Seismic Velocity Structure and Composition of the Continental Crust of Eastern China

On the basis of a one-by-one latitude-longitude grid three-dimensional seismic velocity model, the crustal P-wave velocity structure in eastern China (105-125°E and 18-41°N) is obtained, and a set of geotherms for each grid is established for P-T correction on P-wave velocities. The average depths of sub-crustal layers and their average P-wave velocities of 18 tectonic units in eastern China are exhibited. Our result presents a 32-34 km thick crust beneath eastern China, which is thinner than previous studies, with an average velocity of 6.54 km/s, corresponding to a 5 kg/m3 variation in crustal mean density. The thicker upper but thinner middle and lower crust results in a lower average seismic velocity of eastern China. An intermediate crustal composition with a SiO2 content of 59.7 wt% has been estimated. However, there exists a significant lateral variation in the crustal structures among the tectonic units of eastern China. The structure and composition features of some regions in eastern China indicate that extension has played an important role in the continental crust evolution of eastern China.

COINCIDENCE THEOREMS INVOKING COMPOSITES OF ACYCLIC MAPPINGS AND APPLICATIONS

Some new coincidence theorems involving a new class of set-valued mappingscontaining composites of acyclic mappings defined on a contractible space are proved.As applications, some existence theorems of maximal elements and solutions of abstract variational inequalities, and best approximation theorems are proved. These theorems improve and generalize a number of known results in recent literature.

THE BEST APPROXIMATION AND COINCIDENCE THEOREMS FOR COMPOSITES OF ACYCLIC MAPPINGS

Some new coincidence theorem s involving a new class of set_valued mappings containing composites of acyclic mappings defined in a contractible space are proved. For applications, some best approximation theorems and coincidence theorems for set-valued mappings are als o given. A number of known results in recent literature are improved and general ized by the theorems in this paper.

ON BANACH-STONE TYPE THEOREMS IN UNIFORM MULTIPLICATIVE SUBGROUPS OF C(K )-SPACES

In this article, we study the preservation properties of （Silov） boundary of mul-tiplieative subgroups in C（X） spaces for non-surjective norm-preserving multiplieative maps.We also show a sufficient condition for surjective maps between groups of positive continuousfunctions to be a composition operator.

The sound velocity and bulk properties of sediments in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea of China

In order to investigate the correlation between a sound velocity and sediment bulk properties and explore the influence of frequency dependence of the sound velocity on the prediction of the sediment properties by the sound velocity, a compressional wave velocity is measured at frequencies of 25-250 kHz on marine sediment samples collected from the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in laboratory, together with the geotechnical parameters of sediments. The results indicate that the sound velocity ranges from 1.232 to 1.721 km/s for the collected sediment samples with a significant dispersion within the series measuring frequency. Poorly sorted sediments are highly dispersive nearly with a positive linear relationship. The porosity shows a better negative logarithmic correlation with the sound velocity compared with other geotechnical parameters. Generally, the sound velocity increases with the increasing of the average particle size, sand content, wet and dry bulk densities, and decreasing of the clay content, and water content. An important point should be demonstrated that the higher correlation can be obtained when the measuring frequency is low within the frequency ranges from 25 to 250 kHz since the inhomogeneity of sediment properties has a more remarkably influence on the laboratory sound velocity measurement at the high frequency.

Design of Multi-layered Protection Against Guided Mortar Threats Yhrough Numerical Modeling

The trade—off between protection and weight is a constant consideration when designing a portable protective solution.Greater mobility is a desirable attribute and protection must therefore adapt,prompting a demand for lightweight,simple to construct,low-cost and effective ballistic protection systems.High strength and ductility,wave spreading capability and good energy absorption are key properties for ballistic protection.Four materials,polycarbonate,Kevlar?-epoxy,polyurethane foam,and aluminium alloy,possess these properties and were selected for analysis by numerical simulation.Multilayered configurations were proven to be an optimal solution,by exploiting the advantages of each material without having large penalties of mass and cost.Numerical modelling using ANSYS AUTODYN?is used to simulate monolithic and multi-layered target configurations,to obtain the penetration mitigation performance.The results are analysed to select configurations based on different requirements,such as lowest cost,lowest mass,best performance,and optimal configuration which balanced the three key parameters mentioned.The optimal configuration of Aluminium,Kevlar-Epoxy,Polyurethane,and Polycarbonate has layers with thickness of 7,3,38,2 mm respectively with a total mass of 7.97 kg,total cost of$39.86 and penetration of 29.34%(14.67 mm).Polynomial relationships between performance and mass/cost are also determined.

