EXPERIMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY STUDY ON GOLD IN WATER-ROCK REACTION UNDER THERMAL FLUID SYSTEM AT MESO-LOW TEMPERATURE

Based on the knowing geochemical characteristics of wall rock in the Mobin gold deposit and composition of fluid inclusion in ore,water rock experiments were carried out, important achievements are acquired as following: Gold is mainly derived from the ore bearing wall rock,i.e., a series of epimetamorphic clastic gritstone, sandy slate, and tuffaceous slate in the Wuqiang Banxi Formation, Wuqiangxi Group. In thermal system with middle low temperature chlorine gold may be derived form stable complex ions, so it is quite important in gold metallogenic process. Sulphur and chlorine perform as the major negative ions throughout the gold activation and migration movement. The concentration of sulphur and chlorine ions, pH value and temperature are of deciding significance for gold activation, migration and precipitation.

THE GLOBAL EXISTENCE OF STRONG SOLUTIONS FOR A NON-ISOTHERMAL IDEAL GAS SYSTEM

We investigate the global existence of strong solutions to a non-isothermal ideal gas model derived from an energy variational approach.We first show the global wellposedness in the Sobolev space H^(2)(R^(3)) for solutions near equilibrium through iterated energy-type bounds and a continuity argument.We then prove the global well-posedness in the critical Besov space B^(3/2)_(2,1) by showing that the linearized operator is a contraction mapping under the right circumstances.

Genetic source,migration and accumulation of helium under deep thermal fluid activities:A case study of Ledong diapir area in Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

Based on the geochemical parameters and analytical data,the heat conservation equation,mass balance law,Rayleigh fractionation model and other methods were used to quantify the in-situ yield and external flux of crust-derived helium,and the initial He concentration and thermal driving mechanism of mantle-derived helium,in the Ledong Diapir area,the Yinggehai Basin,in order to understand the genetic source,migration and accumulation mechanisms of helium under deep thermal fluid activities.The average content of mantle-derived He is only 0.0014%,the ^(3)He/^(4)He value is(0.002–2.190)×10^(−6),and the R/Ra value ranges from 0.01 to 1.52,indicating the contribution of mantle-derived He is 0.09%–19.84%,while the proportion of crust-derived helium can reach over 80%.Quantitative analysis indicates that the crust-derived helium is dominated by external input,followed by in-situ production,in the Ledong diapir area.The crust-derived helium exhibits an in-situ 4 He yield rate of(7.66–7.95)×10^(−13)cm^(3)/(a·g),an in-situ 4 He yield of(4.10–4.25)×10^(−4)cm^(3)/g,and an external 4 He influx of(5.84–9.06)×10^(−2)cm^(3)/g.These results may be related to atmospheric recharge into formation fluid and deep rock-water interactions.The ratio of initial mole volume of 3 He to enthalpy(W)is(0.004–0.018)×10^(−11) cm^(3)/J,and the heat contribution from the deep mantle(X_(M))accounts for 7.63%–36.18%,indicating that deep hot fluid activities drive the migration of mantle-derived 3 He.The primary helium migration depends on advection,while the secondary migration is controlled by hydrothermal degassing and gas-liquid separation.From deep to shallow layers,the CO_(2/3) He value rises from 1.34×10^(9)to 486×10^(9),indicating large amount of CO_(2)has escaped.Under the influence of deep thermal fluid,helium migration and accumulation mechanisms include:deep heat driven diffusion,advection release,vertical hydrothermal degassing,shallow lateral migration,accumulation in traps far from faults,partial pressure balance and sealing capability.

Analysis of influence of heat exchangerfouling on heat transfer performancebased on thermal fluid coupling

A study on heat transfer performance by thermal fluid coupling simulation for the fouling in a shell-tube heat exchanger used in engineering was presented. The coupling simulation was performed in a fluid and solid domains under three different fouling conditions: fouling inside the tube, fouling outside the tube, and fouling inside the shell. The flow field, temperature, and pressure distributions in the heat exchanger were solved numerically to analyze the heat transfer performance parameters, such as thermal resistance. It is found that the pressure drop of the heat exchanger and the thermal resistance of the tube wall increase by nearly 30% and 20%, respectively, when the relative fouling thickness reaches 10%. The fouling inside the tube has more impact on the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger, and the fouling inside the shell has less impact.

Excel as an Educational Platform for Design Analyses of Fluid-Thermal Systems

Equipped with its Solver and-in and VBA, Microsoft Excel makes an ideal educational platform for design analyses of fluid-thermal systems. This paper illustrates this capability by considering a common type of these systems;which is the double-pipe heat exchanger. While Solver is used for the optimisation analysis, VBA is used for the development of a user-defined function (UDF) that determines the optimum standard-pipe size for the system.

