Lasiodiplodia theobromae激活芒果防御酶基因差异表达的研究

【目的】为明确Lasiodiplodia theobromae侵染芒果组织的过程中对防御酶相关基因的诱导表达情况。【方法】本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术(qRT PCR)研究了Lasiodiplodia theobromae侵染芒果叶片和成熟果实时Mi POD、Mi PPO、Mi CHI、Mi PR1等7个防御酶基因表达情况。【结果】Lasiodiplodia theobromae侵染芒果果实后均不同程度的激活芒果抗病防御酶的活性,抗病防御酶相关基因的表达量极显著,均在被侵染36 h后达最大值,基因Mi POD表达量最高为0 h的33倍,Mi PAL为0 h的450倍;侵染叶片后,活性氧相关基因表达量极显著,均在被侵染24 h后达最大值,抗病相关基因中Mi POD和Mi PPO的表达量呈先上升后下降趋势,基因Mi CHI持续高表达,48 h时表达量达到最大值约为0 h的40倍,Mi PR1在接种72 h时出现最高表达量。【结论】研究表明,寄主植物感病后,Mi POD、Mi PPO、Mi CHI、Mi PR1等7个防御酶基因活性增强,增加寄主植物对病原菌的抵抗能力,进而延缓了病原菌在寄主组织内的迅速扩展。

Pathogenicity of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes Produced by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. against Mangoes

[ Objective ] This study aimed to confirm the roles of cell wall degrading enzymes （CWDEs） produced by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. in the infec- tion of mango fruits. [ Method] Change of activities of five types of CWDEs produced by B. theobromae Pat. were studied under both in vitro culture and inocula- tion conditions, along with the pathogenicity and the ability of producing CWDEs of four post-harvest fangal pathogens（B, theobromae Pat. , Colletotrichum gloeos- porioides Penz. , Phomopsis mangiferae Ahmad and Dothiorella dominicana Pet. et Cif. ） which cause stem-end rot of mangoes. [ Result] B. theobromae Pat. was a- ble to produce polygalacturonase（PG）, pectinmethylgalacturonase（PMG）, polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase （PGTE）, pectin methyltrans-eliminase （PMTE） and cellulase （ Cx. ） under both in vitro culture and inoculation conditions, of which activities of PG, Cx and PMG were significantly higher in than that in either PGTE or PMTE. Among three primary CWDEs, the peak of activities of PG and Cx appeared earlier and that of PMG occured later. The pathogenicity of B. theo- bromae Pat. was significantly higher than that of any other three pathogens; it is the same with the abilities of producing pectinase. [ Conclusion] This paper pro- vides theoretical bases for further exploring the mechanism of host-pathogen interaction and decreasing the post-harvest loss of mango fruits.

福建黄果西番莲果腐病菌分离鉴定及其生物学特性

为探究引起福建黄果西番莲采后果腐病的病原菌及其生物学特性,组织分离病果病原菌,采用柯赫氏法验证其致病性,观察病菌形态特征,结合分子生物学鉴定,采用同源性分析与系统发育树构建鉴定病原菌,并初步研究不同温度、pH值、碳源、氮源等对病原菌菌落生长的影响。结果表明,根据形态学和分子生物学鉴定,引起福建黄果西番莲采后果腐病的病原菌为可可毛色二孢Lasiodiplodia theobromae,28℃、pH值6、葡萄糖、硝酸钾分别是L.theobromae菌落生长最适温度、pH值、碳源和氮源。

茶树病害病原菌Lasiodiplodia theobromae生物学特性研究

采用皿内测定方法对贵州省惠水县茶树叶斑病的病原菌Lasiodiplodia theobromae进行了病原生物特性研究。结果表明,其病原菌可在SM、PDA、OA和MEA培养基上生长,菌株在MEA培养基上的生长速率显著快于SM培养基、PDA培养基和OA培养基。病原菌适宜在OA培养基上产孢。碳素和氮素营养可影响菌株的生长及菌丝色素的形成。在PDA培养基上,菌株在33℃条件下的生长速度最快,可适应酸性和碱性条件。但在弱碱条件下生长最为迅速。菌株可在PDB培养基中生长,接种菌碟后生长88 h进入稳定期。

Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Different Altitudes Affect Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Abundance and Colonization in Cacao Plantations of Cameroon

