过表达组,输注生理盐水(saline)为对照组(n=15),通过血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导建成AAA模型(n=45);THP-1细胞随机分为对照组、AngⅡ+agomir NC组、AngⅡ+miR-301a agomir组和AngⅡ+miR-301a agomir+LY(LY294002)组;使用生物信息学、ELISA、Western blot、qRT-PCR和双荧光素酶实验研究miR-301a调控巨噬细胞极化促动脉瘤进展的机制。结果:与对照组相比,AAA模型组的miR-301a表达上调,主动脉直径增粗,miR-301a的过表达显著增加了动脉直径;TargetScan7.2数据库预测miR-301a与PTEN 3’-UTR之间存在结合位点,双荧光素酶报告基因分析证实PTEN是THP-1巨噬细胞中miR-301a的直接靶标;GO和KEGG通路富集分析显示PI3K/AKT/和NF-κB信号的通路可能是巨噬细胞向M1极化的关键通路;体内、体外实验证明miR-301a通过PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路调控巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,上调基质金属蛋白酶和炎症因子的表达,促进动脉瘤进展。此外,miR-301a联合MMP-9可作为预测动脉瘤破裂的非侵入性生物标志物。结论:miR-301a通过PTEN/PI3K/AKT途径促进巨噬细胞的M1极化,从而加速动脉瘤的进展,在AAA的疾病进展中发挥了关键作用。

美国对华301措施的美国国内法审视和中国应对启示——以HMTX公司诉美国案为例

美国对华301额外关税在美国国内引起了一系列诉讼,美国国际贸易法院(CIT)将HMTX公司诉美国案指定为样本案件。CIT的该案判决没有支持政治问题排除原则的适用,肯定了CIT对301关税事项的管辖权,进而认定中国的报复行为构成了与特定的不公平贸易政策“相关”的行为,美国贸易代表办公室(USTR)没有越权。CIT认为USTR未完整履行充分论述征税理由的义务,责成USTR对充分回应利害关系方提交的评论意见做出进一步解释。CIT最终认定USTR的重审决定符合美国法,但标准过于宽松。从本案观察,中国企业需充分利用公众评论程序、求诸关税排除程序,以及协助美国企业诉诸美国国内司法程序,从而尽可能减少额外关税的影响。

Nationwide questionnaire survey on pediatric pancreatic tumors in Japan

BACKGROUND Pediatric pancreatic tumors are rare and account for<0.1%of all childhood cancers.The primary treatment for pancreatic tumors is surgical resection.However,because of the lack of knowledge regarding pediatric pancreatic tumors,no comprehensive treatment plans for pediatric pancreatic tumors have been developed.AIM To compared the clinical features,treatment methods,and prognosis of pediatric pancreatic tumors in Japan with those in other countries.METHODS Questionnaires were sent to 213 pediatric surgical units in Japan.Pancreatic tumors that were not surgically treated were excluded from the survey.The primary survey investigated the number of patients aged 0-18 years who underwent pancreatic tumor surgery and the type of tumors managed during the 22-year study period(from January 1,2000 to December 31,2021)by post card.The secondary survey assessed the clinical images,treatment methods,and tumor outcomes via email.RESULTS The primary survey enrolled 228 patients.In the secondary survey,213 patients were eventually enrolled.The most common type of pancreatic tumor was solid pseudopapillary neoplasm(SPN)[n=164(77.0%)],followed by pancreatoblastoma[n=16(7.5%)],pancreatic endocrine tumor[n=14(6.6%)],non-epithelial tumor[n=9(4.2%)],pancreatic tumor[n=7(3.3%)],and metastatic pancreatic tumor[n=3(1.4%)].Overall,123(57.7%)patients underwent distal pancreatectomy,of whom 49 underwent laparoscopic surgery.Forty-four(20.7%)patients underwent enucleation,of whom eight underwent laparoscopic surgery.Thirty-two(15.0%)patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy,of whom one underwent laparoscopic surgery.All patients with SPN,including those with distant metastases and recurrent disease,survived.CONCLUSION SPN was more common in Japan than in other countries.Regardless of the histological type,resection is the most effective treatment for pediatric pancreatic tumors.

Enhancing landslide hazards survey and management to reduce the loss of human lives and properties

Landslides are pervasive geohazards that pose a serious threat to human lives,property,and crucial engineering constructions.Annually,landslides lead to tens of thousands of fatalities(see the paper of"List of typical catastrophic landslides from March 2004 to February 2024"in this issue,doi:10.31035/cg2024079)and cause economic damages amounting to billions of dollars around the world,as well as disrupting crucial infrastructures such as railways,highways。

Basic Survey Scheduling for the Wide Field Survey Telescope(WFST)