Thermal Fluid-Solid Interaction Model and Experimental Validation for Hydrostatic Mechanical Face Seals

Hydrostatic mechanical face seals for reactor coolant pumps are very important for the safety and reliability of pressurized-water reactor power plants.More accurate models on the operating mechanism of the seals are needed to help improve their performance.The thermal fluid–solid interaction（TFSI）mechanism of the hydrostatic seal is investigated in this study.Numerical models of the flow field and seal assembly are developed.Based on the mechanism for the continuity condition of the physical quantities at the fluid–solid interface,an on-line numerical TFSI model for the hydrostatic mechanical seal is proposed using an iterative coupling method.Dynamic mesh technology is adopted to adapt to the changing boundary shape.Experiments were performed on a test rig using a full-size test seal to obtain the leakage rate as a function of the differential pressure.The effectiveness and accuracy of the TFSI model were verified by comparing the simulation results and experimental data.Using the TFSI model,the behavior of the seal is presented,including mechanical and thermal deformation,and the temperature field.The influences of the rotating speed and differential pressure of the sealing device on the temperature field,which occur widely in the actual use of the seal,are studied.This research proposes an on-line and assembly-based TFSI model for hydrostatic mechanical face seals,and the model is validated by full-sized experiments.

Thermal-Fluid-Structure Coupling Analysis of Flexible Corrugated Cryogenic Hose

This work presents a numerical investigation of the thermal–fluid–structure coupling behavior of the liquid natural gas(LNG)transported in the flexible corrugated cryogenic hose.A three-dimensional model of the corrugated hose structure composed of multiple layers of different materials is established and coupled with turbulent LNG flow and heat transfer models in the commercial software ANSYS Workbench.The flow transport behavior,heat transfer across the hose layers,and structural response caused by the flow are analyzed.Parametric studies are performed to evaluate the impacts of inlet flow rate and thermal conductivity of insulation material on the temperature and structural stress of the corrugated hose.The study found that,compared with a regular operating condition,higher inlet flow velocities not only suppress the heat gain of the LNG but also lower the flow-induced structural stress.The insulation layer exhibits excellent performance in maintaining the temperature at the fluid–structure interface,showing little temperature change with respect to material thermal conductivity and ambient temperature.The simulation results may contribute to the research and design of the flexible corrugated cryogenic hoses and provide guidance for safer and more efficient field operations.

Onset and Stability of Thermally-Driven Fluid Convection in a Vertical Rock Crack and Their Implication for Hydrothermal Ore-Forming Processes

Dynamic equations controlling the thermally-driven fluid convection in a single rock crack are established in the paper . The critical criteria for the onset of convection in such a configuration are found by linear dynamic analysis of the equations and the stability of the convection discussed by nonlinear analysis method . The research demonstrates that the critical Rayleigh number has a magnitude 103. While the Rayleigh number R of real ore-forming fluids exceeds this value , the convection happens , and as R becomes larger , the fluid convection pattern develops from nonequilibrium steady states to double-periodically produced limit cycles and eventually to chaos (turbulences ).The implication of these dynamic analyses for the ore-forming processes of late-magma tic hydrothermal deposits is also discussed in the paper .

The effect of thermal fluid derived from mud diapir on sandstone reservoirs in the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea

The underground thermal fluid is one of the significant factors controlling the formation and quality of reservoirs.The Huangliu Formation(N_(1)h)in YF1 area of the central depression belt in the Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea,is characterized by intense thermal fluid activities related to mud diapir and large-scale shallow-water gravity flow deposits.The multi-episodic invasion of high-temperature and CO_(2)-rich thermal fluid into the formation induces complex water-rock reaction during diagenetic pro-cess,providing a preferable investigation opportunity for revealing how thermal fluid affects reservoir quality.This study characterizes the reservoirs in the formation through core and thin section analyses as well as physical property test.The reservoirs are dominated by fine-grained sandstone characterized by medium porosity(15.2-21.3%)and lower permeability(0.56-15.75mD).Based on an analysis of casting thin section,cathode luminescence(CL),scanning electron microscope(SEM),carbon and oxygen isotope,inclusion test,and electron-probe microanalysis(EPMA),we systematically investigate the diagenetic patterns and pore evolution process for the reservoirs in the formation.The episodic invasion of thermal fluid occurred approximately 0.4 Ma ago plays an important role in controlling reservoir development:The CO_(2)-rich formation water induces massive late-stage dissolution,resulting in a higher proportion of dissolved pores(38.7-46.4%),which improves the porosity of reservoirs at a depth of 2600-3100 m.Nevertheless,the late dissolution together with carbonate cementation occurred in closed diagenetic system blocks most seepage channels.Furthermore,the relatively high level clay mineral transformation in the YF1 area leads to a higher content of authigenic illite(44-62%)in the formation.Massive authigenic illite severely blocks the pore throats in fine sandstone,reducing permeability.This study offers an insight to the understanding of mud diapir-derived thermal fluid affecting and controlling the quality of reservoirs in some areas of the Yinggehai Basin.

