The Influential Mechanisms of Theory of Mind on Prosocial Behavior and the Effect of Mindfulness Intervention

Background:Theory of Mind(ToM)and empathy are crucial cognitive and emotional capacities that influence social interactions.While their role in promoting prosocial behavior has been established,the potential moderating effect of mindfulness on this relationship remains unexplored.Understanding these complex interactions is vital for developing effective interventions to foster prosocial behavior among college students.This study examines the influence of ToM on college students’prosocial behavior and explores the moderating role of mindfulness in this relationship.Methods:A mixed-methods approach combining questionnaires and experimental design was employed.Study 1:A survey of 759 college students(mean age 22.03 years;477 females)was conducted using the ToM Scale,Interpersonal Reactivity Index,Prosocial Behavior Tendency Scale,and Mindfulness Awareness Scale.Data were analyzed using correlation and moderated mediation analyses.Study 2:An 8-week mindfulness attention training program was implemented for the intervention group and compared with a control group.Mindfulness training served as a moderating variable to validate Model 59 from Study 1.Results:1.Study 1 found:(a)ToM was significantly positively correlated with prosocial behavior(r=0.31,p<0.01).(b)Empathy partially mediated the relationship between ToM and prosocial behavior(β=0.10,p<0.001,95%CI[0.06,0.14]).(c)Mindfulness negatively moderated the direct path between ToM and three dimensions of prosocial behavior,as well as the indirect path between empathy and kin altruism and reciprocal altruism.Specifically,high levels of mindfulness weakened the direct impact of ToM on prosocial behavior.High levels of mindfulness also weakened the indirect influence of ToM on prosocial behavior through empathy.2.Study 2 results showed:(a)The intervention group had significantly higher levels of trait mindfulness compared to the control group(t=2.56,p<0.05).(b)The validity of the moderated mediation model 59 from Study 1 was verified.Conclusion:While ToM and empathy play crucial roles in fostering prosocial behavior,mindfulness exhibits a more complex influence than anticipated,potentially inhibiting prosocial behavior under certain circumstances.These findings offer novel insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying prosocial behavior and underscore the importance of considering multiple interacting factors in its promotion.

Subtitle Translation of Puns in English Sitcoms from the Perspective of Speech Act Theory——A Case Study of Mind Your Language

Puns always play a vital role in sitcoms in order to create humor or ironies.Sometimes good translations of puns can decide whether target language audiences are able to obtain the equal understandings and reactions of the sitcoms as source language audiences get.Nevertheless,it is not easy for many translators to render faithfully and smoothly some English puns into Chinese.Therefore,this paper will analyze the subtitle translation of puns in the British sitcom Mind Your Language from the perspective of Speech Act Theory so as to find out some useful and helpful strategies for translation of puns in subtitling.

Theory of mind deficits in patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression

AIM:To characterize the two components of theory of mind(ToM) in patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression.METHODS:Sixty-five patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression(depressed group) and 62 normal controls(control group) were assessed using reading the mind in the eyes test,faux pas task,verbal fluency test,digit span test and WAIS IQ test.The depressed group was divided into two subgroups including psychotic depressed(PD) group(32 cases) and nonpsychotic depressed(NPD) group(33 cases).The clinical symptoms of patients were assessed using Beck depression inventory version Ⅱ and brief psychiatric reacting scale(BPRS).RESULTS:There was a significant difference between the depressed group and the control group on tasks involving ToM social perceptual components(mind reading:t = 7.39,P < 0.01) and tests involving ToM social cognitive components(faux pas questions:t = 13.75,P < 0.01),respectively.A significant difference was also found among the PD group,the NPD group and the control group on mind reading(F = 32.98,P < 0.01) and faux pas questions(χ 2 = 78.15,P < 0.01),respectively.The PD group and NPD group performed worse than normal group controls both on mind reading and faux pas questions(P < 0.05).The PD group performed significantly worse than the NPD group on tasks involving ToM(mind reading:F = 18.99,P < 0.01;faux pas questions:F = 36.01,P < 0.01).In the depressed group,there was a negative correlation between ToM performances and BPRS total score(mind reading:r =-0.35,P < 0.01;faux pas questions:r =-0.51,P < 0.01),and between ToM performances and hostile suspiciousness factor score(mind reading:r =-0.75,P < 0.01;faux pas questions:r =-0.73,P < 0.01),respectively.CONCLUSION:The two components of ToM are both impaired in patients with esophageal cancer combined with depression.This indicates that there may be an association between ToM deficits and psychotic symptoms in clinical depression.

