Three-dimensional S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area:insights into the basins structure and genesis of hot springs

As one of the four largest bay areas with strong economic activities in the world,the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GHMGBA)is located in the zone of interaction between the South China Block(SCB)and the South China Sea(SCS).Under the influence of complex geologic evolution,basin-range structures,fault systems and hot springs are well developed here.However,the characteristics of geological structures and the genetic mechanism of these geological phenomena are still unclear.Therefore,we performed ambient noise tomography to obtain 3-D upper crust(0-7.5 km)S-wave velocity structures of the GHMGBA by using 40-day continuous waveform data from 130 seismic stations in the GHMGBA.Our results show that sedimentary basins in the GHMGBA are mainly characterized by low-velocity anomalies.S-wave velocities of sediment formation in basins are about 2.8-3.1 km/s.Rapid changes in velocity appear at the edges of the basins,which correspond to the NE-,NEE-,and NW-trending faults,indicating prominent basin-controlling effects of the faults.The Sanshui Basin(SSB),the largest in the GHMGBA,has a developmental depth of about 4 km,and there is a significant difference in velocity gradient between the east and west sides of the basin,indicating that SSB has experienced east-west asymmetric expansion.Moreover,there are prominent low-velocity anomalies at a depth of about 4.5 km beneath the hot springs at the west of the Zhujiang(Pearl)River estuary(ZRE).We infer that the low-velocity anomalies are fluid reservoirs of the hot springs,which lead to the development of the hot springs on the surface.In addition,the distribution of main cities in the GHMGBA shows a spatial correlation with low-velocity areas at shallow depths(<3 km).The population development trend in the GHMGBA in the past 20 years is also mainly concentrated in the structural province of relatively low-velocity.In combination with the GHMGBA basin structures and drainage distribution characteristics,we suggest that the basic geological environment to some extent affects the habitability of the human settlement and thus determines the distribution and development trend of the main urban context.We believe that the 3-D S-wave velocity structure of the upper crust of the GHMGBA obtained in this study,as well as the deep structural characteristics of the basins and hot springs,will provide support to urban construction planning and geological hazards research of the GHMGBA.

Identifying Spatial Heterogeneity in the Effects of High-Tech Firm Density on Housing Prices:Evidence from Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,China

Innovation capitalization is a new concept in innovation geography research.Extant research on a city scale has proven that innovation is an important factor affecting housing prices and verified that innovation has a capitalization effect.However,few studies investigate the spatial heterogeneity of innovation capitalization.Thus,case verification at the urban agglomeration scale is needed.Therefore,this study proposes a theoretical framework for the spatial heterogeneity of innovation capitalization at the urban agglomeration scale.Examining the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GHMGBA),China as a case study,the study investigated the spatial heterogeneity of the influence of high-tech firms,representing innovation,on housing prices.This work verified the spatial heterogeneity of innovation capitalization.The study constructed a data set influencing housing prices,comprising 11 factors in 5 categories(high-tech firms,convenience of living facilities,built environment,the natural environment,and the fundamentals of the districts)for 419 subdistricts in the GHMGBA.On the global scale,the study finds that high-tech firms have a significant and positive influence on housing prices,with the housing price increasing by 0.0156%when high-tech firm density increases by 1%.Furthermore,a semi-geographically weighted regression(SGWR)analysis shows that the influence of high-tech firms on housing prices has spatial heterogeneity.The areas where high-tech firms have a significant and positive influence on housing prices are mainly in the GuangzhouFoshan metropolitan area,western Shenzhen-Dongguan,north-central Zhongshan-Nansha district,and Guangzhou—all areas with densely distributed high-tech firms.These results confirm the spatial heterogeneity of innovation capitalization and the need for further discussion of its scale and spatial limitations.The study offers implications for relevant GHMGBA administrative authorities for spatially differentiated development strategies and housing policies that consider the role of innovation in successful urban development.