基于响应面模型的智能台架供风系统开发

为解决瞬态工况下,汽车主动进气格栅(AGS)开度及风扇转速实时调整,换热器进风量时刻改变,热管理测试台架风机无法实时为换热器提供精准瞬态供风这一问题,应用计算流体力学(CFD)仿真技术,分析了换热器进风量与车速、AGS开度及风扇转速之间的关系,并构建了数学模型,模型预测误差小于6.6%。将该模型置于CANOE设备中,与VN1640设备及风机系统连接,可实时采集车速、AGS开度及风扇转速CAN信号,计算换热器进风量,从而控制风机输出相应风量,实现了台架风机为换热器提供精准、实时供风这一目标。

基于耦合分析的热流系统协同设计

作为综合能源系统的一部分,热流系统通常在稳态假设下设计其物理系统,在此基础上设计控制器.这种方法忽略了系统与控制器设计间的耦合关系,导致系统暂态性能不佳.为此,本文提出一种协同设计方法,以系统总质量、熵产率以及控制效果为设计度量,基于热流系统数学模型及其熵产率模型,结合嵌套设计方法和同步设计方法完成系统设计.考虑到设计过程中设计参数多、变量范围大的问题,引入时间序列模式距离,构造相关度度量函数来分析物理系统与控制器之间的耦合关系,从而减少非耦合参数.同时,利用数据分析方法进一步缩小了待设计参数范围.为验证方法的有效性,以一个理想热流系统为设计实例,仿真结果表明,通过相关度度量函数及其数据分析,可以将设计参数个数减少66%,选取范围缩小26%.相比于传统顺序设计方法,经过协同设计方法设计的系统控制误差可减少29%,且设计控制器抗扰能力也优于频域方法和SIMC方法.

卫星低温压力容器贮供技术研究进展与关键技术分析(二)

针对航天卫星、飞船等航天器推进系统对于高密度、低压力贮存、在轨可加注低温推进剂应用需求,提出了卫星低温压力容器主要关键技术,包括材料与结构技术、流体供给管理技术、被动绝热防护技术、主动制冷热耦合技术、质量监测技术、液气转化技术、压力调节技术、流量控制技术和在轨加注技术。分析了国外在该研究方面的技术进展和发展趋势,对国内研究进展进行了概括论述,并提出了技术发展建议。综合研究表明,卫星低温压力容器贮供技术是空间领域未来核心关键技术,可为航天器电推进系统发展提供强有力支撑。

卫星低温压力容器贮供技术研究进展与关键技术分析(一)

针对航天卫星、飞船等航天器推进系统对于高密度、低压力贮存、在轨可加注低温推进剂应用需求,本文提出了卫星低温压力容器主要关键技术,包括材料与结构技术、流体供给管理技术、被动绝热防护技术、主动制冷热耦合技术、质量监测技术、液气转化技术、压力调节技术、流量控制技术和在轨加注技术。分析了国外在该研究方面的技术进展和发展趋势,对国内研究进展进行了概括论述,并提出了技术发展建议。综合研究表明,卫星低温压力容器贮供技术是空间领域未来核心关键技术,可为航天器电推进系统发展提供强有力支撑。

基于流固耦合的牵引电机流动特性分析

为了研究电机轴向通风冷却系统的电动机内部情况,本文以某大型矿用电动车轮牵引电机为例,对其轴向通风冷却与传热进行了研究。基于流体力学以及传热学理论,结合电机轴向通风性能以及结构特点,建立了电机三维流动与传热耦合求解的有限元模型,并给出基本假设与相应的边界条件。通过计算电机内部的电磁场和温度场,采用有限体积法对三维流体场和温度场控制方程进行耦合,避免了利用经验公式计算模型间的换热系数带来的误差,能够获得更加精确的温升及冷却结果。在此基础上,通过对电机进行流固耦合计算,研究流量分配对通风冷却效果的影响,进而在原有模型上分析不同流量、不同定子流道、不同流道宽度对电机温度场及流阻的影响,并提供优化流道从而有效降低电机最热温度区域。通过对实际运行车辆电机温度场及冷却阻力监控验证了仿真计算的准确性。通过流固耦合分析方法将有助于电机的散热优化设计,为更大功率的电机综合物理场的准确计算提供了理论依据。

基于流-固耦合的后处理系统热管理仿真分析

基于流-固耦合仿真方法,采用流体仿真软件STAR-CCM+建立卡车的整车三维辐射模型,仿真分析高速(车速为60 km/h)和驻车2种工况下后处理系统的流场和温度场,并开展后处理系统的热管理。结果表明:由于车速影响,传热损失增加,后处理系统的温度无法满足工作要求;在后处理系统增加保温层后,后处理系统固体壁面温度大幅提升,固体壁面最低温度在高速工况提高了58.83℃,驻车工况下提高了58.50℃;保温效果随着保温层厚度的增加而增加,但保温效果的提高幅度随保温层厚度的增加而减小。

