Nonholonomic Theory of Principal-direction Orthonormal Basis for a Layer of Surfaces

In order to carry out tensor analysis in a neighborhood of a reference surface,the principal-direction orthogonal basis accompanying with Lame s coefficients or general curvilinear coordinate systems are widely used.A novel kind of field theory termed as the nonholonomic theory of the Principal-Direction Orthonormal Basis(PDOB)is presented systematically in the present paper,in which the formal Christoffel symbols are related directly to the principal and geodesic curvatures with respect to the principal directions of the surface.Furthermore,a systematic and simple way to determine the curvatures of the surface are presented with some examples.It provides a way to recognize qualitatively the bending property of a surface.

Retrospective and prospective review of the generalized nonlinear strength theory for geomaterials

Strength theory is the basic theory for calculating and designing the strength of engineering materials in civil,hydraulic,mechanical,aerospace,military,and other engineering disciplines.Therefore,the comprehensive study of the generalized nonlinear strength theory(GNST)of geomaterials has significance for the construction of engineering rock strength.This paper reviews the GNST of geomaterials to demonstrate the research status of nonlinear strength characteristics of geomaterials under complex stress paths.First,it systematically summarizes the research progress of GNST(classical and empirical criteria).Then,the latest research the authors conducted over the past five years on the GNST is introduced,and a generalized three-dimensional(3D)nonlinear Hoek‒Brown(HB)criterion(NGHB criterion)is proposed for practical applications.This criterion can be degenerated into the existing three modified HB criteria and has a better prediction performance.The strength prediction errors for six rocks and two in-situ rock masses are 2.0724%-3.5091%and 1.0144%-3.2321%,respectively.Finally,the development and outlook of the GNST are expounded,and a new topic about the building strength index of rock mass and determining the strength of in-situ engineering rock mass is proposed.The summarization of the GNST provides theoretical traceability and optimization for constructing in-situ engineering rock mass strength.

Estimation of Return Level for Maximum Daily and Hourly Precipitation in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, Using the Extreme Value Theory

The weather in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, can be roughly classified into four types according to principal component analysis and k-means clustering. We predicted the extreme values of the maximum daily and hourly precipitation in Nagano Prefecture using the extreme value theory. For the maximum daily precipitation, the vales of ξ in Matsumoto, Karuizawa, Sugadaira, and Saku were positive;therefore, it has no upper bound and tends to take large values. Therefore, it is dangerous and caution is required. The values of ξ in Nagano, Kisofukushima, and Minamishinano were determined to be zero, therefore, there was no upper limit, the probability of obtaining a large value was low, and caution was required. We predicted the maximum return levels for return periods of 10, 20, 50, and 100 years along with respective 95% confidence intervals in Nagano, Matsumoto, Karuizawa, Sugadaira, Saku, Kisofukushima, and Minamishinano. In Matsumoto, the 100-year return level was 182 mm, with a 95% CI [129, 236]. In Minamishinano, the 100-year return level was 285 mm, with a 95% CI [173, 398]. The 100-year return levels for the maximum daily rainfall were 285, 271, and 271 mm in Minamishinano, Saku, and Karuizawa, respectively, where the changes in the daily maximum rainfall were larger than those at other points. Because these values are large, caution is required during heavy rainfall. The 100-year return levels for the maximum daily and hourly precipitation were similar in Karuizawa and Saku. In Sugadaira, the 100-year return level for a maximum hourly rainfall of 107.2 mm was larger than the maximum daily rainfall. Hence, it is necessary to be careful about short-term rainfall events.

Theory of Flexural Shear, Bending and Torsion for a Thin-Walled Beam of Open Section