Transport Accessibility and Spatial Connections of Cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

Based on geographic information system(GIS) spatial analysis technology, the spatial pattern of raster grid transport accessibility for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area was studied and the states of spatial connectedness were simulated using highway passenger transport, railway passenger transport, port passenger transport and aviation passenger transport data. The result shows that transport accessibility within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area costs ‘one hour’ and the spatial distribution of accessibility in the area presents clear ‘core-periphery’ spatial characteristics, with Guangzhou, Foshan, Shenzhen constituting the core. The transport accessibility of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao is high. Average accessibility of urban nodes as measured by travel time is 0.99 h, and the areas accessible within 1.42 h occupy 79.14% of the total area. Most of the areas with the lowest accessibility are found in the peripheral area, with the worst accessibility being 4.73 h. Compared with the west-side cities, the economically developed east-side cities of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area have higher connectivity with roads, railways, ports, and aviation transport. Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Macao are closely linked. The higher the accessibility, the closer the intercity connectedness.

Rapid Urbanization Induced Extensive Forest Loss to Urban Land in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China

China has experienced rapid urbanizations with dramatic land cover changes since 1978. Forest loss is one of land cover changes, and it induces various eco-environmental degradation issues. As one of China’s hotspot regions, the Guangdong-Hong KongMacao Greater Bay Area(GBA) has undergone a dramatic urban expansion. To better understand forest dynamics and protect forest ecosystem, revealing the processes, patterns and underlying drivers of forest loss is essential. This study focused on the spatiotemporal evolution and potential driving factors of forest loss in the GBA at regional and city level. The Landsat time-series images from 1987 to2017 were used to derive forest, and landscape metrics and geographic information system(GIS) were applied to implement further spatial analysis. The results showed that: 1) 14.86% of the total urban growth area of the GBA was obtained from the forest loss in1987–2017;meanwhile, the forest loss area of the GBA reached 4040.6 km2, of which 25.60%(1034.42 km2) was converted to urban land;2) the percentages of forest loss to urban land in Dongguan(19.14%), Guangzhou(18.35%) and Shenzhen(15.81%) were higher than those in other cities;3) the forest became increasingly fragmented from 1987–2007, and then the fragmentation decreased from2007 to 2017);4) the landscape responses to forest changes varied with the scale;and 5) some forest loss to urban regions moved from low-elevation and gentle-slope terrains to higher-elevation and steep-slope terrains over time, especially in Shenzhen and Hong Kong.Urbanization and industrialization greatly drove forest loss and fragmentation, and, notably, hillside urban land expansion may have contributed to hillside forest loss. The findings will help policy makers in maintaining the stability of forest ecosystems, and provide some new insights into forest management and conservation.

Research on the Formation Mechanism for the Co-agglomeration of Producer Services and Manufacturing in the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is witnessing a surge in economic development,showcasing robust resilience in the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries,along with the increasingly evident impact generated by such co-agglomeration.Based on the panel data collected from ten cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(excluding Zhaoqing)spanning from 2010 to 2020,we examined the formation mechanism for industrial co-agglomeration in the area from three dimensions:industrial correlation,spatial correlation,and policy guidance.Our analysis was based on a vertical correlation model and was validated using the seemingly unrelated regressions(SUR)method.The findings are as follows:(a)There currently exists no spatial correlation between the producer services and manufacturing sectors in the area,and the correlation between the two remains limited to the former providing specialized services to the latter.(b)Policy guidance has a positive impact on the location selection of industries within the area.By implementing a comprehensive range of favorable policies,local governments can provide effective and scientifically guided recommendations regarding the location of producer services and manufacturing sectors.Therefore,it is crucial to foster the collaboration between producer services and manufacturing sectors and further enhance the co-agglomeration between the two sectors.In addition,the government authorities should also strive to enhance its economic governance capacity,thereby facilitating the formation of such co-agglomeration.

Toward a more open and collaborative climate change policy framework in Hong Kong and Macao within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao enjoy a high degree of autonomy from the national policy system in devising their local policies,including measures related to climate change.Hong Kong and Macao each have their own climate change policies,some aspects of which are more advanced than policies in China's Mainland.While their high degree of policy autonomy has advantages,this has also isolated them from China's larger environmental management and practices that continue to advance at scale.This paper reviews the climate change policies of the two special administrative regions and analyzes their strengths and innovations,particularly in adaptation.It also identifies areas where there could be closer engagement,collaboration,and capacity-building with the China's Mainland,which has the potential for greater positive impacts,especially on a regional basis.