A Comparison of New General System Theory Philosophy With Einstein and Bohr

The New General System theory was developed to be a theory of everything for complex systems within the world we can observe.This theory was constructed by supplementing a new mind-ether ontology into Bertalanffy’s general system theory framework.This theory is basically a generalization of classical mechanics rather than a revolution to it taken both by Einstein and Bohr in developing their relativity theory and quantum mechanics.The purpose of this paper is to reveal the reasons why Einstein and many others fail to unify relativity theory with quantum mechanics through comparing the main differences in philosophical opinions among NGST,Einstein,and Bohr.It is the hope of the authors that this clarification could speed up the unification process.

On the Aesthetic Wonder and Unity at the Peak of Literary Theory in the Six Dynasties Key

The study found that the classics born during the turbulent Six Dynasties period,starting from Cao Pi’s“The Classics”to“Wen Fu”,“Wen Xin Diao Long”,“Shipin”and other classics,can all be analyzed to have a common origin.Attributes,that is,the philosophical strategy of dualistic isomorphism of explicit and implicit,is also a pattern;it can be proven that this is the philosophical key to interpreting and studying the classics of the Six Dynasties.It not only governs many aesthetic principles and aesthetic methods,but also emphasizes the need to transcend the appearance of current existence,transcend the current utilitarianism,and pay attention to the hidden and non-existent,just like paying attention to dark matter and antimatter in the universe.Pay attention to the origin of Shipin and expand aesthetic horizons;this philosophical secret not only exists in the classics of the Six Dynasties,it has its unity,graphics and vitality,as well as its historical inheritance and continuous operation.Its trajectory marks the context of literary theory and aesthetics;the modern construction of contemporary literary theory must be based on its operating trends.Only by transcending all utilitarianism can we better demonstrate the natural characteristics of Chinese tradition such as nationality.Otherwise,literary theory,aesthetics,and philosophy will not be self-consistent.

The Evolution of Theory of Mind in the Human Evolution

Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.

0-4岁婴幼儿IToM测量范式的偏失与匡正

不同于先准确清晰界定概念、结构而后开发测验的逻辑,IToM是根据一系列间接读心测量任务而提出,这种测量先行的逻辑自提出以来便遭受合理性质疑。IToM测量可以分成VoE、AL和IB三类范式。它们存在合理性有待辩护、效度有待检验、量化差异鉴别能力有待开发、生态效度有待增强、实验结果解释有待排除竞争假设五种困境。困境的改善可依赖于以下对策:开发IToM等距量表并以此为基确证IToM测量范式的效度;增强IToM测量范式的真实性;通过完善IToM测量范式排除竞争假设,并以此辩护IToM的合理性。

Uta Frith’s thoughts on the Theory of Mind and Autistic Deficit: Dialogue between Art and Neuroscience

The contemporary scientist and German developmental psychologist at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience of University College London, Uta Frith has mainly focused her research on autism spectrum disorder and the related theory-of-mind deficit. To explain the autistic mentalistic deficit, the psychologist has used a specific tool: art, her initial pursuit cultivated at the Universität des Saarlandes, in Germany. Thus, this work seeks to reconstruct the artistic influences on Uta Frith’s scientific efforts, highlighting how the dialogical intersection of two seemingly distant disciplines, like art and neuroscience, can generate surprising new networks of signification and an understanding of the intrapsychic and interpsychic worlds. Art challenges us to develop moments of neuroscientific knowledge. On the other. In contrast, neuroscience offers the opportunity to develop further insights into the role of visual perception in contemplating works of art.

Brain as an Emergent Finite Automaton: A Theory and Three Theorems

This paper models a biological brain—excluding motivation (e.g., emotions)—as a Finite Automaton in Developmental Network (FA-in-DN), but such an FA emerges incrementally in DN. In artificial intelligence (AI), there are two major schools: symbolic and connectionist. Weng 2011 [1] proposed three major properties of the Developmental Network (DN) which bridged the two schools: 1) From any complex FA that demonstrates human knowledge through its sequence of the symbolic inputs-outputs, a Developmental Program (DP) incrementally develops an emergent FA itself inside through naturally emerging image patterns of the symbolic inputs-outputs of the FA. The DN learning from the FA is incremental, immediate and error-free;2) After learning the FA, if the DN freezes its learning but runs, it generalizes optimally for infinitely many inputs and actions based on the neuron’s inner-product distance, state equivalence, and the principle of maximum likelihood;3) After learning the FA, if the DN continues to learn and run, it “thinks” optimally in the sense of maximum likelihood conditioned on its limited computational resource and its limited past experience. This paper gives an overview of the FA-in-DN brain theory and presents the three major theorems and their proofs.