This study aims to investigate the abundance of AMF according to soil properties and altitudes in different cacao plantations of Cameroon. Physico-chemical analyses were made on soil samples collected from three agro-ecological zones. Soil samples were also used to evaluate directly the AMF abundance following the various altitudes and after trapping by sorghum plant. The results showed that soil properties, AMF spore abundances and colonization fluctuated significantly at different altitudes. The most represented texture was sandy loam. The bimodal zone presented a homogeneous texture (sandy loam) in all its localities. Cacao soil chemical characteristics showed that, the highest nitrogen rate (0.47%;p 0.05, Scott-Knott test) was recorded at Melong in a monomodal zone while Tonga in the Western highlands displayed the lowest rate (0.13%). Soil P concentration was significantly high in monomodal zones (Mbanga and Melong). Soil pH level indicated that the soil from Tonga in the Western highlands was neutral (pH = 6.67), and soils of other localities under study were acidic with the lowest (4.75) pH level recorded at Melong in a monomodal zone. In soil samples, the highest spore density (1.03 spores/g soil) was observed at Ntui in Bimodal zone, while the lowest spore density (0.26 spores/g soil) was observed at Bafang in the Western highlands. Root colonization showed that the sample from Bokito in a bimodal zone displayed the best frequency of mycorrhization (86.11%) while the sample from Bafang in the Western highlands recorded the lowest (27.11%). The PCA analysis highlighted that available phosphorus, pH and altitude all strongly correlated with AMF root colonization ability and can be used as a predictor of AMF colonization ability in cacao rhizosphere.

杧果蒂腐可可球二孢菌致病力测定及杧果主要品种抗病性评价

【目的】测定杧果蒂腐病可可球二孢(B.theobromae)不同菌株的致病力及评价杧果品种的抗病性,为杧果蒂腐病防治技术的研究奠定基础。【方法】采用室内人工接种的方法,对124个B.theobromae菌株进行致病力测定,并针对11个杧果品种进行抗病初步测定。【结果】B.theobromae菌株之间致病力有较大差异,强致病力菌株占28.23%,中等致病力菌株占66.93%,弱致病力菌株占4.84%。同一品种资源分别接种5个不同菌株,抗病性存在较大差异;但是,通过接种B.theobromae后的平均病情指数进行抗性分级,对多个菌株的抗病性进行综合评价发现,‘象牙’为高感(HS)材料,而其余10份材料均表现为感病(S)。【结论】杧果可可球二孢是引起杧果蒂腐的优势病原菌,强致病力和中等致病力菌株在海南分布广泛;供试11份杧果材料中没有对B.theobromae菌株表现抗病的杧果品种。

橡胶木变色菌和霉菌的研究——变色和接种试验

本文对从变色,发霉橡胶木上分离到的22个分离物进行了变色和接种试验。结果表明,22个分离物都能不同程度的引起橡胶木的变色,其中以 Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Dothio-rella major 和 Haplosporella sp.变色最严重。若将它们接种到杨树枝条上,则能形成典型的溃疡斑,并在其上形成子实体。Lasiodiplodia theobromae 的海南分离物接种在杨树枝条上45～55天就能产生大量的分生孢子角。

百香果采后果腐病菌的生物学特性及其杀菌剂毒力测定

可可毛色二孢Lasiodiplodia theobromae引起的果腐病是近年百香果果实新病害。为明确该病原菌的生物学特性,采用生长速率法测定了不同培养温度、pH值、碳源、氮源和光照对其菌丝生长的影响,并测定了14种杀菌剂对该病原菌的室内毒力。结果表明,该病原菌最适生长pH值为4.5~5.5,最适生长温度为31~34℃;其可利用蔗糖等供试11种碳源,可利用硫酸铵等供试11种氮源,尿素为最难利用的氮源;不同光照条件对其菌丝生长的影响差异不显著。供试14种杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝生长均具有一定的抑制作用,其中,戊唑醇和丙环唑的毒力较高,其EC_(50)分别为0.0072和0.7067 mg/L,EC_(95)分别为90.5459和33.1295 mg/L。

Pathogen Identification of Stem Rot in Dendrobium officinale of China

For the control of stem rot in Dendrobium officinale, symptoms were observed and the pathogen was isolated and identified from April 2013 to August 2015. The pathogen only infected the stem of D. officinale, resulting in death of stem above the lesion. Strain TP-1 accounted for 65.7% of isolated colonies. After inoculation of TP-1 for 14 d, water-soaked necrotic lesions about 3 mm in diameter were observed, which were similar to natural infections, and the original strain was obtained after re-isolation. Morphology and sequencing identification confirmed that TP-1 was Lasiodiplodia theobromae. This is the first report of stem rot in D. officinale caused by L. theobromae in China.