Characteristics and Diagnosis of the Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of China During 1981-2018

This paper applies statistical and synthetic analysis methods to study the characteristics of the three types of tropical cyclone(TC) that landed in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA) from 1981 to2018 and the reasons for the differences of TC-induced wind and precipitation. The results show that there are interdecadal changes in the frequency and intensity of the landfalling TCs in the GBA, with decreased frequency but increased intensity in the 2010 s. The TCs that landed in the west of the Pearl River Estuary(PRE) have the highest frequency and the strongest intensity during landing, which bring the strongest winds;the TCs that landed in the PRE have the lowest frequency and the shortest duration after landing, which cause the strongest precipitation;the TCs that landed in the east of the PRE have the longest duration on the land. This study shows that near the center of the TCs that landed in the PRE, there is a weak anomalous cyclonic shear compared with the ones that landed in the west of the PRE. It is a confluence area of anomalous north wind and anomalous southwest wind, with better water vapor convergence and dynamic rising conditions, which is conducive to the formation of heavy precipitation.Compared with the TCs that landed in the PRE and in its east, there is a closed positive anomalous center of pressure gradient in the northwest center of the TCs that landed in its west, resulting in higher wind speeds in the west of the PRE. The characteristics of the three types of TCs in the GBA are highly related to TC-induced damage.In the future, the GBA needs to focus on preparing for TCs landing in its west. Zhuhai, Jiangmen and Huizhou are key cities to guard against TCs. The results of this study provide foundations for effective management and reduction of TC disaster risks in the future development of the GBA.

Research on Tourism Development Strategy of Zhaoqing Seven Star Cave Scenic Area in the Context of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The national strategy of"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area"has replaced the original Pearl River Delta economic circle.As one of them,the economic development of Zhaoqing City ushered in a historic opportunity.Other cities in Greater Bay Area provide sufficient tourist resources for the development of Zhaoqing’s tourism industry.Under the new situation,Seven Star Cave,the leading scenic spot in Zhaoqing,should firmly grasp the national strategic dividend of the"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area",accelerate the transformation and upgrading,and enhance the market competitiveness.In this paper,the data are collected by nominal group technique,and are integrated into SWOT matrix for analysis.The development strategy of Zhaoqing Seven Star Cave Scenic Area is obtained by matching internal and external factors.

Analysis on Brand Development of Private Colleges and Universities in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Based on the Perspective of Sustainable Development

The special geographical location and political system of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the international background of coexistence of multiple cultures have strong basic strengths and international advantages in education and talents,and have the rigid conditions for the development of education and talents gathering.The rapid development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has brought rare opportunities and challenges to private higher education in Guangdong.This study analyzes the significance of private higher education for the development of the Bay Area from the perspective of sustainable development theory,and proposes corresponding strategies for high-quality development.

Research on the Joint Development of Cities of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: A Case Study of Foshan City

Promoting the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a major policy decision and national strategy made by the central government of China,which significantly supports the Belt and Road Initiative and maintains the long-term prosperity for the whole country.As an important part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,Foshan needs to find its own position and direction in order to accelerate the joint development with other cities through five measures.

Prospects for Science and Technology Cooperation belween the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and Portugal under the Belt and Road Initiative

President Xi,focusing on building a new pattern of all-round opening up to the outside world and promoting the common prosperity and progress of all countries,put forward a major proposal for the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the maritime Silk Road in twenty-first Century.The bay area economy as an important coastal economic form,is the highlight of the current international economic map,and is a significant symbol of the world's first-class coastal city.The international first-class bay areas,such as New York Bay area,San Francisco Bay area and Tokyo Bay area,are characterized by openness,innovation,livability and internationalization.The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has four worldclass cities,name Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Hong Kong and Macao,and the Pearl River Delta city cluster.It has an open economic structure,efficient resource allocation ability,strong agglomeration and spillover function and development international communication network plays a core function of leading innovation and gathering radiation.It is an important growth pole for promoting the economic development of the maritime Silk Road and a leader in technological change.With the help of Portugal's geographical position on the maritime Silk Road and market access advantages within the EU system,the Greater Bay Area should further deepen scientific and technological cooperation,improve the ability of scientific and technological innovation of both sides,let the scientific research subjects of the bay area help Portugal's scientific and technological development,and enhance PortugaFs scientific and technological position in the EU.From the perspective of the Belt and Road Initiative,combined with the basic situation and cooperation of China,especially Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao,and the development of science and technology in Portugal,this article explores the technological fields,policy measures that are suitable for scientific and technological cooperation between the two sides,and puts forward corresponding suggestions to contribute to the technological development of China,Portugal and the global economic and social sustainable development.