Aspects of the general Vlasov theory are examined separately as applied to a thin-walled channel section cantilever beam under free-end end loading. In particular, the flexural bending and shear that arise under transverse shear and axial torsional loading are each considered theoretically. These analyses involve the location of the shear centre at which transverse shear forces when applied do not produce torsion. This centre, when taken to be coincident with the centre of twist implies an equivalent reciprocal behaviour. That is, an axial torsion applied concentric with the shear centre will twist but not bend the beam. The respective bending and shear stress conversions are derived for each action applied to three aluminium alloy extruded channel sections mounted as cantilevers with a horizontal principal axis of symmetry. Bending and shear are considered more generally for other thin-walled sections when the transverse loading axes at the shear centre are not parallel to the section = s centroidal axes of principal second moments of area. The fixing at one end of the cantilever modifies the St Venant free angular twist and the free warping displacement. It is shown from the Wagner-Kappus torsion theory how the end constrained warping generates an axial stress distribution that varies with the length and across the cross-section for an axial torsion applied to the shear centre. It should be mentioned here for wider applications and validation of the Vlasov theory that attendant papers are to consider in detail bending and torsional loadings applied to other axes through each of the centroid and the web centre. Therein, both bending and twisting arise from transverse shear and axial torsion applied to each position being displaced from the shear centre. Here, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is to be established. That is, the net axial stress from axial torsional loading is identified with the sum of axial stress due to bending and axial stress arising from constrained warping displacements at the fixing. The net shear stress distribution overlays the distributions from axial torsion and that from flexural shear under transverse loading. Both arise when transverse forces are displaced from the shear centre.

The role of forest culture in green construction and management of forest parks:merging knowledge-attitude-practice and theory of planned behavior

As a cultural concept refl ecting the relationship between humans and forests,forest culture plays an active role in sustainable forest management.Forest parks provide a wide range of ecosystem services essential for the sustainable development of society,and the relationships between forest culture,green construction and management of forest parks have practical signifi cance.This study aimed to understand the interaction and process of forest culture infl uencing green construction and management in forest parks with the models Knowledge-Attitude-Practice(KAP)and Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB)by proposing a theoretical model.Four hypotheses were tested using data collected from 193 forest park employees in Heilongjiang Province,China.Our results show that forest culture had a signifi cant infl uence on green construction and forest management.In addition,subjective norm and perceived behavioral control directly impacted behavior in green construction and management of the forest park,whereas attitude did not have an impact.Subjective norm had a direct eff ect on attitude.Results between constructs show that forest culture had an indirect eff ect on planning and construction,and on ecological and economic management.Consequently,it supported three of four hypotheses within the proposed model in determining the infl uence of forest culture on green construction and management.

Optimization of anchorage support parameters for soft rock tunnel based on displacement control theory

In the construction of a soft rock tunnel,it is critical to accurately estimate the pre-stressed anchor support parameters for surrounding rock reinforcement;otherwise,engineering disasters may occur.This paper presents a support parameter selection method that aims to allow deformation as a control objective,which was applied to the tunnel located in Muzailing Highway,Min County,Dingxi City,Gansu Province,China.Through theoretical analysis,we have identified five factors that influence pre-stressing anchorages.The selection of mechanical parameters for the rock mass was carried out using an inverse analysis method.Compared with the measured data,the maximum displacement error of the numerical simulation results was only 0.07 m.The length of anchor cable,circumferential spacing of anchor cable,longitudinal spacing,and pre-stress index are adopted as the input parameters for the support vector machine neural network model based on particle swarm optimization(PSO-LSSVM).Besides,the vault subsidence and the maximum deformation of surrounding rock are considered as output values(performance indices).The goodness of fit between the predicted values and the simulated values exceeds 0.9.Finally,all support parameters within the acceptable deformation range are calculated.The optimal support variables are derived by considering the construction cost and duration.The field application results show that it is feasible to construct the sample database utilizing the numerical simulation approach by taking the displacement as the control target and using the neural network to specify the appropriate support parameters.

An Outline of the Grand Unified Theory of Gauge Fields

This paper attempts to propose a grand unified guiding principle of gauge fields from the mathematical and physical picture of fiber bundles: it is believed that our universe may have more fundamental interactions than the four fundamental interactions, and the gauge fields of these fundamental interactions are just a unified gauge potential on the fiber bundle manifold or the components connected to the bottom manifold, that is, our universe;these components can meet the transformation of gauge potential, and even can be transformed from a fundamental interaction gauge potential to another fundamental interaction gauge potential, and can be summarized into a unified equation, namely the expression of the generalized gauge equation, corresponding to the gauge transformation invariance;so gauge transformation invariance is a necessary condition to unify field theory, but quantization of field is not a necessary condition;the four (or more) fundamental interaction fields of the universe are unified into a universal gauge field defined by the connection of the principal fiber bundle on the cosmic base manifold.