Characterization of the Sexual Self- and Cross-Compatibility in Genotypes of Cacao

Cacao is a tree crop of high economic importance and the subject of several studies aiming the genetic improvement of the species with the incorporation of characteristics that are agronomically important to create superior genotypes. In this context, this study aimed to characterize 22 genotypes of cacao for sexual compatibility, which is a trait that is strongly associated with yield. Additionally, we identify genotypes incompatible with clone TSH-1188 through controlled intercrosses, due to the great importance of this clone in cocoa breeding. Fifteen genotypes were characterized as self-incompatible and other seven as self-compatible, considering the retention index (20%) of self-pollinated flowers. Nine genotypes were characterized for the first time: CCN-16, COCA-3310, COCA-3370/5, EB-1017, IMC-119, IMC-97, LCTEEN-37A, NA-45, and UF-612. Cacao genotypes showed flower retention index ranging from 0.0% to 55.1% after 15 days of self-pollinations. The number of retained flowers varied after self-pollination of cacao genotypes at 1, 5 and 15 days after pollination. CCN-51, Catongo, CCN-10 and P-4B, were the genotypes with minor losses of flowers after 15 days of pollination, while IMC-119 and TSH-516 had 100% of loss of flowers between 1 and 5 days after pollination. Moreover, the flower retention index 15 days after cross-pollination with TSH-1188 ranged from 0.0% to 87.5% among the tested genotypes. The results of cross-pollinations identified two genotypes that are incompatibles, EB-1017 and IMC-119. This result is important for future allelic studies of incompatibility in cacao, because it might indicate that these genotypes share the same self-incompatibility allele(s). We conclude, therefore, that this study enable the characterization of this working collection of cocoa germplasm for sexual compatibility and this information is important for subsequent crosses between cacao genotypes.

可可脂的生物合成温度时Theobroma可可的酰基转移酶的影响

本文研究在生长的可可籽微粒体中酶催化生物合成可可脂的全过程(首尾过程).对于三种脂肪酸供体(棕榈酰—辅酶A,硬脂酰—辅酶A,油酰—辅酶A),两种酶:酰基—辅酶A:S_n —甘油—3—磷酸酯O—酰基转移酶(EC2.3.1.15)和酰基—辅酶A:1,2—二酰基甘油O—酰基转移酶(EC2.3.1.20)显示出较宽的专一性.

Hair Protective Effect of Argan Oil (Argania spinosa Kernel Oil) and Cupuassu Butter (Theobroma grandiflorum Seed Butter) Post Treatment with Hair Dye

Hair coloring is widely used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, since chemical and physical procedures are involved to alter the structure hair and consequently, alterations in its mechanical and of surface properties. One benefit of hair conditioners is to prevent flyaway hair, make the hair “shine”, and protect the hair from further damage. In this research we analyzed the hair protective effect conditioner agents Argania spinosa kernel oil and/or Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter in hair care on Caucasian hair post treatment with hair dye. The hairs were submitted by quantifying protein loss. The samples were classified as: hair untreated (I);hair treated with a commercial oxidative ultra-blond hair dye (II);hair post treatment II and F1: Base hair care formulation (III), hair post treatment II and F2: Base hair care formulation containing 1.0% (w/w) Argania spinosa kernel oil (IV), hair post treatment II and F3: Base hair care formulation containing 1.0% (w/w) Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter (V) and hair post treatment II and F4: Base hair care formulation containing 0.5% (w/w) Argania spinosa kernel oil and 0.5% (w/w) Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter (VI). For the protein loss, the results were: IIA = IIIA > IB = IVB = VB = VIB. Results classified with different letters present statistically significant differents, for α = 5, p ≤ 0.05, n = 6. Based on the results, the incorporation of conditioners agents Argania spinosa kernel oil and/or Theobroma grandiflorum seed butter in base hair care formulation applied in Caucasian hair post treatment with hair dye decreased the damage caused to hair by the coloring process.