High-resolution tsunami hazard assessment for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area based on a non-hydrostatic tsunami model

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA)is threatened by potential tsunami hazards from the Littoral Fault Zone(LFZ)and the Manila subduction zone(MSZ),and may suffer huge damage because of its dense population,concentrated infrastructure,and low-lying coasts.Previous tsunami studies for the GBA made simple assumptions on the mechanisms of LFZ earthquakes,and used coarse bathymetry data in tsunami simulation,which limited the prediction of detailed tsunami hazard characteristics.In this paper,we develop a parallel dispersive tsunami model PCOMCOT to efficiently simulate dispersive,nonlinear,and breaking tsunami waves.We also construct large-scale and high-resolution bathymetry models for the GBA by correcting and integrating various data sources.Dynamic rupture simulation is performed for the LFZ to obtain a more reliable earthquake source model.We propose several representative earthquake scenarios for the LFZ and MSZ,and use PCOMCOT to calculate the resulting tsunami waves,currents,and inundation in the GBA.Our results indicate that if an M_(w)7.5 oblique-slip earthquake occurs in the LFZ off the Pearl River Estuary(PRE),the subsequent tsunami will primarily impact Hong Kong,causing maximum positive and negative waves of around 1 m and -2 m,respectively,along with slightly destructive currents(≥1.5 m/s).An M_(w)9.0 MSZ megathrust earthquake can lead to widespread inundation with>1 m depth on the outlying islands of Macao and in the urban areas of Hong Kong around the Victoria Harbour.Besides,it will also cause catastrophic tsunami currents along the narrow waterways in Hong Kong and Macao,and the spatial distribution of strong currents(≥3 m/s)shows a considerable discrepancy from the areas of serious inundation.Thus,more attention should be paid to the potential impacts of tsunami currents on the GBA.

Exploring diurnal and seasonal variabilities in surface urban heat island intensity in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The urban heat island(UHI) is an environmental problem of wide concern because it poses a threat to both the human living environment and the sustainable development of cities. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal characteristics and the driving factors of UHI is essential for mitigating their impact. However, current understanding of the UHI in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA) is inadequate. Combined with data(e.g., land surface temperature and land use.) acquired from the Google Earth Engine and other sources for the period 2001–2020, this study examined the diurnal and seasonal variabilities, spatial heterogeneities, temporal trends, and drivers of surface UHI intensity(SUHII) in the GBA. The SUHII was calculated based on the urban–rural dichotomy, which has been proven an effective method. The average SUHII was generally 0–2°C, and the SUHII in daytime was generally greater than that at night. The maximum(minimum) SUHII was found in summer(winter);similarly, the largest(smallest) diurnal difference in SUHII was during summer(winter). Generally, the Mann–Kendall trend test and the Sen's slope estimator revealed a statistically insignificant upward trend in SUHII on all time scales. The influence of driving factors on SUHII was examined using the Geo-Detector model. It was found that the number of continuous impervious pixels had the greatest impact, and that the urban–rural difference in the enhanced vegetation index had the smallest impact, suggesting that anthropogenic heat emissions and urban size are the main influencing factors. Thus, controlling urban expansion and reducing anthropogenic heat generation are effective approaches for alleviating surface UHI.

On the Industrial Division and Coordinated Development in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a young but vigorous international city cluster with a complete industrial system and is taking the lead in China’s economic development.This paper analyzes the economic and industrial development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and measures the industrial agglomeration index and homogeneity index among different cities in the area.After our analysis,we found that the cities in the area showed apparent differences in their economic development levels.Therefore,this paper suggests improving the competitiveness of the Greater Bay Area through systematic division and collaboration of industries,further achieving rational industrial structure and high-quality economic development.