Aiming at improving the survey efficiency of the Wide Field Survey Telescope, we have developed a basic scheduling strategy that takes into account the telescope characteristics, observing conditions, and weather conditions at the Lenghu site. The sky area is divided into rectangular regions, referred to as “tiles,” with a size of2°. 577 × 2°. 634 slightly smaller than the focal area of the mosaic CCDs. These tiles are continuously filled in annulars parallel to the equator. The brightness of the sky background, which varies with the moon phase and distance from the moon, plays a significant role in determining the accessible survey fields. Approximately 50connected tiles are grouped into one block for observation. To optimize the survey schedule, we perform simulations by taking into account the length of exposures, data readout, telescope slewing, and all relevant observing conditions. We utilize the Greedy Algorithm for scheduling optimization. Additionally, we propose a dedicated dithering pattern to cover the gaps between CCDs and the four corners of the mosaic CCD array, which are located outside of the 3° field of view. This dithering pattern helps to achieve relatively uniform exposure maps for the final survey outputs.

Spatial structural characteristics of the Deda ancient landslide in the eastern Tibetan Plateau:Insights from Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics and the Microtremor Survey Method

It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

Digital Image Steganographer Identification:A Comprehensive Survey

The rapid development of the internet and digital media has provided convenience while also posing a potential risk of steganography abuse.Identifying steganographer is essential in tracing secret information origins and preventing illicit covert communication online.Accurately discerning a steganographer from many normal users is challenging due to various factors,such as the complexity in obtaining the steganography algorithm,extracting highly separability features,and modeling the cover data.After extensive exploration,several methods have been proposed for steganographer identification.This paper presents a survey of existing studies.Firstly,we provide a concise introduction to the research background and outline the issue of steganographer identification.Secondly,we present fundamental concepts and techniques that establish a general framework for identifying steganographers.Within this framework,state-of-the-art methods are summarized from five key aspects:data acquisition,feature extraction,feature optimization,identification paradigm,and performance evaluation.Furthermore,theoretical and experimental analyses examine the advantages and limitations of these existing methods.Finally,the survey highlights outstanding issues in image steganographer identification that deserve further research.

Field survey and analysis on near-fault severely damaged high-speed railway bridge in 2022 M6.9 Menyuan earthquake

The 2022 M6.9 Menyuan earthquake caused severe damage to a high-speed railway bridge,which was designed for high-speed trains running at speeds of above 250 km/h and is located right next to the fault.Bridges of this type have been widely used for rapidly constructing the high-speed railway network,but few bridges have been tested by near-fault devastating earthquakes.The potential severe impact of the earthquake on the high-speed railway is not only the safety of the infrastructure,trains and passengers,but also economic loss due to interrupted railway use.Therefore,a field survey was carried out immediately after the earthquake to collect time-sensitive data.The damage to the bridge was carefully investigated,and quantitative analyses were conducted to better understand the mechanism of the bridge failure.It was found that seismic action perpendicular to the bridge’s longitudinal direction caused severe damage to the girders and rails,while none of the piers showed obvious deformation or cracking.The maximum values of transverse displacement,out-of-plane rotation and twisting angle of girders reached 212.6 cm,3.1 degrees and 19.9 degrees,respectively,causing severe damage to the bearing supports and anti-seismic retaining blocks.These observations provide a basis for improving the seismic design of high-speed railway bridges located in near-fault areas.

Survey on performance of vertical slot and nature-like fishways at Angu hydropower station, Southwest China

To restore dam-blocked natural fish migratory passages,a growing number of artificial fishways have been built in water conservancy and hydropower projects in China.The Angu hydropower station involved diverse important fish habitats in the lower reaches of the Daduhe River in Southwest China.Therefore,a vertical slot fishway(VSF)and a nature-like fishway(NLF)were built near the backwater area of the reservoir to connect the upstream and downstream habitats.Hydrodynamic and aquatic ecological surveys were conducted after the completion of the project to estimate the fish passing effect of the two fishways.The results indicated that both fishways were in effective operation and could maintain the desired hydrodynamic conditions and be used by several local fish species.During the survey,149 fish from 15 species and 111 fish from 17 species were captured by the traps in the VSF and NLF,respectively,while 1263 fish from 27 species were found in the downstream area.Some species captured in the VSF were not found in the NLF,and vice versa,which implied the different preferences of fish.Meanwhile,3789 signals including 2099 upward ones and 1690 downward ones were monitored with an ultrasonic fish detector at the inlet of the VSF.These findings revealed the characteristics of fish species observed in and near the fishways and provided valuable insights into the different fish passing capabilities of VSFandNLF.