Construction of Urban Space in Shengming Kangyuan Area of Liyang Based on Fengshui Theory

Under the background of stereotyped urban planning and construction and the pursuit of high land value,it is particularly important to explore the application of urban environmental characteristics in urban design and highlight the integration of local characteristics and people’s life.In this paper,based on the origin of Fengshui theory and the planning points of an ideal Fengshui pattern,the planning and design of Shengming Kangyuan Area in Liyang were studied to explore the positive influence of Fengshui theory in the construction of urban space,and some planning suggestions were put forward to improve the urban environment and achieve harmony and unity between man and the natural environment.

Cloud-Model-Based Feature Engineering to Analyze the Energy-Water Nexus of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)are important and energy-intensive municipal infrastructures.High energy consumption and relatively low operating performance are major challenges from the perspective of carbon neutrality.However,water-energy nexus analysis and models for WWTPs have rarely been reported to date.In this study,a cloud-model-based energy consumption analysis(CMECA)of a WWTP was conducted to explore the relationship between influent and energy consumption by clustering its influent’s parameters.The principal component analysis(PCA)and K-means clustering were applied to classify the influent condition using water quality and volume data.The energy consumption of the WWTP is divided into five standard evaluation levels,and its cloud digital characteristics(CDCs)were extracted according to bilateral constraints and golden ratio methods.Our results showed that the energy consumption distribution gradually dispersed and deviated from the Gaussian distribution with decreased water concentration and quantity.The days with high energy efficiency were extracted via the clustering method from the influent category of excessive energy consumption,represented by a compact-type energy consumption distribution curve to identify the influent conditions that affect the steady distribution of energy consumption.The local WWTP has high energy consumption with 0.3613 kW·h·m^(-3)despite low influent concentration and volumes,across four consumption levels from low(I)to relatively high(IV),showing an unsatisfactory operation and management level.The average oxygenation capacity,internal reflux ratio,and external reflux ratio during high energy efficiency days recognized by further clustering were obtained(0.2924-0.3703 kg O_(2)·m^(-3),1.9576-2.4787,and 0.6603-0.8361,respectively),which could be used as a guide for the days with low energy efficiency.Consequently,this study offers a water-energy nexus analysis method to identify influent conditions with operational management anomalies and can be used as an empirical reference for the optimized operation of WWTPs.

A Study on Internet Buzzwords in the Last Four Years Based on Conceptual Integration Theory

Internet buzzwords,as distinct forms of language,consist of short sentences yet carry rich meanings and spread rapidly.To better study this intriguing and unique linguistic phenomenon,this paper employed conceptual integration theory for its powerful explanatory capabilities to analyze the origins,composition,and emergence of meanings of internet buzzwords over the past four years.These 40 internet buzzwords can be categorized into five types:semantic derivation,generalization,abbreviation,metonymy,and compounding.Furthermore,this paper conducted cognitive analysis from different conceptual integration network perspectives,elucidating specific cognitive operations involved in the construction of meanings and revealing the emergence process of layered meanings in recent internet buzzwords over the past four years.

Construction of project quality health monitoring system based on life-cycle theory

In order to more effectively assess the health status of a project, the monitoring indices in a project＇s life cycle are divided into quality index, cost index, time index, satisfaction index, and sustainable development index. Based on the feature of qualitative and quantitative indices combining, the PCA-PR （principal component analysis and pattern recognition） model is constructed. The model first analyzes the principal components of the life-cycle indices system constructed above, and picks up those principal component indices that can reflect the health status of a project at any time. Then the pattern recognition model is used to study these principal components, which means that the real time health status of the project can be divided into five lamps from a green lamp to a red one and the health status lamp of the project can be recognized by using the PR model and those principal components. Finally, the process is shown with a real example and a conclusion consistent with the actual situation is drawn. So the validity of the index system and the PCA-PR model can be confirmed.

The Construction of English Teaching Mode in Senior High School Based on OBE Theory

OBE theory focuses on students’learning outcomes and application ability,which is consistent with the requirements of the new curriculum standard.The paper attempts to apply OBE theory to innovate the construction of English classroom teaching mode in senior high schools from aspects of teaching aims,teaching activities,teaching assessments and application activities.Results show that the application of OBE in high schools is beneficial to the development of English teaching and students'learning.

