Quantitative Analysis of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in the Hot and Humid Summertime of Shenzhen, China

Outdoor thermal comfort has always been a major issue due to its irreplaceable role in maintaining good health and energy use. Thus,quantitative analysis of outdoor thermal comfort and discussions on influential factors seem very necessary to achieve the climate-conscious urban design. Therefore,an outdoor thermal comfort questionnaire survey and the simultaneous field measurement were conducted in six different places during the hot and humid summertime in Shenzhen. The results show that the overall weather conditions during the investigation can be expressed with high temperature and high humidity with strong solar radiation. The micro-meteorological parameters of six test sites vary greatly due to their different regional spatial layouts.Moderate range of air temperature( Ta) is between 28 to 30 ℃ while that of relative humidity( RH) mainly concentrates in 60%-70% with the thermal sensation votes. The main influential factors impacting outdoor thermal comfort are obtained and Tahas the greatest effect. The overall thermal comfortable ranges in Shenzhen are expressed by the range of 28. 14-32. 83 ℃ of PET and 24. 74-30. 45 ℃ of SET*. With the correlation analysis between the characteristic parameters of regional spatial layout and thermal climate and thermal comfort,it reveals that increasing the coverage ratio of water and green space( S) helps lower Taand increase RH. The global solar radiation( G) has a significant negative correlation with the height of buildings( H) and a positive correlation with sky view factor( SVF). Overall,reasonable configuration of the regional spatial layout contributes to providing a thermal comfortable environment.

Effect of Humidity on Thermal Comfort in the Humid Tropics

This paper presents the main findings of the effect of indoor humidity on occupants’ thermal comfort in the humid tropics of Malaysia. An extensive field investigation was carried out in Kota Kinabalu city and the surrounding areas, located in East Malaysia. A total of 890 individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire. Measured indoor climates were also recorded. The survey was designed as cross sectional data collection. The present investigation found that the occupants were thermally comfortable at wide relative humidity range. The mean relative humidity corresponding to the optimum comfort temperature was close to 73%. Regression models failed to predict accurately the effect of relative humidity on occupants’ thermal perceptions. In addition, a quadratic regression model was developed for the prediction of the mean indoor relative humidity based on indoor temperature. The suggested regression model can be used for an approximate prediction of indoor relative humidity when required.

Urban Microclimate and Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Public Spaces in Warm-Humid Cities: A Comparative Bibliometric Mapping of the Literature

Intensified human population encourages urbanization changing the morphology and metabolism of urban environments, thus altering the local climate and outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in public spaces. OTC is an increasingly urgent area of research for tropical climates. This study explores the literature from the Scopus database on urban microclimate and OTC in public spaces and contrasts the studies in warm-humid cities through a bibliometric mapping of literature. The adapted methodology includes;Bibliometric Search, Scientometric Analysis, and Content analysis using VOSviewer software to identify the evolution paths, gaps, and the most recent movement of OTC assessments in urban public spaces. Results reveal five evolution paths related to all climatic regions;1) materials and cooling strategies, 2) simulation modeling and urban planning, 3) design parameters affecting thermal perception, 4) cooling effects of green infrastructure, and 5) thermal adaptation in urban design. Although urban morphology and vegetation have been received the highest attention respectively, only a few for blue infrastructure related to warm-humid cities. This review identified five research gaps;the impact of blue infrastructure on OTC, strategies to overcome the effect of reflective materials, vegetation configurations in street canyons with wind flow, OTC improvements in asymmetrical street canyons, and how local climate zone (LCZ) classification approach could be used for OTC assessments. Past empirical studies have revealed that urban vegetation, surface materials, and morphological parameters are of paramount importance. Yet, the urban blue infrastructure has not received adequate research. Recently, the attention of researchers has been drawn to strategies in improving OTC using micro-meteorological simulation modelling to examine the impact of urban design interventions. Finally, comprehensive content analysis, bibliographic coupling based on documents, co-occurrence of all-keywords, are suggested for future bibliometric reviews. Finally, further research on recommended areas would assist decision-makers in planning and design to enhance livability by improving microclimate and OTC in urban spaces.