Effect of Pectin Lyase Enzyme on Fermentation and Drying of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): An Alternative to Improve Raw Material in the Industry of Chocolate

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao), in all its presentations, is consumed all over the world and is one of the main drivers of the economic in several countries. The world’s Cocoa tendency is focused on developing special beans. This category is subject to postharvest processes of utmost importance such as the fermentation and dry, which are currently carried out with traditional and poorly effective devices, which need to be improved to obtain a high quality product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the pectin lyase enzyme (E.C.4.2.2.10) on the postharvest cocoa process. We evaluated the enzyme dosage (1.0% and 0.5%) in fermentation and its effect on the variables temperature, acidity and drying time by convection at 60°C. The Pectin lyase activity during fermentation does not cause a significant effect on the variables of temperature and acidity;however, the drying process time required to achieve 7.0% moisture was reduced. The enzyme dosage of 1.0% was the best result, the amount of exudate obtained (115 ml) during fermentation and the best degree of fermentation (77% ± 3.8) were increased and further shows a change in porosity facilitating the scale surface and internal moisture diffusion. The drying rate (Nw) expressed in kgwater/m2 * min was determined based on the empirical model of Newton, where the higher speed was obtained during the falling period. In conclusion, enzyme dosage 1% was the best concentration evaluated because weaken grain husk, which allowed an adequate fermentation,and subsequent time drying reduction until 10.8 h.

Selection of Cocoa Tree (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>Linn) Endophytic Bacteria Solubilizing Tri-Calcium Phosphate, Isolated from Seedlings Grown on Soils of Six Producing Regions of C&ocirc;te d’Ivoire

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for the growth and development of cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao Linn). Most of the soils used for cocoa farming in C?te d’Ivoire are low in phosphorus. But cocoa farmers generally have a widespread reluctance to invest in chemicals fertilizers due to high costs and environmental associated risk. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) are kwon to play an important role in supply of phosphorous to plants in a sustainable manner in P deficient soils. The aim of this research was to screen the endophytic bacteria of cocoa nurseries able to solubilize tri-calcium phosphate. Seedlings of two varieties of cocoa (P7 and NA32) and seedlings of an all-comer, were grown on eighteen (18) samples soils collected in six producing regions of C?te d’Ivoire. A total of 218 endophytic bacteria were isolated and tested on the Pikovskaya’s agar medium, containing Ca3 (PO4) 2. The colonies with clear zone around the microbial growth were suspected as phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Out of 218 bacteria, 90 (41.28%) showed a clear zone around colonies after 7 days of incubation. The Phosphate Solubilization Index (PSI) ranged from 20% to 200%. Bacterial isolated from the soils of Duékoué locality showed the highest mean index of 137.67%. Five PSB (CEBSP5, CEBSP6, CEBSP7, CEBSP8, and CEBSP9) from Duékoué soils and two PSB (CEBSP12 and CEBSP13) from Soubré soils have a PSI ranged from 150% to 200%. Further study in greenhouse and in field condition will confirm the use of these PSB as biofertilizer to increase the available P content in soils, reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable agriculture.

Inheritance of the Number of Ovules per Ovary and Selection of Cacao Genotypes

We have characterized the number of ovules per ovary (NoOV) in cacao plants originated from crossing the clones CCN 51 and TSH 1188 (segregating progeny) and determined the heritability of this characteristic in order to select plants with higher NoOV in this progeny. The NoOV was calculated as the average of 10 flowers per plant and ranged from 44.8 to 58.6 between the six clones (two parents and four clones belonging to their genealogy). In the progeny (n = 209 plants) the NoOV averaged 54.3 (range 44.1 to 67.8). The NoOV was distributed uniformly among the progeny indicating that this trait is conditioned by polygenes. Its heritability was estimated at 67.7%. The 32 plants with NoOV similar or superior to the genitor CCN 51 (highest amount among clones) were selected for use in the genetic improvement program. We showed that this population is suitable for genetic mapping, molecular marker identification and selection of superior cacao genotypes.

茶树叶斑病病原菌可可毛色二孢菌的鉴定

可可毛色二孢菌(Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. Griffon & Maubl.)属葡萄座腔菌属(Botryosphaeria)病原菌的无性型,其有性型为Botryosphaeria rhodina(Berk. & M.A. Curtis)Arx[1,2]。该病原菌可导致热带、亚热带地区的植物发生病害,如葡萄树干溃疡和顶梢枯死[3],春芋叶斑病[4],橄榄溃疡病[5]等。叶斑病是茶树的一类重要病害。

