An approach for determination of lateral limit angle in kinematic planar sliding analysis for rock slopes

Planar sliding is one of the frequently observed types of failure in rock slopes.Kinematic analysis is a classic and widely used method to examine the potential failure modes in rock masses.The accuracy of planar sliding kinematic analysis is significantly influenced by the value assigned to the lateral limit angleγlim.However,the assignment ofγlim is currently used generally based on an empirical criterion.This study aims to propose an approach for determining the value ofγlim in deterministic and probabilistic kinematic planar sliding analysis.A new perspective is presented to reveal thatγlim essentially influences the probability of forming a potential planar sliding block.The procedure to calculate this probability is introduced using the block theory method.It is found that the probability is correlated with the number of discontinuity sets presented in rock masses.Thus,different values ofγlim for rock masses with different sets of discontinuities are recommended in both probabilistic and deterministic planar sliding kinematic analyses;whereas a fixed value ofγlim is commonly assigned to different types of rock masses in traditional method.Finally,an engineering case was used to compare the proposed and traditional kinematic analysis methods.The error rates of the traditional method vary from 45%to 119%,while that of the proposed method ranges between 1%and 17%.Therefore,it is likely that the proposed method is superior to the traditional one.

Development of a DFN-based probabilistic block theory approach for bench face angle design in open pit mining

In open pit mining,uncontrolled block instabilities have serious social,economic and regulatory consequences,such as casualties,disruption of operation and increased regulation difficulties.For this reason,bench face angle,as one of the controlling parameters associated with block instabilities,should be carefully designed for sustainable mining.This study introduces a discrete fracture network(DFN)-based probabilistic block theory approach for the fast design of the bench face angle.A major advantage is the explicit incorporation of discontinuity size and spatial distribution in the procedure of key blocks testing.The proposed approach was applied to a granite mine in China.First,DFN models were generated from a multi-step modeling procedure to simulate the complex structural characteristics of pit slopes.Then,a modified key blocks searching method was applied to the slope faces modeled,and a cumulative probability of failure was obtained for each sector.Finally,a bench face angle was determined commensurate with an acceptable risk level of stability.The simulation results have shown that the number of hazardous traces exposed on the slope face can be significantly reduced when the suggested bench face angle is adopted,indicating an extremely low risk of uncontrolled block instabilities.

Exactly Solvable Two-Parameter Models of Relativistic δ′s -Sphere Interactions in Quantum Mechanics

We make a systematic study of two-parameter models of δ ′ s -sphere interaction and δ ′ s -sphere plus a Coulomb interaction. Where δ ′ s interaction denotes the δ ′ -sphere interaction of the second kind. We provide the mathematical definitions of Hamiltonians and obtain new results for both models, in particular the resolvents equations, spectral properties and some scattering quantities.

Developments and Applications of Neutrosophic Theory in Civil Engineering Fields:A Review

Neutrosophic theory can effectively and reasonably express indeterminate,inconsistent,and incomplete information.Since Smarandache proposed the neutrosophic theory in 1998,neutrosophic theory and related research have been developed and applied to many important fields.Indeterminacy and fuzziness are one of the main research issues in the field of civil engineering.Therefore,the neutrosophic theory is very suitable for modeling and applications of civil engineering fields.This review paper mainly describes the recent developments and applications of neutrosophic theory in four important research areas of civil engineering:the neutrosophic decision-making theory and applied methods,the neutrosophic evaluation methods and applications of slope stability,the neutrosophic expressions and analyses of rock joint roughness coefficient,and the neutrosophic structural optimization methods and applications.In terms of these research achievements in the four areas of civil engineering,the neutrosophic theory demonstrates its advantages in dealing with the indeterminate and inconsistent issues in civil engineering and the effectiveness and practicability of existing applied methods.In the future work,the existing research results will be further improved and extended in civil engineering problems.In addition,the neutrosophic theory will also have better application prospects in other fields of civil engineering.