Seasonal Variation in Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Building Areas and in Green Spaces in Beijing, China

The cooling and humidifying effects of urban parks are an essential component of city ecosystems in terms of regulating microclimates or mitigating urban heat islands(UHIs).Air temperature and relative humidity are two main factors of thermal environmental comfort and have a critical impact on the urban environmental quality of human settlements.We measured the 2-m height air temperature and relative humidity at the Beijing Olympic Park and a nearby building roof for more than 1 year to elucidate seasonal variations in air temperature and relative humidity,as well as to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort.The results showed that the lawn of the park could,on average,reduce the air temperature by(0.80±0.19)℃,and increase the relative humidity by(5.24±2.91)% relative to the values measured at the building roof during daytime.During the nighttime,the lawn of the park reduced the air temperature by(2.64±0.64)℃ and increased the relative humidity by(10.77±5.20)%.The park was cooler and more humid than surrounding building area,especially in night period(more pronounced cooling with 1.84℃).Additionally,the lawn of the park could improve outdoor thermal comfort through its cooling and humidifying effects.The level of thermal comfort in the park was higher than that around the building roof for a total of 11 days annually in which it was above one or more thermal comfort levels(average reduced human comfort index of 0.92)except during the winter.

Feasibility of Using Wood Chips to Regulate Relative Humidity Inside a Building: A Numerical Study

The use of bio-based materials in buildings has become more and more significant last years.In most of the cases,their health properties and natural provenance have made them a great solution to face global climate warming and the new policies to reduce building energy consumption.In many thermal problems,biobased materials can allow to optimize the building thermal behavior according to its energy consumption and inside comfort conditions.So it is when they are used as an insulation material in the building.However,it is not the case in this paper.In fact,the bio-based matter is rather used as a desiccant wheel to control air conditioning inside the building.The aim of this paper is to numerically verify if it is possible to use a bed of wood chips as a hygroscopic material(or a desiccant matter)in order to modify the relative humidity inside the building in Reunion Island and so improve thermal comfort.A simple model of heat and mass transfer between a bed of wood chips and building inside air has been set up and implemented into a validated building simulation code named ISOLAB.Numerical simulations were set up for the four climate zones of the island regulations and a focus has been made on the low altitude one(with high,solar irradiation,temperature and relative humidity).Simulation results give the thermal behavior of the building particularly the temperature and relative humidity of inside air temperature,and temperature and moisture content of wood chips.The obtained results lead to determine if the wood chips bed is suitable for the reference building and to verify its technical feasibility(wood species,size of the bed,integration to the building,etc.).The results show that the use of a WCB help to decrease the building inside air temperature and water content up to 10°C less and 11.6 g.kg-1 less.These are the ways to improve inside comfort conditions.Indeed,comfort analysis have shown the possibility to significantly increase building users’thermal comfort when coupled with a fan and natural ventilation,like the regulation needs for low altitude climate.In this case,a gain of 68%of year time is achieved for a building equipped with WCB system compared to one without it(6308 hours of comfort over a year with the WCB against 350 hours without WCB).So the WCB seems to be able to help reducing cooling loads in tropical climate conditions.

Indoor thermal environment of wooden-plank wall dwellings in summer in Chongqing

There are a large number of wooden-plank wall dwellings, a kind of traditional house with regional characteristics, existing in Chongqing area. We chose a typical house in Chongqing as the subject and measured it during summer to research the situation of the indoor thermal comfort of wooden-plank wall dwellings. Based on the particularity of local residents' living habit and the characteristics of the local buildings, we analyzed the data of the field measurement and evaluated the thermal environment with APMV. The results show that the indoor thermal comfort of wooden-plank wall dwellings in summer is improved mainly by natural ventilation.

Effects of mask wearing duration and relative humidity on thermal perception in the summer outdoor built environment

During the pandemic,face masks are one of the most significant self-protection necessities,but they also cause heat stress.By using the ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis 5th Generation)database and the local weather bureau data,the effect of mask wearing on outdoor thermal sensation has been investigated by a survey conducted in the hot summer and cold winter region of eastern China in the summer of 2020.Results show that wearing a face mask for a longer period result in a higher level of discomfort,and the primary source of discomfort is hot and stuffy feelings.The effect of relative humidity is crucial for mask wearers in warm-biased thermal environments,as mean thermal sensation vote(TSV)peaks when environmental relative humidity reaches the range of 70%to 80%and decreases after this range due to the evaporation within the microclimate created by a face mask.Meanwhile,prolonged mask wearing increases participants’hot feelings,especially in warm environments.Specifically,participants wearing face masks for less than 30 min feel hot at a physiological equivalent temperature(PET)value of 34.4℃,but those who wear them for over 60 min express hot feelings even at a PET value of 24.7℃.The participants who wear a face mask while walking slowly outdoors have similar thermal sensations to those who do not wear a mask,but are in a higher activity level.The findings demonstrate that mask wearing has a crucial impact on outdoor thermal comfort assessment in a warm-biased outdoor thermal environment.

