Cooperative game theory-based steering law design of a CMG system

Spacecraft require a large-angle manoeuvre when performing agile manoeuvring tasks, therefore a control moment gyroscope(CMG) is employed to provide a strong moment.However, the control of the CMG system easily falls into singularity, which renders the actuator unable to output the required moment. To solve the singularity problem of CMGs, the control law design of a CMG system based on a cooperative game is proposed. First, the cooperative game model is constructed according to the quadratic programming problem, and the cooperative strategy is constructed. When the strategy falls into singularity, the weighting coefficient is introduced to carry out the strategy game to achieve the optimal strategy. In theory, it is proven that the cooperative game manipulation law of the CMG system converges, the sum of the CMG frame angular velocities is minimized, the energy consumption is small, and there is no output torque error. Then, the CMG group system is simulated.When the CMG system is near the singular point, it can quickly escape the singularity. When the CMG system falls into the singularity, it can also escape the singularity. Considering the optimization of angular momentum and energy consumption, the feasibility of the CMG system steering law based on a cooperative game is proven.

The Validity of the Thermohydrogravidynamic Theory Concerning the Predicted Dates of the Maximal Temporal Intensifications of the Global Seismotectonic Processes of the Earth during the Range 2020 - 2023 AD

We present (on the 13th International Conference on Geology and Geophysics) the convincing evidence that the strongest earthquakes (according to the U.S. Geological Survey) of the Earth (during the range 2020 - 2023 AD) occurred near the predicted (calculated in advance based on the global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principles determining the maximal temporal intensifications of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth) dates 2020.016666667 AD (Simonenko, 2020), 2021.1 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2020), 2022.18333333 AD (Simonenko, 2021), 2023.26666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022) and 2020.55 AD, 2021.65 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2021), 2022.716666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022), respectively, corresponding to the local maximal and to the local minimal, respectively, combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences on the internal rigid core of the Earth. We present the short-term thermohydrogravidynamic technology (based on the generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics and the first global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle) for evaluation of the maximal magnitude of the strongest (during the March, 2023 AD) earthquake of the Earth occurred on March 16, 2023 AD (according to the U.S. Geological Survey). .

APPLICABILITY OF THE MASS ACTION LAW IN COMBINATION WITH THE COEXISTENCE THEORY OF METALLIC MELTS INVOLVING COMPOUND TO BINARY METALLIC MELTS

Based on the atomicity and molecularity as well as the consistency ofthermodynamic properties and activities of metallic melts with their structures, the coexistencetheory of metallic melts structure involving compound has been suggested. According to this theory,the calculating models of mass action concentrations for different binary metallic melts have beenformulated. The calculated mass action concentrations agree well with corresponding measuredactivities, which confirms that the suggested theory can reflect the structural characteristics ofmetallic melts involving compound and that the mass action law is widely applicable to this kind ofmetallic melts.

Mechanical Properties of Simple s-p Metals, and Defect Energies from Electron Theory and from Interatomic Force Laws

The cleavage force F(z) needed to separate parallel atomic planes by a distance z is first discussed for simple s-p metals using density functional theory.For the s-p nearly free-electron metals the linearized Thomas-Fermi equation is solved self-consistently in the cases of (a) semi-infinite planes of jellium (i.e. smeared uniform positive ions) and (b) a semi-infinite cylinder of finite radius, cleaved by a plane perpendicular to its axis. In (a), the elastic region has the form F(z)=Az ∝ Zrs-11/2, where rs is the mean interelectronic distance in the jellium model. Size effects are then considered, with possible relevance to atomic force microscopy.Defect energies are treated, using both electron theory and pair force laws.

Formally Deriving the Third Newton’s Law from a Pair of Nontrivial Assumptions in a Formal Axiomatic Theory “Sigma-V”

The article is devoted to hitherto never undertaken applying an almost unknown logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology system called “Sigma-V” to the Third Newton’s Law of mechanics. The author has continued investigating the extraordinary (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis of formal-axiological interpreting Newton’s mathematical principles of natural philosophy and, thus, has arrived to discrete mathematical modeling a system of formal axiology of nature by extracting and systematical studying its proper algebraic aspect. Along with the proper algebraic machinery, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is exploited in this investigation systematically. The research results are the followings. 1) The Third Newton’s Law of mechanics has been modeled by a formal-axiological equation of two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology. (Precise defining the algebraic system is provided.) The formal-axiological equation has been established (and examined) in this algebraic system by accurate computing compositions of relevant evaluation-functions. Precise tabular definitions of the evaluation-functions are given. 2) The wonderful formula representing the Third Newton’s Law (in the relevant physical interpretation of the formal theory Sigma-V) has been derived logically in Sigma-V from the presumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. A precise axiomatic definition of the nontrivial notion “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is given. The formal derivation is implemented in strict accordance with the rigor standard of D. Hilbert’s formalism;hence, checking the formal derivation submitted in this article is not a difficult task. With respect to proper theoretical physics, the formal inference is a nontrivial scientific novelty which has not been discussed and published elsewhere yet.