菠萝蜜黑腐病病原菌的形态学与分子鉴定

为明确菠萝蜜黑腐病的病原菌和分类地位,本研究从海南保亭地区采样,经过田间调查、菌株分离纯化和致病性鉴定,以形态学特征为基础,结合病原菌的ITS序列和EF1-α序列,联合两基因建立系统发育树,最终鉴定该病害的病原。结果显示:病原菌LTHD006菌丝生长速度快,初期白色絮状,较薄,后期菌丝开始变黑,菌落也开始致密,且与Lasiodiplodia theobromae(ID:CBS175.26)聚为一个分支,支持率为100%,最终将菠萝蜜黑腐病的病原菌鉴定为可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)。该病害在国内为首次简略报道,研究结果为菠萝蜜黑腐病发病规律和防治的进一步研究提供理论基础。

Gummosis Disease of Mango and Its Control

Gummosis is the most serious disease of mango all around the world,which is becoming epidemic in different regions of these countries,can infect almost all the commercial and indigenous varieties of mango,and has been regarded as a new serious threat of mango trees at an alarming ratio.This article reviewed causal organisms,current status,future prospects,and management practices of mango gummosis disease.

The preventive and therapeutic potential of native Brazilian fruits on colorectal cancer

In the last years,colorectal cancer(CRC)has been increasing substantially in developing countries.While the consumption of fat and meat have been linked with increased CRC risk,fruits intake can be protective.In addition,since CRC’s chemotherapy may be accompanied with adverse effects,natural plant products have been postulated as alternative or complementary therapeutic options.Brazilian fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds,mainly phenolic compounds,with antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and anticancer benefits,thus,future candidates for CRC management.Therefore,this narrative review aims to present and discuss the potential of native Brazilian fruits(e.g.,açaí,cocoa,jaboticaba,passionfruit)on CRC.Experimental studies performed from 2001 to present were considered.Polyphenol-rich powders and extracts from Brazilian fruits are the most promising products for CRC management.Studies with açaí(Euterpe oleracea)and cocoa(Theobroma cacao)are more numerous and their effects on CRC models in vitro and in vivo are demonstrated with more complexity in terms of molecular mechanisms.The main signaling pathways modulated by the effects of native Brazilian fruits,so far studied on CRC,are associated with:1.apoptosis(B-cell lymphoma 2-and caspase 3-related proteins),2.inflammation(pro-inflammatory interleukins and enzymes),and 3.oxidative stress(antioxidant enzymes).In addition,adhesion molecules and nuclear factor kappa B have been shown to be downregulated,which can interfere positively in several cellular processes,including proliferation,angiogenesis,and migration.The investigation of signaling pathways of great relevance for CRC initiation and progression is still necessary.

Apparent soil electrical conductivity in the delineation of management zones for cocoa cultivation

Apparent electrical conductivity is an important parameter for describing the spatial vari-ability of physical and chemical attributes of the soil and for the delineation of manage-ment zones.The objective of this work is to outline management zones for the cocoa cultivation based on the spatial variability of the productivity and the apparent electrical conductivity(ECa)of the soil.Data collection was performed in a regular sample grid con-taining 120 points in an area cultivated with cocoa trees,located in the municipality of Ilhe´us,state of Bahia,Brazil.At each sampling point(cocoa tree),soil samples were col-lected to determine chemical attributes.Productivity was measured for one year,counting,monthly,the number of fruits,which were classified into off-season cocoa,harvest and annual production.Measurements of the apparent electrical conductivity of the soil were performed at different times of the year using a portable conductivity meter.The data were analyzed using classical statistics and geostatistics.The management zones were delin-eated using the fuzzy k-means algorithm.The ideal number of class was defined using the fuzziness performance index(FPI)and the entropy of the modified partition(MPE)indexes.The Kappa coefficient was used to validate the management zones,assessing their agreement with the chemical attributes of the soil.The ECa of the soil values pre-sented moderate temporal variation,with maximum amplitude of 19.37 mS m1 and min-imum of 0.82 mS m1 between measurement periods;higher averages of the ECa coincided with the highest levels of water in the soil.The measurements of the ECa of the soil carried out in April and October showed greater correlation with the chemical attributes of the soil,with significant values for 11 and 8 of the 17 attributes evaluated,respectively.The man-agement zones from the ECa measured in April showed:a)reduced number of classes;b)spatial continuity between classes,and;c)agreement from reasonable(kappa between 0.20 and 0.40)to good(kappa>0.41)with most of the chemical attributes of the soil.The ECa of the soil measured in April is, individually, the variable recommended for the man-agement of soil fertility in tropical areas cultivated with cocoa trees.