AN APPLICATION OF EXTENSION THEORY TO THE EVALUATION OF SLOPE STABILITY

The slope stability is affected by multiple factors. Thecomprehensive evaluation of the slope stability is a complicateproblem. The principles of extension theory have been used in thispaper to establish the matter-element model for the evaluation ofslope stability. The quantitative evaluated results have been giventhrough the calculation of the matter-element dependent degree.

Concept Development and Implementation of Family Care/Caring Theory in Concentric Sphere Family Environment Theory

Caring is directed toward a variety of things. One of them is thought to be the concept of “family caring” aimed at families. This study attempts to clarify family caring and develop Family Care/ Caring Theory (FCCT), with the aim of implementing it in conjunction with an existing family nursing theory, the Concentric Sphere Family Environment Theory (CSFET). In Japan and in Hong Kong, family ethnography (including formal interviews) was conducted. As a result, the item “family health care nurses and their colleagues” was added to the family external environment of the CSFET. In the family environment, evidence was obtained to the effect that the family system unit is cared for by the nursing professional, and conversely the family system unit cares for the nursing professional, in a circular transaction. Observing the two-dimensional plane formed by the structural distance and functional distance, family caring assumes a structure of concentric circles, and according to transactions, the structural distance and functional distance between the nursing professional and family system unit are gradually approached, and through deepening of mutual trust maintain an appropriate distance. Moreover observing the three-dimensional space-time continuum which is created through addition of the temporal distance, family caring forms a helical structure. As transactions are repeated along the temporal axis, the family system unit’s self-actualization of other individuals and the self-actualization of the nursing professional are realized. Through these processes, a family care/caring relationship is reinforced and established. This is the concept of FCCT. Through future utilization in clinical settings this will be empirically substantiated, and it will be necessary to continue making creative corrections and revisions.

Effect of graph generation on slope stability analysis based on graph theory

Limit equilibrium method （LEM） and strength reduction method （SRM） are the most widely used methods for slope stability analysis. However, it can be noted that they both have some limitations in practical application. In the LEM, the constitutive model cannot be considered and many assumptions are needed between slices of soil/rock. The SRM requires iterative calculations and does not give the slip surface directly. A method for slope stability analysis based on the graph theory is recently developed to directly calculate the minimum safety factor and potential critical slip surface according to the stress results of numerical simulation. The method is based on current stress state and can overcome the disadvantages mentioned above in the two traditional methods. The influences of edge generation and mesh geometry on the position of slip surface and the safety factor of slope are studied, in which a new method for edge generation is proposed, and reasonable mesh size is suggested. The results of benchmark examples and a rock slope show good accuracy and efficiency of the presented method.

Control of the photodetachment of H^-near a metallic sphere surface by an elastic interface

According to the closed-orbit theory, we study the influence of elastic interface on the photodetachment of H- near a metallic sphere surface. First, we give a clear physical description of the detached electron movement between the elastic interface and the metallic sphere surface. Then we put forward an analytical formula for calculating the photodetachment cross section of this system. Our study suggests that the photodetachment cross section of H is changed with the distance between the elastic interface and H^-. Compared with the photodetachment cross section of H^- near a metallic sphere surface without the elastic interface, the cross section of our system oscillates and its oscillation is strengthened with the decrease of the distance from the elastic interface to H^-. In additon, our calcuation results suggest that the influence of the elastic interface becomes much more significant when it is located in the lower half space rather than in the upper half space. Therefore, we can control the photodetachment of H^- near a metallic sphere surface by changing the position of the elastic interface. We hope that our work is conducive to the understanding of the photodetachment process of negative ions near interfaces, cavities and ion traps.