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

A novel binary effective medium model to describe the prepeak stressstrain relationship of combined bodies of rock-like material and rock

Combined bodies of rock-like material and rock are widely encountered in geotechnical engineering,such as tunnels and mines.The existing theoretical models describing the stress-strain relationship of a combined body lack a binary feature.Based on effective medium theory,this paper presents the governing equation of the“elastic modulus”for combined and single bodies under triaxial compressive tests.A binary effective medium model is then established.Based on the compressive experiment of concretegranite combined bodies,the feasibility of determining the stress threshold based on crack axial strain is discussed,and the model is verified.The model is further extended to coal-rock combined bodies of more diverse types,and the variation laws of the compressive mechanical parameters are then discussed.The results show that the fitting accuracy of the model with the experimental curves of the concretegranite combined bodies and various types of coal-rock combined bodies are over 95%.The crack axial strain method can replace the crack volumetric strain method,which clarifies the physical meanings of the model parameters.The variation laws of matrix parameters and crack parameters are discussed in depth and are expected to be more widely used in geotechnical engineering.

Applicability of mass action law to sulphur distribution between slag melts and liquid iron

According to the mass action law and the coexistence theory of slagstructure, the calculating models of mass action concentration for CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe_2O_3-SiO_2,CaO-MgO-MnO-FeO-Fe_2O_3-P_2O_5-SiO_2 and CaO-MgO-MnO-FeO-Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3-P_2O_5-SiO_2 slag melts areformulated and sulphur distribution between the slag melts and liquid iron is treated. It is foundthat CaO, MnO and FeO promote desulphurization, while MgO is detrimental to desulphurization. Inaddition, the sulphur distribution coefficients between the slag melts and liquid iron andpresented.

Adaptive synchronization of chaos in permanent magnet synchronous motors based on passivity theory

An adaptive synchronization control method is proposed for chaotic permanent magnet synchronous motors based on the property of a passive system. We prove that the controller makes the synchronization error system between the driving and the response systems not only passive but also asymptotically stable. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and robust against uncertainties in the systemic parameters.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CON-TINUUM THEORIES (Ⅱ)—MICROMORPHIC CONTINUUM THEORY AND COUPLE STRESS THEORY

The purpose is to reestablish the balance laws of momentum, angular momentum and energy and to derive the corresponding local and nonlocal balance equations for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory. The desired results for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory are naturally obtained via direct transitions and reductions from the coupled conservation law of energy for micropolar continuum theory, respectively. The basic balance laws and equations for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory are constituted by combining these results derived here and the traditional conservation laws and equations of mass and microinertia and the entropy inequality. The incomplete degrees of the former related continuum theories are clarified. Finally, some special cases are conveniently derived.

Applicability of law of mass action to distribution of manganese between slag melts and liquid iron

According to the law of mass action and the coexistence theory of slag structure, the distribution of manganese between MnO FeO SiO 2 and MgO MnO FeO SiO 2 slag melts as well as liquid iron was analyzed. It is shown that K ′ Mn and K MnO are only dependent on temperature and don’t change with basicities and compositions of slag melts. So the distribution of manganese between the above mentioned slag melts and molten iron obeys the law of mass action. But analysis of experimental results from other sources shows that K ′ Mn and K MnO really change with basicities of slag, which is probably arisen from not approaching equilibrium under low basicity slag melts.

Unraveling Predatory Pricing:Insights From Case Studies and Game Theory Modeling

This paper develops a game-theory model for predatory pricing via in-depth analyses of three case studies:Brooke Group Ltd.v.Brown&Williamson Tobacco Corp.,Matsushita Electric Industries Co.v.Zenith Radio Corporation,and AKZO Chemie BV v.Commission of the European Communities.This model is based on subsequent action game theory models and rational economics behavior,offering a chronological outline of the“predation”stages.It presents the predator’s decisions,the prey’s potential responses,possible loops,and the two distinctive outcomes.The analysis of the model in context of the three case studies demonstrates its practicality in assessing real-life predatory pricing scenarios and players’strategies.It’s flexibility also allows applications in related fields.Overall,this paper offers a comprehensive framework that bridges the gap between law,economics,and game theory in the study of predatory pricing,informing future research in this area.

Q-Theory: A Connection between Newton’s Law and Coulomb’s Law?

Assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, qpl, was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, , where ζ(3) equals Apery’s constant, 1.202 …, and, n+(0)=n_(0), is the relaxed, i.e., , number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, n+(0) equals, 7.848E54 m-3, and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, l+(0)=l_(0)=5.032E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, , due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe, an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, g=9.81m/s2, the displacement amounts to, 7.824E-38 meters. All of these displacements are due to increased gravitational pressure within the vacuum, which in turn is caused by applied gravitational fields. The gravitational potential is also derived and directly related to gravitational pressure.