Economic Development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area:Spatial Pattern,Influencing Factors,and implications-Based on the Hierarchical Data of Two-Layer Administrative Regions

This paper investigates the economic development within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from two perspectives-spatial pattern and influencing factors-to promote coordinated development across the area.This paper employs Moran's I test and local Getis-Ord G statistic from spatial statistics.Furthermore,it constructs a hierarchical spatial econometric model to facilitate empirical investigation.It is found that the overall economic development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area exhibits a"mountainshaped"spatial lpattern of the high-level homogeneous regions withh"highhigh correlation"and the lowlevel homogeneous regions with"low-low correlation."The internal difference in economic density is moderate,with an obvious trend of decrease year by year.Economic density shows a significant spatial positive correlation,with the expansion of the scopeof areas exhibiting"high-high correlation."The differences in economic density between hotspots and sub-hotspots have decreased,but the economic density of cold spots has failed to keep up with the development of other regions.The difference in factor input density among the influencing factors explains most of the differences in economic density among different regions.The results from the R&D capital investment coefficient indicate that in recent years,the effect of investments in urban scientific and tetechnological innovation factors has been more extensive and uniform among the regions under its jurisdiction,but the spatial spillover effect of innovation factors at both layers is not significantly positive.Apart from the city's location within the Greater Bay Area,the relative location of the jurisdictions within the city equally influences the economic development configuration of the Greater Bay Area.Although economic density in regions adjacent to cities outside the Greater Bay Area is notably lower than in other regions,their growth rate and production efficiency remain on par with other regions.T-test and model results underscore the rapid development of the areas encircling the bay.The coefficient of location dummy variables in areas adjacent to cities in the Greater Bay Area varies among cities.At a particular factor input density,some cities have higher output efficiency in areas contiguous to cities in the Greater Bay Area.This study uniquely adopts low-level city jurisdictions and high-level cities to shape a two-tiered hierarchical dataset with nested geographic units.This innovative approach fully leverages insights from distinct layers,delving into spatial interdependence and interplay across layers.This paper aims to explore the spatial pattern and influencing factors steering economic development in the Guangdong-HonggKong-Macao Greater Bay Area.In doing so,it aims to identify problems and present pertinent policy recommendations.

Theory and Promotion Strategy of Integrated Development for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-HonggKong-Macao Greater Bay Area comprises a region aleconomyencom passing ninecities located in the Pearl River Delta region,in addition to the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao.The process of regional economic integration within the Guangdong-HonggKong-Macao Greater Bay Area traces its origins back to the commencement of China's reform and opening up policies in 1978.It evolves from an initially spontaneous collaborative model,where front-end commercial activities are paired with rearend manufacturing facilities,to a deliberate form of collaboration underpinned by institutional interventions.This paper examines the fundamental characteristics of the regional economic integration within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.It specifically delves into an extensive analysis of the construction and development of this area.The discussion encompasses four significant theoretical and practical facets that shape the progresss of the Greater BayArea's construction.These aspects include the synchronization of market integration within the Greater Bay Area,the harmonization of institutional frameworks,the convergence of the eastern and western sections of the Pearl River Estuary,and the amalgamation of regional innovations.Furthermore,the paper engages in an exploration of strategies designed to propel the advancement of the Greater Bay Area's development.These strategies encompass collaborative initiatives,such as the joint development of the Shenzhen-Hong Kong adjacent region,the cooperative advancement of Hengqin Island by Zhuhai and Macao,the approach to integrating adjacent areas,and the interlock strategy aiming to connect the two pivotal urban centers of Guangzhou and Shenzhen.