Effect of Curing Age on Tensile Properties of Fly Ash Based Engineered Geopolymer Composites(FA-EGC)by Uniaxial Tensile Test and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method

Tensile properties of fly ash based engineered geopolymer composites(FA-EGC)at different curing ages were studied by uniaxial tensile test and ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)methods,which included uniaxial tensile properties,the correlation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and tensile properties,and characteristic parameters of microcracks.The experimental results show that obvious strain hardening behavior can be found in FA-EGC at different curing ages.With the increase of curing age,the tensile strength increases,the tensile strain decreases and the toughness becomes worse.The UPV of FA-EGC increases with curing age,and a strong correlation can be found between tensile strength and UPV.With the increase of curing age,the average crack width of FA-EGC decreases and the total number of cracks increases.This is because the strength of geopolymer increases fast at early age,thus the later strength development of FA-EGC tend to be stable.At the same time,the bond strength between fiber and matrix,and the friction of fiber/matrix interface continue to increase with curing age,thus the bridging effect of fiber is gradually strengthened.In conclusion,the increase of curing age is beneficial to the development of tensile properties of FA-EGC.

Influence of thickness and projectile shape on penetration resistance of the compliant composite

The present study deals with development of conceptual proof for jute rubber based flexible composite block to completely arrest the projectile impacting the target at high velocity impact of 400 m/s through numerical simulation approach using finite element(FE)method.The proposed flexible composite blocks of repeating jute/rubber/jute(JRJ)units are modelled with varying thickness from 30 mm to 120 mm in increments of 30 mm and impacted by flat(F),ogival(O)and hemispherical(HS)shaped projectiles.All the considered projectiles are impacted with proposed flexible composite blocks of different thicknesses and the penetration behaviour of the projectile in each case is studied.The penetration depth of the projectile in case of partially penetrated cases are considered and the effect of thickness and projectile shape on percentage of penetration depth is statistically analyzed using Taguchi’s design of experiments(DOE).Results reveal that the though proposed flexible composite block with thickness of 90 mm is just sufficient to arrest the complete penetration of the projectile,considering the safety issues,it is recommended to use the flexible composite with thickness of 120 mm.The nature of damage caused by the projectile in the flexible composite is also studied.Statistical studies show that thickness of the block plays a prominent role in determining the damage resistance of the flexible composite.

STUDY ON THE RESPONSE TO LOW-VELOCITY IMPACT OF A COMPOSITE PLATE IMPROVED BY SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

Improvement from the pseudo-elastic effect of shape memory alloy （SMA） on the low-velocity impact （LVI） resistance of a composite plate is investigated by the finite element method （FEM）. The stiffness matrix of the dynamic finite element equation is established step by step and the martensite fraction is obtained at each time step. The direct Newmark integration method is employed in solving the dynamic finite element equation, while the impact contact force is determined using the modified Hertz＇s law. It is found that SMA can effectively improve the performance of a composite structure subjected to low-velocity impact. Numerical results show that the deflection of a SMA-hybrid composite plate has been reduced approximately by thirty percent when the volume fraction of the embedded SMA reaches 0.3.

Experimental Study on the Energy Absorption Properties of MWK Reinforced Composites

The energy absorption properties of MWK fabric reinforced composite plates were studied. Low velocity and low energy impact experiments were carried out for MWK fabric reinforced Glassfibre/Epoxy composite plate, by setting up a drop weight impact test system. Using this system, the drop weight velocity during impacting was obtained and recorded by transducer and corresponding signal processing system. Based on the velocity record, the impact energy and dissipated impact energy (energy absorption) were obtained. The influences of structure parameters of MWK on the impact behavior and energy absorption properties were then investigated.