Ohm’s Law Refutes Current Version of the Special Theory of Relativity

It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.

A note on teleparallel Killing vector fields in Bianchi type Ⅷ and Ⅸ space-times in teleparallel theory of gravitation

In this paper we classify Bianchi type Ⅷ and IX space-times according to their teleparallel Killing vector fields in the teleparallel theory of gravitation by using a direct integration technique. It turns out that the dimensions of the teleparallel Killing vector fields are either 4 or 5. From the above study we have shown that the Killing vector fields for Bianchi type Ⅷ and Ⅸ space-times in the context of teleparallel theory are different from that in general relativity.

BASIC EQUATIONS, THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF COMPUTATIONAL STOCK MARKET (Ⅲ)—BASIC THEORIES

By basic equations, two basic theories are presented: 1.Theory of stock's value v *(t)=v *(0) exp (ar * 2t); 2. Theory of conservation of stock's energy. Let stock's energy be defined as a quadratic function of stock's price v and its derivative , =Av 2+ Bv+C 2+Dv, under the constraint of basic equation, the problem was reduced to a problem of constrained optimization along optimal path. Using Lagrange multiplier and Euler equation of variation method, it can be proved that keeps conservation for any v,. The application of these equations and theories on judgement and analysis of tendency of stock market are given, and the judgement is checked to be correct by the recorded tendency of Shenzhen and Shanghai stock markets.

A Back Look on the Binary Phase Diagrams of Metals from the Mass Action Law and the Coexistence Theory of Metallic Melts

According to the mass action law and the coexistence theory of metallic melts, the mass action concentrations of Cu-Mg, Bi-Tl and Ni-Al melts involving compound formation have been calculated. The calculated results show that, except the ultimate case of pure element, when two elements are present in the melts, all structural units (atoms and molecules) without exception will be present in the melts, i.e., their concentrations may change from great to small, but they will not vanish into nothing, and only under such conditions, the calculated results both agree with practice and obey the law of mass action. In view of that over considerable wide composition range, the activities of both elements of the three solid binary alloys mentioned above have been measured, this seems in contradiction with the present relevant phase diagrams, in which the structural units are determined by composition range, so the latter needs further investigation and consideration.

Dynamics of Drainage of Power-Law Liquid into a Deformable Porous Material

In this study we explore the one-dimensional drainage of a power-law fluid into a deformable porous material. Initially, the fluid is imbibed into the dry undeformed material due to capillary suction which in turn deforms the porous material and forms liquid and solid interfaces. Mixture theory is employed to study the movement of the liquid and solid phases. The zero-gravity model contains the similarity solution that is solved numerically. The stress gradient within the deformable porous material is induced from a pressure gradient that produces an evolving solid fraction and hence deformation. In the absence of gravity effects, the deformation of the solid seems in the same direction of imbibition. This is because of attraction of gravity. Note that these liquid and solid dynamics depend on both the power-law indexes n and μ. We performed the experiments to measure the drainage and deformations of deformable porous materials for two samples of silicon oil (polydimethylsiloxane) in a polyurethane foam. Our experiments show that the silicon with high viscosity drains slower than silicon oil with low viscosity. The theoretical and experimental results show the same qualitative trend.

The Bridge to a Western Confucianism:Between Legal Theory and Private Law

The aim of this essay is to analyse the future of Confucianism in Western societies or,at least,through the exegesis of Western scholars.To realize this overview definitely means to verify how Confucian thought crossed many contemporary and later theories,especially in juridical fields as the theory of private law and the public comparative law.That system of customary rules and pragmatic ethics did not fail to face the modernity by enlarging its views in the context of much more complex societies:So,a typical phenomenon of Eastern civilities,to the point that it is generally considered the most peculiar inheritance of both Chinese spirituality and administrative political science,became an interesting and suggestive test bench for different starting points.If it is correct to say that this is not a proper nowadays stance(remembering the praise of Leibniz and Voltaire,for instance),it is even more likely that Confucianism will catch the attention of a larger academic audience also in the nearest future and not only narrowing its rise to the enormous economic growth of the Chinese influence and ruling role in the world,directly getting a level of strength not far from the American governance.Unsurprisingly,the first defined approaches to a Western Confucianism,mixing elements from its absolutely unique written or traditional sources and aspects taken from the comparison with other cultures,are still coming from United States’universities,in the scientific field of sinology and,step by step,comparative law’s scholars and legal theorists.This fascinating development that opens up Confucian ethics to a bigger spectre of teachings and belongings is happening while Confucian rituals,temples,and precepts are reaching in modern days China an always more cohesive and aggregating religious phenomenology.The West looks for ideas,while the East is trying to find stability around a metaphysical substructure of common values to prevent conflicts and to keep societies safe.