三个多倍体猕猴桃基因组Survey分析及系统进化研究

[目的]全面了解多倍体猕猴桃种质资源的染色体倍性和基因组特征,并分析其在猕猴桃属植物中的系统进化关系,以期为多倍体猕猴桃全基因组组装提供参考。[方法]基于流式细胞术分析中华猕猴桃AcD2301(Actinidia chinensis)、软枣猕猴桃AcD2302(Actinidia arguta)、对萼猕猴桃AcD2303(Actinidia valvata)染色体倍性,利用Illumina二代测序平台开展基因组Survey分析,并基于SNP构建15种猕猴桃属植物系统进化树。[结果]中华猕猴桃AcD2301、软枣猕猴桃AcD2302、对萼猕猴桃AcD2303的染色体倍性分别为四倍体、四倍体、六倍体,与survey分析结果一致。Kmer分析预测中华猕猴桃AcD2301、软枣猕猴桃AcD2302、对萼猕猴桃AcD2303单套基因组大小分别约为626 Mb、668 Mb、585 Mb,杂合度为3.00%、3.30%、8.06%,重复序列比例为43.70%、45.30%、40.70%。系统进化树显示软枣猕猴桃与对萼猕猴桃亲缘关系较近,且均从中华猕猴桃独立进化而来。[结论]分析了中华猕猴桃AcD2301、软枣猕猴桃AcD2302、对萼猕猴桃AcD2303的染色体倍性、基因组大小和系统进化关系,为将来开展多倍体猕猴桃全基因组测序提供了参考,也为深入研究猕猴桃多倍化和系统进化提供了理论支持。

Exploring Frontier Technologies in Video-Based Person Re-Identification:A Survey on Deep Learning Approach

Video-based person re-identification(Re-ID),a subset of retrieval tasks,faces challenges like uncoordinated sample capturing,viewpoint variations,occlusions,cluttered backgrounds,and sequence uncertainties.Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly improved video-based person Re-ID,laying a solid foundation for further progress in the field.In order to enrich researchers’insights into the latest research findings and prospective developments,we offer an extensive overview and meticulous analysis of contemporary video-based person ReID methodologies,with a specific emphasis on network architecture design and loss function design.Firstly,we introduce methods based on network architecture design and loss function design from multiple perspectives,and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Furthermore,we provide a synthesis of prevalent datasets and key evaluation metrics utilized within this field to assist researchers in assessing methodological efficacy and establishing benchmarks for performance evaluation.Lastly,through a critical evaluation of the experimental outcomes derived from various methodologies across four prominent public datasets,we identify promising research avenues and offer valuable insights to steer future exploration and innovation in this vibrant and evolving field of video-based person Re-ID.This comprehensive analysis aims to equip researchers with the necessary knowledge and strategic foresight to navigate the complexities of video-based person Re-ID,fostering continued progress and breakthroughs in this challenging yet promising research domain.

Simulation of unmanned survey path planning in debris flow gully based on GRE-Bat algorithm

Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)paths in the field directly affect the efficiency and accuracy of payload data collection.Path planning of UAV advancing along river valleys in wild environments is one of the first and most difficult problems faced by unmanned surveys of debris flow valleys.This study proposes a new hybrid bat optimization algorithm,GRE-Bat(Good point set,Reverse learning,Elite Pool-Bat algorithm),for unmanned exploration path planning of debris flow sources in outdoor environments.In the GRE-Bat algorithm,the good point set strategy is adopted to evenly distribute the population,ensure sufficient coverage of the search space,and improve the stability of the convergence accuracy of the algorithm.Subsequently,a reverse learning strategy is introduced to increase the diversity of the population and improve the local stagnation problem of the algorithm.In addition,an Elite pool strategy is added to balance the replacement and learning behaviors of particles within the population based on elimination and local perturbation factors.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the GRE-Bat algorithm,we conducted multiple simulation experiments using benchmark test functions and digital terrain models.Compared to commonly used path planning algorithms such as the Bat Algorithm(BA)and the Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm(ISSA),the GRE-Bat algorithm can converge to the optimal value in different types of test functions and obtains a near-optimal solution after an average of 60 iterations.The GRE-Bat algorithm can obtain higher quality flight routes in the designated environment of unmanned investigation in the debris flow gully basin,demonstrating its potential for practical application.

Physical and psychological symptoms and survey importance in celiac disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition that affects approximately 1%of the worldwide community.Originally thought to be confined mostly to the small intestine,resulting in villous atrophy and nutrient malabsorption,it has more recently been implicated in systemic manifestations as well,particularly when undiagnosed or left untreated.Herein,the physical and psychological symptoms of celiac disease are described and explored.An emphasis is placed on efforts to query prospective and confirmed celiac disease patients via the use of surveys.Suggestions are made regarding the development of efficacious surveys for the purpose of screening for celiac disease in undiagnosed persons,and monitoring efficacy of the gluten-free diet in persons diagnosed with celiac disease.There are broad categories of physical and psychological symptoms associated with celiac disease.There is also an essential interaction between such physical and the psychological symptoms.It is important to capture the association between symptoms,via queries directed toward suspected and confirmed persons with celiac disease.The use of anonymous online surveys can be helpful to determine the qualities and characteristics which may be associated with this condition.It is suggested that personal surveys should be given a greater role in screening and to lessen the time for diagnosis.Querying the subject directly via a survey can provide clues as to the types of symptoms being experienced by those with celiac disease currently,as well as to determine the salient aspects of the symptomatology,which will be useful for rapid screening and monitoring in future work.