Theory of pleiotropic action of biologically active compounds and medicines—Basic principles and practical application

This article represents the main positions of the theory of pleiotropic action of biologically active compounds (BACs) and medicines, which has been designed by the author based on her own experimental researches. The term “pleiotropy” means the ability of the BACs and medicines to implement more than one mechanism of action resulting in the specific biological (pharmacological) effect. The interaction of these mechanisms forms a distinct pattern of biological response (pleiotropic pattern), which reflects the change in his character with the increased dose (concentration)-dependent efficacy of BACs and medicines. The article consists of description of different pleiotropic patterns established in experiments on the model of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by macrophages dependent on activity of specialized enzyme called Nox2-NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox2, EC 1.6.3.1). Moreover, it consists of explanation of pharmacodynamic nature of pleiotropic patterns by means of application Chou-Talalay median effect equalization and combination index (CI) theory. The novel theory explains unsolved until now universal aspects of activity BACs and medicines, such as slope angles of “dose-effect” dependences in the conditions relevant in vivo, and it is of fundamental interest. However, it has applications in experimental pharmacology, as it allows defining the choice of the individual compounds and combinations, modulating the trust effect selectively and efficiently. This knowledge opens up new approaches to medicines discovery and evaluation, their rational dosing and combining.

非对称破坏模式下临坡地基的Meyerhof承载力新解

利用统一强度理论的平面应变强度方程,综合考虑中间主应力、基础至坡肩的水平距离、边坡高度和基底粗糙情况等因素,提出临坡地基坡面非对称破坏模式和坡底非对称破坏模式,继而建立条形基础下临坡地基新的Meyerhof承载力解答,给出具体应用步骤并开展理论退化分析与对比验证。研究表明:考虑坡后土体强度贡献所提出的非对称破坏模式更符合临坡地基的实际破坏形态;所得临坡地基Meyerhof承载力解答与文献模型试验和数值模拟均吻合良好;中间主应力可明显提高临坡地基的承载力;临坡地基承载力随边坡高度增加先减小后恒定。研究结果合理反映了土体强度的中间主应力效应、破坏模式的非对称性以及基础旁侧土体强度等工程实际情况,对临坡地基优化设计具有一定的理论指导意义。

INDENTATION OF A TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC PIEZOELECTRIC HALF-SPACE BY A RIGID SPHERE

This paper exactly analyzes the problem of a rigid sphereindenting a transversely isotropic piezoelectric half-space. Thepotential theory method is employed and generalized to included thepiezoelec- tric effect. By using the previous results of elasticity,an exact solution is derived. It is found that all the elastoelectricvariables can be expressed in terms of elementary functions.

Statistical Distribution of Surface Slope in A 3-D Ocean Wave Field

A joint probability density function (PDF) for surface slopes in two arbitrary directions is derived on the basis of Longuet Higgins's linear model for three-dimensionol (3-D) random wave field. and the correlation moments of surface slopes. as parameters in the PDF, are expressed in terms of directional spectrum of ocean waves. So long as the directional spectrum model is given, these parameters are determined. Since the directional spectrum models proposed so far are mostly parameterized by the wind speed and fetch, this allows for substituting these parameters with thc wind speed and fetch. As an example, the wind speed and fetch are taken to be 14 m ' s and 200 km, and the Hasselmann and Donclan directional spectra are, respectively, use to compute these parameters. Some novel results a reobtained. One of the increasing interesting results is that the variances of surface slope in downwind and cross-wind directions determined by the Donclan directional spectra are close to those measured by Cox and Munk (1954). Some discussions are made on these results.

Seismic ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings on slope

The influence of earthquake forces on ultimate bearing capacity of foundations on sloping ground was studied. A solution to seismic ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings on slope was obtained by utilizing pseudo-static analysis method and taking the effect of intermediate principal stress into consideration. Based on limit equilibrium theory, the formulae for computing static bearing capacity factors, Nq, Nc, Nγ, and dynamic bearing capacity factors, Nqd, Ned, Nγd, which are associated with surcharge, cohesion and self-weight of soils respectively, were presented. A great number of analysis calculations were carried out to obtain the relationship curves of the static and dynamic bearing capacity factors versus various calculation parameters. The curves can serve as the practical engineering design. The calculation results also show that when the values of horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients are 0.2, the dynamic bearing capacity factors Nqd, Ned and Nγd, in which the effects of intermediate principal stress are taken into consideration, increase by 4%-42%, 3%-27% and 34%-57%, respectively.