基于情绪ABC理论的正念训练对PCI患者的应用研究

目的探讨基于情绪ABC理论的正念干预对冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者的应用效果。方法选取2022年收治的80例冠心病PCI术后患者,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组40例。对照组给予心内科常规治疗与护理,试验组在常规护理的基础上给予基于情绪ABC理论的正念训练。分别于干预前、干预2个月后、干预6个月后评价患者的心肺功能[6 min步行距离(6 MWD)]、睡眠[匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)]、焦虑抑郁[焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑制自评量表(SDS)]、心脏不良事件的发生情况。结果干预前,2组患者6MWD、PSQI评分、SAS、SDS评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预2个月和6个月后,试验组6MWD、PSQI、SAS、SDS评分均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预6个月后,2组患者心脏不良事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。重复测量方差分析结果显示时间效应、组间效应、交互效应均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论基于情绪ABC理论的正念训练可提高患者的睡眠质量,改善负性情绪,提升心肺功能,值得临床推广应用。

中国心学的多重意蕴

中国心学具有多重意蕴:一是广义的心学,凡重视心,对心及心与诸范畴的关系展开系统论述的即是广义之心学,包括儒家心性之学等;二是佛教、道教心学,其以心本论为特征,并对理学产生了重要影响;三是心本论心学,指以心为宇宙万物的本原、万物之所以存在的根据的心学,这是比较典型的心学,以陆王心学等为代表,当然也包括了佛教、道教心学。多重意蕴之心学,包括儒佛道三教融合与互动,促进了中国心学的演变发展,体现了中国哲学重视哲学思辨和主体意识,注重道德理性,突出主体思维,强调内省修养,培养理想人格等基本特征,是合本体论、认识论、伦理学、人性论和修养论为一体的思辨性哲学体系。

组织正念对矿工安全行为的影响机理

为明晰组织正念对安全行为的影响机理,基于自我决定理论和社会信息加工理论,构建了包含组织正念、和谐安全激情、领导安全承诺和安全行为的概念模型;以山西省431名一线矿工为研究对象,采用结构方程模型进行假设和实证检验。研究结果表明:组织正念显著正向影响安全行为,和谐安全激情在此关系中起中介作用;领导安全承诺调节了组织正念的影响,即领导安全承诺越高,和谐安全激情的中介作用越强;煤矿管理者应提高组织动态应急处理能力,切实履行安全承诺,提升矿工安全行为。

中国式心育:以“大心论”推进“大心育”的理论转向

“大心育”的学科视野,是早期诸多本土学者对心育理论长期探索的一种结果。心育理论向“大心育”的转向,应该说是一个本土问题,它是在中国教育学和心理学领域发生的,与西方的心理咨询与治疗理论,以及在此基础上发展起来的心理健康教育,实际具有完全不同的哲学基础和文化背景。从“大心论”的视野探讨“大心育”的理论转向和学科重建,其理论宗旨是为“大心育”的学科转向拓展哲学与文化学的理论依据。“大心育”如何获得哲学上的解释,这是本文讨论的起点,对于心理教育领域来说,这是当下及未来一段时间最为重要的学术问题之一。在“大心育”的立场之下,“心”已完全不是指单一的、个别的心理机能,已经转变成对人的本质的理解。心育也逐渐摆脱心理学忽视价值立场、偏重治疗技术,以及过度强调主观适应的方法论。在中国文化和哲学中,“心”的问题具有本体论含义,包含着丰富的文化和伦理内涵。其中,心性论哲学,特别是张载的“大心论”,为“大心育”的学术转向提供了哲学和文化学的依据。

时空心脑关系:一种解答心脑问题的神经哲学方案

神经哲学倡导哲学与神经科学的结合,强调以神经科学的经验方法来解答传统的哲学问题。鉴于神经科学视精神特征与神经特征之间以时空特征为“通用货币”,因此可从神经哲学的角度提出一种时空形式的心脑关系,即时空心脑关系。这样的心脑关系强调时空关系和时空结构,从本体论上可将其理解为一种结构和关系意义的心脑理论。在时空心脑关系中,心灵与大脑既非一元关系,也非二元关系。因而在本体论定位上我们将其视为一种介于心脑一元论与二元论之间的新心脑关系,即心脑中性论。神经哲学对心脑问题的解答表明,我们应该抛弃传统理论和经验相分离的方法,转而选择从哲学与神经科学的对话中来探寻解答心脑问题的新方法。