Construction Theory of Function on Local Fields

We establish the construction theory of function based upon a local field Kp as underlying space. By virture of the concept of pseudo-differential operator, we introduce ＂fractal calculus＂ （or, p-type calculus, or, Gibbs-Butzer calculus）. Then, show the Jackson direct approximation theorems, Bermstein inverse approximation theorems and the equivalent approximation theorems for compact group D（C Kp） and locally compact group Kp^＋-（= Kp）, so that the foundation of construction theory of function on local fields is established. Moreover, the Jackson type, Bernstein type, and equivalent approximation theorems on the HOlder-type space C^σ（Kp）, σ 〉0, are proved; then the equivalent approximation theorem on Sobolev-type space Wr（Kp）, σ≥0, 1≤r 〈∞, is shown.

Geometry model construction in infrared image theory simulation of buildings

Geometric model construction is the basis of infrared image theory simulation. Taking the construction of the geometric model of one building in Harbin as an example, this paper analyzes the theoretical groundings of simplification and principles of geometric model construction of buildings. It then discusses some particular treatment methods in calculating the radiation transfer coefficient in geometric model construction using the Monte Carlo Method.

Cross Correlation of Intra-day Stock Prices in Comparison to Random Matrix Theory

We propose and apply a new algorithm of principal component analysis which is suitable for a large sized, highly random time series data, such as a set of stock prices in a stock market. This algorithm utilizes the fact that the major part of the time series is random, and compare the eigenvalue spectrum of cross correlation matrix of a large set of random time series, to the spectrum derived by the random matrix theory (RMT) at the limit of large dimension (the number of independent time series) and long enough length of time series. We test this algorithm on the real tick data of American stocks at different years between 1994 and 2002 and show that the extracted principal components indeed reflects the change of leading stock sectors during this period.

Research on the Construction of Chinese National Park System Based on Sustainable Development Theory

To make full use of Chinese natural heritage resources and achieve their sustainable development, it is imperative and necessary to construct Chinese National Park System. Based on the theory of sustainable development and the connotation of national park, this paper will discuss the signifi cance of establishing Chinese National Park System and then propose some measures. Chinese National Park System can be constructed from four levels, including policy, management, economic and social levels, and through such ways as reconstructing the national conservation system, making laws and regulations, establishing planning system, setting up independent and specialized regulatory agency, adopting way of franchising, innovating funding investment mechanisms and establishing mechanisms of public participation.

Research on the institution of China construction employee based on relation theory

Based on the theory that the management is about dynamic ＂relations＂, this paper analyzes the relationship between the construction industry and the ＂peasant laborer＂ in different stages, different contents and different aspects. It establishes the three-dimensional model for these relations and points out that a good relationship between the construction enterprise and the construction employees in this crucial time of construction industry is a very crucial link of the achievements, as well as the well-being of the construction enterprises.

Study on Construction of Forestry Socialized Service Systems Based on Barnard's Organizational Structure Theory

Construction of forestry socialized service systems is the important content for reform of collective forestry tenure systems.Based on the necessity,possibility and problem of construction of forestry socialized service system,according to Barnard's Organizational Structure theory,the path and countermeasure of forestry socialized service system in China are discussed.

Analysis on the Construction of English Classroom in Colleges based on Interactive Teaching and Multiple Intelligence Theory

This paper conducts research on the construction of English classroom in colleges based on interactive teaching and multiple intelligence theory. At present, our country’s English teaching present situation is too crosses on the attention written English the study, but that in the practical application true important heard ability the practice or was actually the time which recited for has taken by the massive practices, enabled the student very good to exercise own hears ability. Teaching interaction refers to the course of teaching, teachers’ teaching and students’ learning interaction, interaction, mutual restraint, mutual promotion, to achieve the teaching objectives of teaching and the learning. Under this basis, this paper proposes the multiple intelligence theory based method for the further optimization of the English education pattern that is meaningful.

The Construction of Micro-Environment in the College English Learning Based on the Rogers＇ Humanistic Teaching Theory

A small English class can be called as a micro-environment for English study. In this small micro-environment, the relationship between teachers and students is subtle. How to achieve the good interaction and create a good micro-environment in English class between teachers and students is very important for developing students＇ learning ability. This thesis is based on Rogers＇ humanistic teaching theory, which uses questionnaires, inteview and comparative analysis to analyze the current situation of micro-environment in college English learning. It discusses the construction of micro-environment in college English learning based on Rogers＇ humanistic teaching theory and the ways to construct it from software conditions （roles of teachers and students, relationship between teachers and students, the classroom atmosphere） and hardware conditions（teaching resources, a classroom）.