Performance study of jute-epoxy composites/sandwiches under normal ballistic impact

This study is undertaken to explore the use of natural fiber Jute-epoxy(JE),Jute-epoxy-rubber(JRE)sandwich composite for ballistic energy absorption.Energy absorbed and residual velocities for these composites are evaluated analytically and through Finite Element Analysis(FEA).FE analysis of JE plates is carried out for different thicknesses(3,5,10 and 15 mm).JE plates and JRE sandwiches having the same thickness(15 mm) are fabricated and tested to measure residual velocity and energy absorbed.The analytical results are found to agree well with the results of FE analysis with a maximum error of 9%.The study on JE composite plate reveals that thickness influences the energy absorption.Experimental and FE analysis study showed that JRE sandwiches have better energy absorption than JE plates.Energy absorption of a JRE sandwich is about 71% greater than JE plates.Damages obtained from FEA and testing are in good agreement,SEM analysis confirms composites failed by fiber rupture and fragmentation.

Ballistic impact properties of woven bamboo-woven E-glass-unsaturated polyester hybrid composites

In this study, a laminated woven bamboo/woven E glass/unsaturated polyester composite is developed to combat a ballistic impact from bullet under shooting test. The aim of this study is to understand the fundamental effects of the woven bamboo arrangement towards increasing ballistic resistance properties. The work focusses on the ballistic limit test known as NIJ V50, which qualifies materials to be registered for use in combat armor panels. The results show that the composites withstood 482.5 m/s ± 5 limit of bullet velocity, satisfying the NIJ test at level II. The findings give a strong sound basis decision to engineers whether or not green composites are qualified to replace synthetic composites in certain engineering applications.

Abrasive wear behaviors of high velocity arc sprayed iron aluminum composite coatings

The High Velocity Arc Spraying （HVAS） technology was used to prepare Fe-Al composite coatings by the adding of different elements into cored wires to obtain different Fe-Al coatings. The added compounds do great effect on the properties of the composite coatings. The microstructures and abrasive wear performances of the coatings were assessed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and THT07-135 high temperature wear equipment. It was found that the adding of Cr3C2 can greatly increase the room temperature wear behavior, and Fe-Al/WC coatings have adapting periods at the beginning of wear experiment. With the rise of temperature, the wear resistance of Fe-AI/Cr3C2 coatings becomes bad from room temperature to 250℃, and then stable from 250℃ to 550℃; the wear resistance of Fe-Al/WC becomes well with the rise of temperature. The adding of Cr and Ni can also improve wear performances of Fe-Al composite coatings.

An investigation on anti-impact and penetration performance of basalt fiber composites with different weave and lay-up modes

The woven basalt fiber composites(WBFC) and the unidirectional [0°/90°/45°/-45°]s basalt fiber composites(UBFC) were prepared by hot-pressing.Three-point bending test,low velocity impact test,and ballistic test were performed to the prepared composites.After the tests,the specimens were recovered and analyzed for micromorphology.Three-point bending tests show that both the bending strength and stiffness of the WBFC surpass those of the UBFC.Low velocity impact test results show that the low velocity impact resistance to hemispherical impactor of the UBFC is higher than that of the WBFC,but the low velocity impact resistance to sharp impactor of the UBFC is lower than that of the WBFC.For the ballistic test,it can be found that the ballistic property of the UBFC is higher than that of the WBFC. After the tests,microscopic analysis of the specimens was applied,and their failure mechanism was discussed.The main failure modes of the UBFC are delamination and fibers breakage under the above loading conditions while the main failure mode of the WBFC is fibers breakage.Although delamination damage can be found in the WBFC under the above loading conditions,the degree of delamination is far less than that of the UBFC.

LOW VELOCITY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE PLATE WITH EMBEDDED SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

This paper analyzes the characteristics of utilizing shape memory e?ect (SME) of shape memory alloy (SMA) in improving the low velocity impact resistance performance of com- posite plate by using ?nite element method. The constitutive relation for SMA hybrid composite plates is presented. The analytic model of ?nite element for SMA composite plate subjected to low velocity impact is established. The modi?ed Hertz’s contact law is used to determine the impact contact force. The computing procedures for solving the ?nite element equation using Newmark direct integration method are given. The numerical modelling results show that the SMA can e?ectively improve the low velocity impact resistance performance of composite plate.

