A system dynamics model for billion trees tsunami afforestation project of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan:Model application to afforestation activities

As part of the global effort to plant billion trees,an afforestation project is launched in Pakistan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP)province to conserve existing forests and to increase area under forest cover.The present study is designed to build a Systems'model by incorporating major activities of the Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project(BTTAP)with special focus on afforestation activities to estimate the growth in forest area of KP.Availability of complete dataset was a challenge.To fix the model,the raw data taken from the project office has been utilized.Planning Commission Form 1-Phase I&II helped us with additional information.We relied on the data available for one and half period of the project as rest of the data is subject to the completion of the project.Our results show that the project target to enhance area under forest differs from the target to afforest area under the project.The system dynamics'model projection shows that the forest area of KP would be 23.59 million hectares at the end of the BTTA project,thus having an increase of 3.29%instead of 2%that has been initially proposed.However,the results show that the progress to meet the target in some afforestation classes is slow as compared to other categories.Farm forestry,plantation on communal lands and owners'plantation need special focus of the authority.Deforestation would affect 0.02 million hectares area of the project.The model under study may be used as a reference model that can be replicated to other areas where billion tree campaigns are going on.

Improving path planning efficiency for underwater gravity-aided navigation based on a new depth sorting fast search algorithm

This study focuses on the improvement of path planning efficiency for underwater gravity-aided navigation.Firstly,a Depth Sorting Fast Search(DSFS)algorithm was proposed to improve the planning speed of the Quick Rapidly-exploring Random Trees*(Q-RRT*)algorithm.A cost inequality relationship between an ancestor and its descendants was derived,and the ancestors were filtered accordingly.Secondly,the underwater gravity-aided navigation path planning system was designed based on the DSFS algorithm,taking into account the fitness,safety,and asymptotic optimality of the routes,according to the gravity suitability distribution of the navigation space.Finally,experimental comparisons of the computing performance of the ChooseParent procedure,the Rewire procedure,and the combination of the two procedures for Q-RRT*and DSFS were conducted under the same planning environment and parameter conditions,respectively.The results showed that the computational efficiency of the DSFS algorithm was improved by about 1.2 times compared with the Q-RRT*algorithm while ensuring correct computational results.

Study on the Planning of Garden Greening Tree Species in Liuzhou City

By analyzing the application situation of greening tree species in Liuzhou City,this study aimed to put forward several strategies and suggestions for garden tree species planning in Liuzhou City according to relevant theories and principles.

Gap Navigation Trees for Discovering Unknown Environments

We propose a motion planning gap-based algorithms for mobile robots in an unknown environment for exploration purposes. The results are locally optimal and sufficient to navigate and explore the environment. In contrast with the traditional roadmap-based algorithms, our proposed algorithm is designed to use minimal sensory data instead of costly ones. Therefore, we adopt a dynamic data structure called Gap Navigation Trees (GNT), which keeps track of the depth discontinuities (gaps) of the local environment. It is incrementally constructed as the robot which navigates the environment. Upon exploring the whole environment, the resulting final data structure exemplifies the roadmap required for further processing. To avoid infinite cycles, we propose to use landmarks. Similar to traditional roadmap techniques, the resulting algorithm can serve key applications such as exploration and target finding. The simulation results endorse this conclusion. However, our solution is cost effective, when compared to traditional roadmap systems, which makes it more attractive to use in some applications such as search and rescue in hazardous environments.

Intermediary RRT*-PSO:A Multi-Directional Hybrid Fast Convergence Sampling-Based Path Planning Algorithm

Path planning is a prevalent process that helps mobile robots find the most efficient pathway from the starting position to the goal position to avoid collisions with obstacles.In this paper,we propose a novel path planning algorithm-Intermediary RRT*-PSO-by utilizing the exploring speed advantages of Rapidly exploring Random Trees and using its solution to feed to a metaheuristic-based optimizer,Particle swarm optimization(PSO),for fine-tuning and enhancement.In Phase 1,the start and goal trees are initialized at the starting and goal positions,respectively,and the intermediary tree is initialized at a random unexplored region of the search space.The trees were grown until one met the other and then merged and re-initialized in other unexplored regions.If the start and goal trees merge,the first solution is found and passed through a minimization process to reduce unnecessary nodes.Phase 2 begins by feeding the minimized solution from Phase 1 as the global best particle of PSO to optimize the path.After simulating two special benchmark configurations and six practice configurations with special cases,the results of the study concluded that the proposed method is capable of handling small to large,simple to complex continuous environments,whereas it was very tedious for the previous method to achieve.

