Effect of Cosmic Plasma on the Observation of Supernovae Ia

In observational cosmology,a supernova la is used as a standard candle in order to extend the Hubble diagram to a higher redshift range.Astrophysicists found that the observed brightness of high redshift supernovae la is dimmer than expected.This dimming effect is considered observational evidence for the existence of dark energy in the universe.It should be noted that this conclusion is based on an assumption that the mass density of the cosmic plasma is very small.Therefore,the dimming effect caused by the Compton scattering of free electrons in cosmic plasma can be neglected.X-ray observations suggest that the mass density of the cosmic plasma may be very large.In theory,the observed dimming effect of high redshift supernovae Ia may be caused by the Compton scattering of free electrons in the cosmic plasma.In this paper it will be shown that this idea is reasonable.Therefore,there is no need to introduce the confusing concept of dark energy into cosmology.

Toward a Direct Measurement of the Cosmic Acceleration:The Pilot Observation of HI 21 cm Absorption Line at FAST

This study presents results on detecting neutral atomic hydrogen(H I)21 cm absorption in the spectrum of PKS PKS1413+13 at redshift z=0.24670041.The observation was conducted by FAST,with a spectral resolution of10 Hz,using 10 minutes of observing time.The global spectral profile is examined by modeling the absorption line using a single Gaussian function with a resolution of 10 kHz within a 2 MHz bandwidth.The goal is to determine the rate of the latest cosmic acceleration by directly measuring the redshift evolution of the H I 21 cm absorption line with Hubble flow toward a common background quasar over a decade or longer time span.This will serve as a detectable signal generated by the accelerated expansion of the Universe at redshift z<1,referred to as redshift drift z(5)or the SL effect.The measured H I gas column density in this DLA system is approximately equivalent to the initial observation value,considering uncertainties of the spin temperature of a spiral host galaxy.The high signal-to-noise ratio of 57,obtained at a 10 kHz resolution,strongly supports the feasibility of using the H I 21 cm absorption line in DLA systems to accurately measure the redshift drift rate at a precision level of around 10~(-10)per decade.

Perturbations of the Yang-Mills field in the universe

It has been suggested that the Yang-Mills （YM） field can be a kind of candidate for the inflationary field at high energy scales or dark energy at very low energy scales, which can naturally give the equation of state - 1 〈 ω 〈 0 or ω 〈 - 1. We discuss the zero order and first order Einstein equations and YM field kinetic energy equations of the free YM field models. From the zero order equations, we find that w ＋ 1 ω α^-2, from which it follows that the equation of state of the YM field always goes to - 1, independent of the initial conditions. By solving the first order Einstein equations and the YM field equations, we find that in the YM field inflationary models, the scale-invariant primordial perturbation power spectrum cannot be generated. Therefore, only using this kind of YM field is not enough to account for inflationary sources. However, as a kind of candidate for dark energy, the YM field has the ＇sound speed＇ c^28 = -1/3 〈 0, which makes the perturbation Ф have a damping behavior at large scales. This provides a way to distinguish the YM field dark energy models from other kinds of models.

Forecasting Constraint on the f(R)Theory with the CSST SN Ia and BAO Surveys

The f(R)modified gravity theory can explain the accelerating expansion of the late Universe without introducing dark energy.In this study,we predict the constraint strength on the f(R)theory using the mock data generated from the Chinese Space Station Telescope(CSST)Ultra-Deep Field Type Ia supernova(SN Ia)survey and wide-field slitless spectroscopic baryon acoustic oscillation(BAO)survey.We explore three popular f(R)models and introduce a parameter b to characterize the deviation of the f(R)theory from theΛCDM theory.The Markov Chain Monte Carlo method is employed to constrain the parameters in the f(R)models,and the nuisance parameters and systematic uncertainties are also considered in the model fitting process.Besides,we also perform model comparisons between the f(R)models and theΛCDM model.We find that the constraint accuracy using the CSST SN Ia+BAO data set alone is comparable to or even better than the result given by the combination of the current relevant observations,and the CSST SN Ia+BAO survey can distinguish the f(R)models from theΛCDM model.This indicates that the CSST SN Ia and BAO surveys can effectively constrain and test the f(R)theory.