Analysis of blasting vibration signal of high steep anti-dip layered rock slope

Blasting is one of the most economical and efficient mining methods in open-pit mine production.However,behind the huge benefits,it poses a hidden threat to the quality of slope rock mass,stability of slope,and safety of nearby buildings.In order to explore the influence of blasting vibration on the stability of anti-dip layered rock slopes,herein,the site near the large-scale toppling failure area of Changshanhao gold mine stope of Inner Mongolia Taiping Mining Co.,Ltd.was selected for on-site blasting test and monitoring.The Peak Particle Velocity(PPV)measured at the monitoring point is located on the lower side of the maximum allowable vibration velocity curve that is prepared based on the allowable speed standard evaluation chart in the full frequency domain established by standards practiced in various countries such as German DIN4150,the USBM RI 8507,and Chinese GB6722-2014.This indicates that the blasting vibration has less influence on the location of the monitoring point.The vibration signals obtained in the blasting test were analyzed using the wavelet packet theory,and it was concluded that the blasting vibration signals measured in the anti-dip layered rock slope were mainly concentrated in two frequency bands of 0-80 Hz and 115-160 Hz.The sum of energy of the two frequency bands accounted for more than 99%,wherein,the energy contained in the 0-80 Hz frequency band accounted for more than 85%of the monitoring signals.The vibration signal with 0-80 Hz frequency band monitored at the slope toe was selected for the energy attenuation analysis.The results showed that the energy attenuation decreased in radial,vertical,and tangential directions.Further,the Energy Attenuation Rate per Meter(EARPM)was calculated.In conjunction with the site characteristics analysis,it was found that the energy attenuation rate was significantly affected by the rock mass characteristics of the structural plane.The slope reinforcement project can effectively reduce the absorption of vibration energy by the slope and increase slope stability.

Multi-scale Modeling of the Effective Chloride Ion Diffusion Coefficient in Cement-based Composite Materials

N-layered spherical inclusions model was used to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient of chloride ion in cement-based materials by using multi-scale method and then to investigate the relationship between the diffusivity and the microstructure of cement-basted materials where the microstructure included the interfacial transition zone （ITZ） between the aggregates and the bulk cement pastes as well as the microstructure of the bulk cement paste itself. For the convenience of applications, the mortar and concrete were considered as a four-phase spherical model, consisting of cement continuous phase, dispersed aggregates phase, interface transition zone and their homogenized effective medium phase. A general effective medium equation was established to calculate the diffusion coefficient of the hardened cement paste by considering the microstructure. During calculation, the tortuosity （n） and constrictivity factors （Ds/Do） of pore in the hardened pastes are n^3.2, Ds/Do=l.Ox 10-4 respectively from the test data. The calculated results using the n-layered spherical inclusions model are in good agreement with the experimental results; The effective diffusion coefficient of ITZ is 12 times that of the bulk cement for mortar and 17 times for concrete due to the difference between particle size distribution and the volume fraction of aggregates in mortar and concrete.

Factors Affecting the Perception of Family Functioning among Couples in Child-Rearing Japanese Families

In family healthcare nursing, the family system unit (i.e., a group in which the members, seen as a whole, mutually interact) is the target of care. As nurses tend to obtain family-related information from particular family members in the clinical setting, when assessing families, they often confront the issue of the differences between the theoretical level and methodological level. Although this issue needs resolving for evidence-based family nursing practice, sufficient research is lacking on the methodology related to family assessment. The present study aimed to clarify the factors that affected evaluation of family functioning among couples. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 child-rearing families (couples) using the Survey of Family Environment (SFE) as a family functioning scale. Content analysis identified 12 factors that affected discrepancies in the couples’ evaluations and eight factors that affected agreement in those evaluations. These factors were classified into three categories: factors concerning family or family members;factors concerning questions related to the SFE;and factors concerning the view of the family as a whole. The results of this study should contribute to the development of family assessment tools and effective methods for evaluation of family care.