Structure and sliding wear behavior of 321 stainless steel/Al composite coating deposited by high velocity arc spraying technique

A typical 321 stainless steel/aluminum composite coating (321/Al coating) was prepared by high velocity arc spraying technique (HVAS) with 321 stainless steel wire as the anode and aluminum wire as the cathode. The traditional 321 stainless steel coating was also prepared for comparison. Tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated with the ring-block wear tester under different conditions. The structure and worn surface of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and energy dispersion spectroscopy(EDS). The results show that, except for aluminum phase addition in the 321/Al coating, no other phases are created compared with the 321 coating. However, due to the addition of aluminum, the 321/Al coating forms a type of "ductile/hard phases inter-deposited" structure and performs quite different tribological behavior. Under the dry sliding condition, the anti-wear property of 321/Al coating is about 42% lower than that of 321 coating. But under the oil lubricated conditions with or without 32 h oil-dipping pretreatment, the anti-wear property of 321/Al coating is about 9% and 5% higher than that of 321 coating, respectively. The anti-wear mechanism of the composite coating is mainly relevant to the decrease of oxide impurities and the strengthening action resulted from the "ductile/hard phases inter-deposited" coating structure.

Oxidation performance of Fe-Al/WC composite coatings produced by high velocity arc spraying

Fe-Al intermetallics with remarkable high-temperature intensity and excellent erosion, high-temperature oxidation and sulfuration resistance are potential low cost high-temperature structural materials. But the room temperature brittleness induces shape difficult and limits its industrial application. The Fe-Al intermetallic coatings were prepared by high velocity arc spraying technology with cored wire on 20G steel, which will not only obviate the problems faced in fabrication of these alloys into useful shapes, but also allow the effective use of their outstanding high-temperature performance. The Fe-Al/WC intermetallic composite coatings were prepared by high velocity arc spraying technology on 20G steel and the oxidation performance of Fe-Al/WC composite coatings was studied by means of thermogrativmetic analyzer at 450, 650 and 800℃. The results demonstrate that the kinetics curve of oxidation at three temperatures approximately follows the logarithmic law. The composition of the oxidized coating is mainly composed of Al2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO. These phases distribute unevenly. The protective Al2O3 film firstly forms and preserves the coatings from further oxidation.

Low Velocity Impact Response Analysis of Shape Memory Alloy Reinforced Composite Beam

The low velocity impact responses of shape memory alloy （ SMA ） reinforced composite beams were analyzed by employing the finite element method. The finite element dynamic equntion was solved by the Newmark direct integration method, the impact contact force was determined asing the Hertzian contact law, and the influence of SMA .fibers on stiffiwss matrix is studied. Numerical results show that the SMA fibers can effectively improve the low velocity impact response property of composite beam.

Design Optimization of CFRP Stacking Sequence Using a Multi-Island Genetic Algorithms Under Low-velocity Impact Loads

A method to improve the low-velocity impact performance of composite laminate is proposed, and a multi-island genetic algorithm is used for the optimization of composite laminate stacking sequence under low-velocity impact loads based on a 2D dynamic impact finite element analysis. Low-velocity impact tests and compression-after impact（CAI） tests have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of optimization method. Experimental results show that the impact damage areas of the optimized laminate have been reduced by 42.1% compared to the baseline specimen, and the residual compression strength has been increased by 10.79%, from baseline specimen 156.97 MPa to optimized 173.91 MPa. The tests result shows that optimization method can effectively enhance the impact performances of the laminate.

Tribological properties of high velocity arc sprayed Fe-Al based composite coatings at elevated temperature

Fe-Al based intermetallic composite coatings were in-situ synthesized using Fe-Al/Cr3C2 or Fe-Al/WC cored wires and high velocity are spraying (HVAS) technology. The tribological properties of the Fe-Al based intermetallic composite coatings were investigated using a ball-on-disc tribotester from room temperature to 650 ℃. The results show that the coatings have relatively high bond strength and micro-hardness. The tribological properties of Fe-Al/Cr3C2 and Fe-Al/WC composite coatings were further analyzed and compared. Low and stable wear rates of the Fe-Al based intermetallic composite coatings were indicated from room temperature to 650 ℃. The excellent wear resistance of the composite coatings in high temperature was discussed.