高超飞行器电子发汗冷却热响应模型及数值模拟研究

高超声速飞行器前缘等尖锐部件在飞行过程中承受剧烈气动加热,表面温度可高达2000~3000 K以上,其热防护系统已成为制约飞行器突破飞行速度和航时极限的关键技术瓶颈。本文研究了一种基于电子发汗冷却的新型主动热防护技术路线,在电子热发射及冷却功率理论模型基础上构建了前缘热平衡方程,并基于Navier-Stokes方程耦合双温模型和11组分反应模型,运用计算流体动力学方法研究了前缘部件在不同条件下的热响应。结果表明,来流速度、前缘材料功函数、前缘曲率半径对电子发汗冷却效果均有显著影响。来流速度越高、前缘功函数越低、前缘曲率半径越小,电子发汗冷却所产生的温降幅度越大;在理想条件下,电子发汗冷却可产生超过40%幅度的降温效果,揭示了其应用于新一代主动热防护系统的潜力。

水基纳米散热介质热物性试验研究及分析

针对传统传热介质因热导率低导致散热性能差的问题,采用两步法制备水基纳米散热介质,通过试验研究了沉降稳定性与热物性,结果表明:当CMC (0.8%)和SiC (1.0%)质量分数配比达到4∶5,且在机械搅拌超声时间为60 min、油浴温度为55℃等的制备工艺条件下,样品稳定性最佳;2.0%的样品在25~65℃范围样品的粘度小于80 MPa·s,满足冶金装备冷却系统对散热介质流动性的要求,相较于纯水,水基纳米散热介质的热导率更好。

基于钻井储能系统的热管理仿真与风道结构优化

钻井储能系统在油气工业电气化中具有重要作用。储能电池作为核心部件存在热失控风险,储能系统的热管理至关重要。为提高电能利用效率,促进石油工业的能源替代和节能减排,解决集装箱式电池储能系统内部电池紧密排布且环境相对封闭而导致的温升问题,采用STARCCM软件对钻井储能系统进行热管理分析。通过建立系统的三维模型来提取传热和散热路径。运用计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真技术对系统内的流场和温度场进行详细分析。通过CFD仿真技术成功分析了钻井储能系统内部的流场和温度场,识别出热点区域并分析了温升的原因。基于仿真结果,对风道进行了优化设计,有效改善了电池排布区域的散热条件,降低了系统的整体温度。研究结果可为储能系统的热管理设计提供重要参考依据。

Seepage-heat transfer coupling process of low temperature return water injected into geothermal reservoir in carbonate rocks in Xian County,China

Fracture seepage and heat transfer in the geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks after the reinjection of low temperature geothermal return water is a complex coupling process,which is also the frontier of geothermal production and reinjection research.Based on the research of cascade comprehensive development of geothermal resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(Xian County),the carbonate geothermal reservoir of Wumishan formation in the geothermal field in Xian County is investigated.With the development of the discrete fracture network model and the coupling model of seepage and heat transfer,the numerical solution of seepage field and temperature field with known fracture network is reached using the finite element software COMSOL,and the coupling process of seepage flow and heat in carbonate rocks is revealed.The results show that the distribution of temperature field of fractured rocks in geothermal reservoir of carbonate rocks has strong non-uniformity and anisotropy.The fracture network is interpenetrated,which constitutes the dominant channel of water conduction,and along which the fissure water moves rapidly.Under the influence of convective heat transfer and conductive heat transfer,one of the main factors to be considered in the study of thermal breakthrough is to make the cold front move forward rapidly.When the reinjection and production process continues for a long time and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir on the pumping side drops to a low level,the temperature of bedrocks is still relatively high and continues to supply heat to the fissure water,so that the temperature of the thermal reservoir on the pumping side will not decrease rapidly to the water temperature at the inlet of reinjection,but will gradually decrease after a long period of time,showing an obvious long tail effect.The distribution of fractures will affect the process of seepage and heat transfer in carbonate reservoirs,which should be considered in the study of fluid thermal coupling in carbonate reservoirs.

Three-dimensional flow of Powell–Eyring nanofluid with heat and mass flux boundary conditions

This article investigates the three-dimensional flow of Powell–Eyring nanofluid with thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. The energy equation is considered in the presence of thermal radiation. The heat and mass flux conditions are taken into account. Mathematical formulation is carried out through the boundary layer approach. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations through suitable variables. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations have been solved for the series solutions. Effects of emerging physical parameters on the temperature and nanoparticles concentration are plotted and discussed. Numerical values of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and examined.