基于优化快速搜索随机树算法的全局路径规划

为了改善传统快速搜索随机树(RRT)算法在全局路径规划中存在的平滑度差、具有潜在碰撞性等问题,提出了一种双重优化的RRT算法。在传统RRT算法基础上,引入自适应目标偏向策略以缩短采样时间,引入角度约束采样策略以适应车辆极限转角。得到初始路径后,建立二项优化函数(即降低路径曲率和远离障碍物),并将其作为基点进行梯度下降二次优化,生成可供车辆行驶、平滑性良好且碰撞概率低的路径,并进行仿真验证。结果表明:优化RRT算法相比于传统RRT算法、RRT-Connect算法和RRT算法,平均曲率分别降低了38.1%、36.4%和24.7%,曲率均方差分别降低了38.4%、38.4%和27.2%。

位姿约束下的双向扩展机械臂路径规划方法

针对机械臂路径规划方法存在的规划效率低、连杆通过性差、路径粗糙等问题,以渐进最优快速随机搜索树RRT*为基础,提出一种位姿约束下的双向扩展机械臂路径规划方法(PCO-BT-RRT*)。首先,设计目标偏置引导的双向扩展RRT*算法(BT-RRT*),改进了RRT*算法的初始化过程,将起始点和目标点分别作为两棵随机树的初始节点,并通过目标偏置策略引导其以一定概率相向生长,加快探索未知区域,在保证路径代价较低的同时提升路径生成速度。其次,提出一种位姿约束路径优化策略(PCO),采用机械臂运动学模型和碰撞检测规则共同约束新节点扩展过程,寻找机械臂可达空间内的避障路径;对生成路径剪枝剔冗,缩短可行路径长度,同时对消冗节点以迭代调整的方式进行平滑优化,提高路径生成质量。通过仿真实验分析,验证了所提方法在路径规划问题上的显著性成效;在自主研发的BIM信息融合下建筑砌筑系统进行真机避障测试,验证了该方法的实用性。

改进人工势场引导的双向扩展随机树路径规划算法

针对地面移动机器人在复杂环境之下要求规划路径实时性强、路线平滑度高、避障精确完备等需求,在快速扩展随机树算法(RRT)的基础之上,提出一种由改进人工势场法(APF)引导的双向扩展随机树算法(APF-Bi-RRT^(*))。首先,在每次迭代的过程之中两棵随机树同时分别从起始点和目标点进行扩展,以加快算法收敛速度;其次,在算法随机树生长方向上,引入目标偏置策略来优化随机子节点的选取,并在随机树和障碍物中加入人工势场分量,限制路径方向选择的随机性,改进算法克服引力和斥力过大导致陷入局部最优值或目标不可达的问题;最后,在形成锯齿型规划路径之上应用一种采样优化和关键节点平滑策略,进一步缩短和平滑原路径的总距离。对比实验结果证明,该算法既克服了传统随机树算法的节点盲目扩展的问题,又兼顾了生成路径的效率和平滑性,与目标偏置RRT算法相比,在规划路径长度上减少了9.7%左右,在运行时间上缩短了65.3%左右,在算法迭代次数上减少了78.2%左右。

近海复杂环境下UUV动态路径规划方法研究

为解决近海环境下水下无人航行器(unmanned underwater vehicle,UUV)的动态路径规划问题,本文提出一种结合全局和局部动态路径规划的算法。首先,本文提出一种基于自适应目标引导的快速拓展随机树算法,以增加随机树生长的方向性,并通过转向和重选策略减少无效拓展加快算法的收敛速度。接着,获得全局路径之后使用自适应子节点选取策略获取动态窗口法的子目标点,将复杂的全局动态任务规划分解为多个简单的动态路劲规划,从而防止动态窗口法陷入局部极小值。最后,通过UUV出港任务仿真实验验证了算法的有效性和实用性。