基于用户画像的暖通空调智能调控

目前,建筑物中的暖通中央空调系统基本上是根据行业准则设置的,然而,多项研究表明,由于用户的偏好、姿态和需求各异,这种传统做法不太可能满足大多数用户的热量需求。为了更精准地满足用户热量需求,使得基于用户行为模式来针对性提高热舒适性成为可能。文中采用深度强化学习的方法实现智能化暖通空调智能送风策略,该策略能够根据环境和用户行为模式动态地确定最佳暖通空调设置(温度设置和送风设置),从而极大提高用户的热舒适度,同时,实验结果还表明该智能调控策略相比传统固定值控制策略具有一定的节能效果。

夏热冬冷地区住宅浴室热湿环境与洗浴行为研究

对上海地区住宅浴室热湿环境进行了实地测量,分析了浴室热湿环境特征,并通过网络问卷调研了典型人群的洗浴行为。结果表明:浴室热湿环境受洗浴行为影响明显,淋浴开始后空气温度迅速升高,相对湿度接近饱和状态,淋浴结束后相对湿度需要较长时间才能恢复至初始状态,与常规居家场景相比,洗浴过程中的浴室热湿环境偏离常规热舒适区;夏热冬冷地区居民洗浴行为受季节影响明显,淋浴水温冬季偏暖(43.3℃左右)、夏季偏凉(一般36~40℃);洗浴频次以1天1次或2天1次为主;洗浴时长夏季多为5~10 min、冬季多为10~20 min。本文还探讨了浴室环境改善措施和浴室热舒适的特殊性。

超细纤维绒面革热湿舒适性能的预测与分析

通过正交试验,采用统计回归和神经网络两种方法建立了以水性聚氨酯(WPU)含量、固化温度和超纤革的减量程度为变量的数学模型,对超细纤维绒面革的热湿舒适性能进行预测。对模型进行正态性检验及方差分析,并对影响因素进行分析比较,评估模型的预测能力。结果表明,WPU含量对透湿性有显著影响,减量程度对透气性影响最大。透气性和透湿性在统计回归预测模型中的拟合系数分别为0.871和0.865,而在神经网络预测模型中的拟合系数分别为0.997和0.989。综合来看,神经网络的预测效果优于统计回归模型。

服装运动舒适性研究进展

人们生活水平不断提高的同时,体育运动也在飞速发展,群众对服装的运动功能提出了愈加迫切的希望和要求。以服装的运动舒适性为研究切入点,从服装运动舒适性的影响因素与评价方法方面展开综述。研究表明,不同面料的选择、服装施加的压力以及人体在运动过程中的动态特征,都会影响服装的运动舒适性,服装应根据运动特点进行选择。传统的服装舒适性评价多倾向于利用静态测试方法,忽略了动态层面下的人体舒适性。从人因工效学的角度探究服装与运动的交叉融合,推动运动服装领域的科学发展。

西海固地区新旧民居冬季室内热舒适研究

为了了解西海固地区新旧民居冬季室内热湿环境情况,2021年冬季在当地选取了两栋代表性新旧民居,分别进行了现场测试及问卷情况调查,分析不同类型民居的热环境状况并探究造成差异的原因。结果表明:西海固地区冬季传统民居室内热中性温度为19.12℃(SET*),现代民居热中性温度为19.48℃(SET*)。以80%的可接受和舒适标准得出该地区的热可接受度区间,冬季传统民居在17.45~20.8℃之间,现代民居在17.26~21.54℃之间。同时分析了西海固地区冬季的室内热环境及人体热舒适情况,与其他地区民居进行热舒适对比,为提高西海固地区冬季室内热舒适性提供了参考依据。

仿松球效应传热导湿功能服装的研究

松球叶片随空气湿度变化而自动张开—闭合,这一效应可用于传热导湿功能服装的研发中。文章首先从松球效应截面的微观角度分析松球效应机理,并介绍松球仿生的相关材料、功能面料和服装的发展历程,然后从仿松球效应功能服装的面料研发、服装制作和服装评价的角度,分别阐述仿松球效应功能服装的面料研制(面料结构和耐用性)、仿松球叶片和服装的人体工效学设计以及现阶段可行的面料和服装的评价方式,并针对现有仿生服装的不足提出了创新思路。

不同使用环境下被服系统的动态热湿舒适性

为动态评价被服系统的热湿舒适性能,采用出汗暖体假人测试系统模拟人体睡眠时代谢产热,建立了一种表征被服动态热湿舒适性的客观测试方法,测量出汗暖体假人平均皮肤温度、被内温度、被内湿度3个指标;并在不同环境条件下,以不同种类的被子产品为代表,对被服系统的热湿舒适性进行比较分析。结果表明:睡眠时假人平均皮肤温度与被子的热阻密切相关,同时高温环境下被子透气性对平均皮肤温度也产生一定的影响;被内温度与假人平均皮肤温度变化趋势一致,二者均可以用于评价被服的热舒适性;被内湿度与被子的透气性、面料结构等有关;纱布被因其良好的透气性而在多种环境条件下具有较好的舒适性。研究结果提供了评价被服系统热湿舒适性的有效方法,并为不同睡眠环境中被子产品的选择提供参考。