Research on the Integrated Development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area:Current Situation,Problems,and Countermeasures

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(the Greater Bay Area,the GBA)aims to facilitate in-depth cooperation among the Guangdong,Hong Kong,and Macao regions to create a worldclass bay area-based urban agglomeration.This endeavor seeks to guide China's economy toward high-quality development and comprehensive opening-up.This paper examines the challenges and obstacles faced by Guangdong,Hong Kong,and Macaoregardinggregionalcoordinated development,thus putting forward the following standpoints.It proposes enhancing infrastructure interconnectivity to establish the GBA 1-hour Express Traffic Circle,thereby driving the construction of a worldclass international shipping and logistics hub.Furthermore,the paper advocates for establishing an industrial collaborative development system in the GBA,jointly creatingapilot zoneeforindustrial transformation and upgrading,and further advancing market integration.Creating an international innovation corridor and innovation center for science and technology(S&T)industry is also essential.This initiative would center around critical sectors,improving S&T innovation chain,and building a talent cooperation demonstration zone.The paper also emphasizes the establishment of a transport and logistics hub for the Belt and Road Initiative,along with the joint development of a cultural,economic,and trade exchange platform under the“Belt and Road”framework.Leveraging the comparative advantages of the three regions,the paper underscores the importance of innovative collaboration models,fostering a mutually beneficial and complementary mechanism for synergistic development.These approaches aim to realize the integrated and innovative development of the GBA.

区域卫生健康标准一体化建设现状与长三角的实践

以开展长三角区域卫生健康领域标准化研究为基础,调查和分析我国京津冀地区、粤港澳地区和长三角地区区域协同标准发展现状,标准化工作运行机制和管理模式。结合区域统一地方标准立项和研制实践,提出长三角区域卫生健康标准一体化机制建立的初步思考,为建立长三角区域卫生健康标准化合作模式、组织框架、工作任务等提供研究基础。

粤港澳大湾区CO_(2)排放趋势、驱动因素及减排路径

粤港澳大湾区是我国为建设世界级城市群提出的国家战略,其CO_(2)排放趋势、社会经济驱动因素和减排路径对区域经济高质量发展具有重要意义。本研究编制了2000-2019年粤港澳大湾区CO_(2)排放清单,采用对数平均迪氏指数法探究CO_(2)排放的关键驱动力。结果表明,粤港澳大湾区CO_(2)排放在2017年后明显放缓,已经与国内生产总值(GDP)增长脱钩。经济增长和能源强度分别是驱动和抑制粤港澳大湾区CO_(2)排放增加的主要因素。能源生产和重工业对粤港澳大湾区CO_(2)排放增长的推动作用降低,服务业正成为主要驱动力。粤港澳大湾区通过产业结构调整和升级实现低碳发展取得了显著成效。深圳和香港地区的产业升级以及深圳、广州和佛山的技术进步抑制了粤港澳大湾区CO_(2)排放增长。粤港澳大湾区各城市异质性增加了减排指标分配难度和制定区域碳中和路线图的复杂性。本研究提出了粤港澳大湾区城市分级减排策略和碳达峰碳中和建议,为制定粤港澳大湾区城市碳达峰和碳中和行动方案以及其他城市和地区的低碳发展提供了科学依据。

The pattern,evolution,and mechanism of venture capital flows in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,China

As an important innovation flow,venture capital has been examined in urban network research.However,the segmentation of capital categories and the cross-scale connection of capital remain scarcely analyzed.This study focuses on the structure and industry differentiation of venture capital flows in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(GBA)and its cross-scale network characteristics.Based on a venture capital database covering capital amount,investment subject address information,and industry information(2000-2018),this article examines the spatial distribution and network structure of venture capital in the GBA by means of a distance-based test of spatial concentration approach and social network analysis.Key findings show that:(1)Venture capital institutions and startups in the GBA present a high-concentration distribution pattern.In the past 20 years,venture capital activities in the GBA have substantially increased,forming a complex urban network structure with Guangzhou,Shenzhen,and Hong Kong as the core of this network.(2)Different types of venture capital show significantly different urban network structures,with manufacturing,the Internet industry,the financial sector,the cultural media industry,and the medical and health industry as the five industry types with the largest capital flow in the GBA.(3)Cross-scale research on the venture capital network reveals the position of the GBA as a capital hub in China,which forms a dense venture capital connection network with major cities on a national scale.(4)The network structure of venture capital in the GBA is influenced by multi-dimensional proximity,institutional factors,urban economy,and path dependence.Along with these three key mechanisms,the GBA has grown into a national-scale and even global-scale venture capital center.