Four-Dimensional Mathematics Creates the Super Universe

In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere, and the shape of the Universe results in the most of the redshift of light wavelength. Therefore, there is no dark energy accelerating the Universe. The surface of the four-dimensional sphere is a volume, and this volume is a good model for the Universe. The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere has been explained by a model of four-dimensional cube, within which the forming of surface volume can be easily shown. The model of four-dimensional cube containing six side cubes is ingenious for explaining the structure of the four-dimensional Universe, but it is not enough because the four-dimensional cube has not six side cubes, but eight side cubes. Therefore, in this study a better method has been created to construct the four-dimensional cube. Our three-dimensional Universe is the surface of the four-dimensional sphere Universe. The volume of our three-dimensional Universe is finite, and beneath it is the infinite volume four-dimensional Super Universe. Two important basic formulae have been derived: The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere is π3R3 in which R is the radius of the sphere, and the fourth-power volume of the four-dimensional sphere is 1/4 π3R4. The volume of the Universe has been calculated π3R3 = 62 × 1030 ly3. Time as the fourth dimension of the space takes effect only near the speed of light, and therefore it has been ignored in this study.

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR PREDICTION OF THE REDUCED SCATTERING COEFFICIENT IN TISSUE-SIMULATING PHANTOMS

This paper proposes a method for predicting the reduced scattering coefficients of tissuesimulating phantoms or the desired amount of scatters for producing phantoms according to Mie scattering theory without measurements with other instruments.The concentration of the scatters TiO2 particles is determined according to Mie theory calculation and added to transparent host epoxy resin to produce phantoms with different reduced scattering coefficients.Black India Ink is added to alter the absorption coefficients of the phantoms.The reduced scattering coefficients of phantoms are measured with single integrating sphere system.The results show that the measurements are in direct proportion to the concentration of TiO2 and have identical with Mie theory calculation at multiple wavelengths.The method proposed can accurately determine the concentration of scatters in the phantoms to ensure the phantoms are qualified with desired reduced scattering coefficients at specified wavelength.This investigation should be possible to manufacture the phantom simply in reasonably accurate for evaluation of biomedical optical imaging systems.

How to Extend the Bridge Density Functional Approximation to the Confined Non-hard Sphere Fluid

A theoretical method was proposed to extend a bridge density functional approximation （BDFA） for the non-uniform hard sphere fluid to the non-uniform Lennard-Jones （LJ） fluid. The DFT approach for LJ fluid is simple, quantitatively accurate in a wide range of coexistence phase and external field parameters. Especially, the DFT approach only needs a second order direct correlation function （DCF） of the coexistence bulk fluid as input, and is therefore applicable to the subcritical temperature region. The present theoretical method can be regarded as a non-uniform counterpart of the thermodynamic perturbation theory, in which it is not at the level of the free energy but at the level of the second order DCF.the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 20546004） and the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Hunan Province （No.04C711）.

Between a Rock and a Hard Place： The Study of Ethics in World Religions

In this essay, I make the claim that the study of religion suffers from an identity crisis that is made all the worse by an inability to effectively navigate not only the many divisions within the field, but also the many ways in which influences external to the realm of scholarship, including media, university administration, and public opinion, represent significant areas of discourse that need to be better integrated into our scholarly work. In conclusion, I argue that a greater attention to the ethical or social value of social theory can go a long way in helping to clarify what is at stake, and perhaps even bridge some of these divides without loosing academic integrity.