复杂环境下DWA与RRT算法融合的AUV局部路径规划

针对复杂水下环境下的自主水下航行器(autonomous underwater vehicle,AUV)局部路径规划问题,传统动态窗口法(dynamic window approach,DWA)存在复杂障碍物中陷入局部停滞,动态避障性能不佳等问题,本文提出了一种基于DWA与快速随机搜索树(rapid-exploration random tree,RRT)算法融合的路径规划算法。改进的DWA算法速度空间根据整个动态窗口的周期生成,重设了评价函数并结合AUV任务环境引入洋流能耗评价函数;改进的RRT算法在局部已知空间内规划导引点,帮助DWA脱离局部停滞状态并实现更安全的动态避障。将2种算法融合,实现了AUV在复杂水下环境中的局部路径规划。仿真表明,该融合算法能够降低AUV在洋流中的能耗代价,解决了DWA在复杂障碍物中陷入局部停滞的问题,能够安全有效地躲避动态避障物。

面向人员岸滩行进的三维路径规划算法研究

针对当前无法为人员岸滩行进提供科学合理的路径规划这一问题,论文基于蚁群算法提出了面向岸滩行进的最优路径规划算法。首先对基本的蚁群算法进行了改良,包括路径搜索方式、信息素更新策略和启发函数的合理设计等,改善了算法的收敛效率;然后定量结合多类岸滩场路径规划影响因子,构建了满足岸滩行进的代价函数;最终实现了面向岸滩行进的算法构建。该算法可为实现复杂地形条件下岸滩行进的最优路径解算和基于蚁群算法的相关三维路径规划分析研究提供参考借鉴。

不确定采摘环境下改进RRT算法的机械臂路径规划研究

由于果蔬采摘环境的不确定性和复杂性,机械臂在复杂环境中完成采摘,其路径规划需考虑实时避障。为实现采摘机械臂在不确定环境下安全采摘,提出一种改进RRT的动态避障算法,以提升机械臂在不确定采摘环境的适应性。针对基本快速扩展随机树算法(Rapidly-exploring Random Trees,RRT)在动态环境下迭代时间长、路径长、适应性差等问题,在RRT算法的基础上,引入目标导向策略,把终点以一定概率作为随机采样点的采样方向,提高算法的迭代效率;引入动态检测机制,对已完成规划的初始路径进行实时检测,使算法适应动态变化的环境。通过仿真分析改进RRT算法,结果表明:改进RRT算法的路径减少16%,迭代时间缩短86.5%;同时,动态检测机制使算法适应动态环境。

改进RRT^(*)算法的无人艇局部路径规划方法

文中提出一种改进RRT^(*)算法,该算法依据国际海上避碰规则计算本船与他船间DCPA与TCPA并判断会遇场景,限制采样空间.通过偏置采样在采样空间中选取采样点,增强目的性,加快搜索速度.依据线段公理和锚点采样的方式重新选择父节点,去除中间冗余的节点,减少路径转向次数和路径长度,使得最终生成的路径相对平滑.结果表明:改进RRT^(*)算法减少了81%以上的转向点和5%以上的路径长度.

基于电子海图的无人艇集群区域覆盖路径规划

[目的]针对无人艇(ASV)集群区域覆盖问题,设计一种基于电子海图信息系统(ECDIS)的多无人艇区域覆盖路径规划方法。[方法]首先,通过提取ECDIS中的海陆和水深信息,建立基于栅格化方法的无人艇集群覆盖区域环境模型。其次,提出一种基于轮盘选择法的区域划分方法,解决基于初始位置的区域划分方法区域划分不规则的问题,实现在栅格地图中对无人艇集群覆盖子区域的合理划分。最后,构建一种基于模板法的区域覆盖路径规划方法,解决生成树覆盖方法路径转弯数量较多的问题。[结果]搭建基于ECDIS的无人艇集群人机交互仿真平台,验证所提基于轮盘法和模板法的区域覆盖路径规划方法对优化规划路径转弯数量的有效性。[结论]采用所提基ECDIS的无人艇集群区域覆盖路径规划方法,实现多无人艇对海上目标任务区域的覆盖路径规划。

结合区块链和关系数据库管理的会计信息系统安全方案

会计信息系统(AIS)是企业资源规划(ERP)的核心模块,过去一直被设计为集中式系统,存在单点故障、可扩展性、安全性、灵活性等方面的缺陷。为此,提出了结合联盟区块链和关系数据库管理系统(RDMBS),支持事务防篡改和签名验证的分布式AIS系统。通过将区块链嵌入关系表中,在数据库中以防篡改的方式存储可信信息,并支持数据的溯源和验证。整个系统由多个经授权的参与方共同维护,支持AIS数据的安全整合,并通过签名方案明确数据所有权。为支持大规模查询,应用了基于动态布隆过滤树(DBFT)的优化算法,以最大限度降低查询和验证作业的总时间成本。实验评估表明,所提方法在AIS系统中成功实现了基于区块链的身份验证和篡改溯源,并显著提升了大规模分析查询和验证的效率。