严寒地区地铁站冬季热湿环境实测研究

地铁站是城市公共交通的重要组成部分,对市民出行质量和体验有着重要影响。以哈尔滨地铁2号线为代表,选取五个代表车站研究严寒地区冬季地铁站公共区域的热湿环境与热舒适性,采用现场实测和问卷调查的方法进行分析与评价,并基于HDR指标对哈尔滨地铁站各公共区域的热环境进行评估。研究表明地铁站公共区域的95%情况下符合对温湿度的要求,能够满足对地铁站的基本要求。根据投票结果得出,地铁站公共区域热环境与湿环境80%以上的乘客可以接受且HDR值在冬季规定舒适范围内,满足热舒适的要求。该研究可为严寒地区地铁站冬季通风运行提供理论参考,有利于营造良好的热湿环境。

西服开口结构对热湿舒适性影响的主观评价方法研究

服装热湿舒适性作为服装整体舒适性中重要的组成部分,在实际穿着过程中受到多种因素的影响,其主观评价法是研究心理因素的一个重要手段。通过语意差别赋值法,文章研究在穿着状态下西服不同部件的开口结构对热湿舒适性的影响,研究了适合该课题的7点心理比例标尺的使用,制定了阶段性实验,为进一步建立主观评价模型与主客观综合评价体系奠定了基础。

变风量冷梁的性能研究

分析冷梁在国内中央空调系统中的应用现状,提出了一种新型变风量冷梁的设备方案。该设备通过调节冷梁的诱导比,提升了产品在不同气候环境下的适用性。根据气流组织试验结果分析,新型冷梁在风量变化时,送风气流均能贴附吊顶送风,局部热环境不满意度DR低于20%,室内环境达到热舒适的规范要求。

我国湿热地区体育建筑界面形式与室内热舒适研究——以广州为例

建筑界面形式设计对建筑的热环境和热舒适有很大影响,这一问题对于地处湿热地区、对热舒适要求较高的体育建筑尤为重要。本研究通过对广州地区三个体育建筑的夏季热环境进行实测调研,分别从建筑侧界面形式和顶界面形式角度对比和分析体育建筑室内热环境和热舒适变化情况,探讨建筑界面形式对室内热舒适的影响。研究结果表明,侧界面开敞和顶界面有覆盖构件的体育建筑形式具有更佳的室内热舒适,这为以广州为代表的湿热地区体育建筑室内热舒适优化设计提供了理论参考。

Effect of building interface form on thermal Check foi comfort in gymnasiums in hot and humid climates

The thermal environment and thermal comfort of a building are greatly affected by the desig n of the build ing interface form. Most con temporary architectural designs con sider only the relations between architectural form and architectural beauty. Few studies on the correlati on of architectural form and thermal comfort address the in flue nee of architectural form on thermal comfort and thermal environment. These studies are particularly important for gymnasium architectures located in hot and humid areas, which have high requirements for thermal comfort. This paper presents an experimental investigati on and an an alysis of the effect of the building in terface form of gymnasiums on thermal comfort in hot and humid subtropical regions during summer. Results showed that the influence of the top interface forms on thermal comfort is mainly dominated by the mea n radiant temperature, which could be con trolled to improve thermal comfort. The in fluence of side interface forms on thermal comfort is mainly domi nated by air velocity, and thermal comfort could be improved by promoting natural ventilation on the side interface form design to reduce indoor heat. This research enhanced our understanding of the relation between the in terface form and the thermal comfort of gymnasiums. In addition, this paper provides a theoretical reference for the sustainable design of gymnasiums in hot and humid climates.

Survey of thermal comfort in residential buildings under natural conditions in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing

Comfort standards(ISO 7730,ASHRAE 55)specify the exact physical criteria for producing acceptable thermal environments,such as temperature,air movement,and humidity limits.These,however,are often difficult to comply with,particularly in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing,China.Changing expectations of comfort is important in evaluating comfort,since naturally conditioned buildings in Nanjing are not typically airconditioned.For this objective,a field study was conducted during the summer of 2000 and the winter of 2001.A total of 600 participants each answered a subjective questionnaire.Analyzing these field data shows that in natural conditions,the influence of gender and age on people’s thermal sensations is insignificant compared with six main variables.In addition,people’s thermal discomfort rapidly increases along with growth in relative humidity.Further,the variation of people’s hot or cold sensations is in proportion to that of air movement,and the effect in winter is greater than that in summer.The range of acceptable temperatures in hot humid and cold wet Nanjing is between 14.14℃and 29.42℃.