王阳明心学的澄明、贯通与夯实——论薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学的独特贡献

薛侃是王阳明的大弟子,但学界较少关注薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学的贡献。基于对薛侃相关文献的考察和分析可知,薛侃在学术上对阳明心学作出了独特贡献。首先表现在继承王阳明心学的基本观念上,如在良知即先天判断、“万物一体”基础的论证等方面;其次表现在对王阳明心学的某些核心观念的分辨和明晰上,如在“良知作为主人翁的资格”、“知行合一”的两种形式、“万物一体”的关怀与境界旨趣等方面;再次表现在创造性地发展、夯实阳明心学的内涵上,如对“致良知”的“致”之思想意识层面的强调、对“知行合一”之本体性论证、对“见在”即本体与工夫的统一之界定等方面;最后表现在对王阳明心学四大基本观念的贯通上,如以“见在”为枢纽,对“心即理”“知行合一”“致良知”“万物一体”四个基本观念进行贯通,言简意丰地阐述了四者复杂而有机的关系,认为“心”或良知是“万物一体”之基础,“万物一体”也是“心即理”“致良知”“知行合一”的基础,而做到了“心即理”“致良知”“知行合一”,也就实现了“万物一体”,从而将王阳明心学体系脉络更为深刻、更为生动地呈现出来。薛侃在学术上对王阳明心学所作出的贡献是值得肯定的。

“第二个结合”的思想解放意义

阐释“第二个结合”的思想解放意义不能脱离马克思主义文化理论。“第二个结合”以文化灵魂说为基础,从生活视域、意义导向和精神维度等方面丰富和发展了马克思主义的“文化”概念;“第二个结合”提出了马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化的有机结合论,将马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化相结合提升为政党和民族的普遍自觉,有力推进了马克思主义与中华优秀传统文化的深度结合;以“第二个结合”为指导,中华优秀传统文化的思想智慧及其时代意义得到了全面阐发,中华优秀传统文化中的宝贵经验、精神力量和哲学智慧被分别转化为新时代治国理政的思想资源、巩固文化主体性的有力支柱和习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要理论来源。

3~6岁儿童同胞关系的异质性及其影响因素:基于潜在剖面分析

运用潜在剖面分析探索3~6岁儿童同胞关系的不同特征模式,并且进一步探讨个体心理理论与亲子关系对儿童早期同胞关系类型的影响。采用同胞行为量表、社会理解量表、亲子关系量表对1410名二孩家庭的3~6岁儿童进行调查,结果发现:(1)儿童同胞关系可以分为磨合成长型(48.94%)、相对和谐型(47.09%)和矛盾冲突型(3.97%)三种类型;(2)儿童个体心理理论以及亲子关系亲密性越高,亲子关系冲突性越低,其同胞关系类型更倾向归属于相对和谐型。

论《文心雕龙》创作论中的主体间性思想

《文心雕龙》对创作主体与“物”主体、他者主体、内在主体以及语言主体之间主体间性关系的描述,变主客体关系为主体间性关系,将仅描述人与人的主体间性关系拓展至人与世界万物,这种将情感投射于对象使其主体化、人格化并与之交往的思想,正是《文心雕龙》创作论的独创性所在。创作主体与“物”主体邀游交流生成的“思理”、与他者主体研阅沟通产生的“穷照”、与内在主体资养交往达成的“虚静”状态,以及与语言主体精微对话形成的“焕然”的艺术境界,都阐明了主体间性思想的意义所在:主体在与另一主体沟通交往过程中,彼此都获得了超越单一封闭主体的新内涵,生成了主体与主体融会后的新意义。

陈湛心学的流变与明清哲学的转折——兼论中国早期启蒙思潮的滥觞

陈湛心学的流变并非如《明儒学案》所示合流于阳明心学一种去向。陈湛心学与阳明、程朱、关中、东林、蕺山、南园等学派紧密互联,呈现出流变的多向性。而其趋向,则是走向以朴素唯物主义为体、以自然人性论和实学为两翼的早期启蒙思潮。陈湛心学是中国早期启蒙思潮的主力军之一,其流变的态势与明清哲学的转折高度耦合,早期启蒙思潮兴起的线索由此清晰可见。