基于RRT^(*)改进的移动机器人路径规划算法

针对RRT^(*)算法在复杂环境路径规划中存在的盲目搜索、冗余节点及路径较长等问题,提出一种融合树扩展策略和采样策略的改进RRT^(*)算法(AF-RRT^(*))。通过创造父节点改进RRT^(*)扩展树的结构,缩小路径长度;引入自适应探索,增加采样导向的选择性,减少路径搜索时间,同时不会陷入局部最优陷阱;通过动态步长,减少冗余节点。仿真结果表明,AF-RRT^(*)算法在多种环境下,路径获取效率和路径质量均优于RRT^(*)和F-RRT^(*)。消融实验验证了AF-RRT^(*)算法和算法各功能模块的有效性。

融合A^(*)的改进RRT机械臂路径规划

针对RRT(rapidly-exploring random tree)路径规划算法在高维空间的机械臂避障路径规划时随机产生巨量节点,导致算法运行负担大、避障性能差、容易陷入局部极值的问题,提出一种结合A^(*)判断函数的改进RRT算法。对RRT的采样方式进行更改,每次生成一个包含多个随机采样点的序列,并利用改进的A^(*)判断函数进行排序;对每次生成节点进行距离判断,防止陷入局部搜索;利用重复贪心策略删除冗余节点,利用三次B样条平滑路径。在二维、三维地图及机械臂仿真与样机实验中进行算法性能分析,改进RRT算法能够大量减少到达目标位姿时产生的节点,缓解了局部极值,快速稳定地避开障碍物并到达目标位姿,证明了改进RRT算法的有效性和优越性。

三维环境中机器人路径规划算法改进

为解决快速扩展随机树算法(rapid-exploration random tree,RRT*)在三维环境中盲目搜索路径以及缺乏节点扩展记忆性等问题,提出一种融合蚁群算法的双向搜索算法ACO-RRT*。为适应精细化三维建模环境和解决地面起伏不平坦等问题,对RRT*算法进行改进优化。采用双向搜索策略,在起点和终点同时运行改进后的RRT算法和蚁群算法,相向而行,对路径长度和运行时间进行优化。针对生成路径不够平滑等问题,引入B样条曲线平滑策略优化路径。仿真结果表明,所提算法能够有效用于机器人三维路径规划。

复杂环境下的改进RRT算法路径规划

针对快速扩展随机树算法(rapidly-exploring trees,RRT)在一些复杂环境中存在搜索效率低、收敛速度慢、生成的路径冗余节点多等问题,提出一种改进的RRT算法。首先引入自适应目标概率策略,实时调整对目标点的采样概率;其次引入节点转向策略,提高单次采样的成功率;最后对生成的路径进行冗余节点裁剪,使路径更符合实际应用需求。在MATLAB中进行仿真实验,并与RRT算法、RRTGoalBias算法进行对比。实验结果表明,改进算法在多种不同环境下具有较好的适应性,在寻路时间、采样次数和采样成功率3个方面均有较大提升,最终平均路径长路降低了21.1%,平均节点数降低了75.3%,证明了改进算法的优越性和实用性。

基于CL-RRT与MPC的舰载机牵引系统路径规划

针对舰载机在甲板狭小、复杂环境下的调运过程,结合闭环快速随机搜索树(close loop rapidly exploring random trees,CL-RRT)和模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)提出一种舰载机牵引系统的路径规划算法。首先,在CL-RRT中采用纯追踪器与线性二次型(linear quadratic,LQ)控制器得到系统的控制输入并向前仿真得到规划路径。其次,将已得路径进行等比缩放与插值作为MPC的初始解。最后,设置MPC的目标函数等并解得最终路径。展开自定义三个场景下的仿真实验,通过与CL-RRT算法的实验结果进行比较,验证本文算法的优越性。实验结果表明,所提算法可有效解决因采样随机性带来解质量不佳的问题,提升舰载机在甲板上的调运效率与安全性。