STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF TRAPPED HYDROGEN IN 18Ni MARAGING STEEL BY THERMAL HYDROGEN EVOLUTION TECHNIQUE

The interaction of hydrogen with interface between the precipitates and the martensitie matrix in 18Ni maraging steel has been studied by means of thermal evolution hydrogen technique us- ing gas chromatograph as hydrogen detector.An evolution rate peak has been observed at 451 K.The height of the peak relates to the amount and distribution of the precipitates.The activation energy for hydrogen escaping from the trap sites is 23.2 kJ/mol.

Hot deformation behavior of a near alpha titanium alloy with/without thermal hydrogen processing

The true stress-true strain curves of Ti-6Al-2Zr-IMO-IV alloy with hydrogen were obtained by hot compression test. The microstructures of the alloy before and after thermo-compression were observed. The apparent activation energies of deformation were calculated for the alloy with and without hydrogen. The behavior and mechanism of deformation for hydrogenated Ti-6A1-2Zr-IMO-IV alloy at high temperature were analyzed. The relationship between hydrogenation time and hydrogen content at 800 ℃ can be expressed as the equation： CH（t）=1.2-1.2exp（-t/120）. The true stress-true strain curves of hot compression for Ti-6Al-2Zr-IMO-IV alloy with hydrogen first move down and then move up as hydrogen content increases. Appropriate hydrogen content can reduce the peak of flow stress to minimal value. The apparent activation energies of deformation of the alloy with 0.47% hydrogen content and without hydrogen were calculated as 140 kJ·mol^-1 and 390 kJ-mol^-1, respectively, at 800 ℃ and at strain rate 8.3×10^4 s^-1. The apparent activation energy of deformation increases when the strain rate enhances from 8.3×10^-4 s^-1 to 8.3×10^-2 s^-1.

Effects of thermally pretreated temperature on bio-hydrogen production from sewage sludge

Hydrogen can be obtained by anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge. Therefore, in this paper the effects of thermally pretreated temperatures on hydrogen production from sewage sludge were investigated under different pre-treatment conditions. In the thermal pretreatment, some microbial matters of sludge were converted into soluble matters from insoluble ones. As a result, the suspended solid（SS） and volatile suspended solid（VSS） of sludge decreased and the concentration of soluble COD（SCOD） increased, including soluble carbohydrates and proteins. The experimental results showed that all of those pretreated sludge could produce hydrogen by anaerobic fermentation and the hydrogen yields under the temperatures of 121℃ and 50℃ were 12.23 ml/g VS（most） and 1.17 ml/g VS （least）, respectively. It illuminated that the hydrogen yield of sludge was affected by the thermally pretreated temperatures. Additionally, the endurance of high hydrogen yield depended on the translation of microbial matters and inhibition of methanogens in the sludge. The temperatures of 100℃ and 121℃ （treated time, 30 min） could kill or inhibit completely the methanogens while the others could not. To produce hydrogen and save energy, 100℃ was chosen as the optimal temperature for thermal pretrcatment. The composition changes in liquid phase in the fermentation process were also discussed. The SCOD of sludge increased, which was affected by the pretreatment temperature. The production of volatile fatty acids in the anaerobic fermentation increased with the pretreatment temperature.

Study of Thermal Conductivity of Hydrogen-argon Mixture at Different Temperatures for Thermal Insulation Pipes in Petroleum Industry

In this paper, through the study of thermal conductivity of hydrogen-argon mixture at different temperatures for thermal insulation pipes in petroleum industry, a good method for determining the thermal conductivity of other gas mixture at different temperatures has been provided.

Hydrogen Bonding in Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers:IR Thermal Analysis

The hydrogen bond percentage and its temperature dependence of the three TPU samples synthesized from polytetrahydrofuran, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, N -methyl diethanol amine or 1,4-butane diol were studied by means of IR thermal analysis. The enthalpy and the entropy of the hydrogen bond dissociation were determined by the Van't Hoff plot.

Relation between Gamma Decomposition and Powder Formation of <i>γ</i>-U8Mo Nuclear Fuel Alloys via Hydrogen Embrittlement and Thermal Shock

Gamma uranium-molybdenum alloys have been considered as the fuel phase in plate type fuel elements for material and test reactors (MTR), due to their acceptable performance under irradiation. Regarding their usage as a dispersion phase in aluminum matrix, it is necessary to convert the as cast structure into powder, and one of the techniques considered for this purpose is the hydration-dehydration (HDH). This paper shows that, under specific conditions of heating and cooling, γ-UMo fragmentation occurs in a non-reactive predominant mechanism, as shown by the curves of hydrogen absorption/desorption as a function of time and temperature. Our focus was on the experimental results presented by the addition of 8% weight molybdenum. Following the production by induction melting, samples of the alloys were thermally treated under a constant flow of hydrogen for temperatures varying from 500°C to 600°C and for times of 0.5 to 4 h. It was observed that, even without a massive hydration-dehydration process, the alloys fragmented under specific conditions of thermal treatment during the thermal shock phase of the experiments. Also, it was observed that there was a relation between absorption and the rate of gamma decomposition or the gamma phase stability of the alloy.

Charge storage characteristics of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon film prepared by rapid thermal annealing

The early stages of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon （nc-Si：H） films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition were characterized by atomic force microscopy. To increase the density of nanocrystals in the nc-Si：H films, the films were annealed by rapid thermal annealing （RTA） at different temperatures and then analysed by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the recrystallization process of the film was optimal at around 1000℃. The effects of different RTA conditions on charge storage were characterized by capacitance-voltage measurement. Experimental results show that nc-Si：H films obtained by RTA have good charge storage characteristics for nonvolatile memory.

涉水锂离子电池的腐蚀与析氢风险研究

锂离子电池涉水事件频发,特别是沿海地区及海事应用方面常常遇到高盐度涉水事件。以18650型电池为样本,进行不同盐度条件下涉水锂离子电池的腐蚀与析氢风险实验研究。结果表明:锂离子电池涉水时首先发生电解和电化学腐蚀现象,盐度越高,这种现象越显著;腐蚀主要发生在阳极帽处,随着腐蚀进行,腐蚀孔向内部深入,直至电池彻底损坏;涉水中锂离子电池的质量损失速率与电压降呈正相关关系;腐蚀产物主要为氢氧化亚铁、氢氧化铁和氢氧化铝;涉水过程中阴极析出大量氢气,氢气产生速率与盐溶液浓度呈正相关关系;对于较封闭的应用环境极易达到氢气爆炸下限;轻度腐蚀后电池热失控过程的喷射程度较为剧烈,燃爆危险性较高;而过度腐蚀则会直接破坏电池结构,进而使电池完全失效。

Microencapsulation of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate to Generate Carbon Dioxide with Thermal Responsible Shell Material

This paper tried to develop the optimum procedure for microencapsulating water soluble solid powder with the thermal responsible material by the melting dispersion cooling method. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was adopted as a water soluble solid powder instead of microencapsulating carbon dioxide gas. The shell material was composed of olefin wax and α-tocopherol. In the experiment, the concentration of oil soluble surfactant and the water soluble surfactant species were changed. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was treated in the aqueous solution dissolving the water soluble surfactant to form the finer sodium hydrogen carbonate powder and to increase the content. The microencapsulation efficiency could be increased with the concentration of oil soluble surfactant and considerably increased by treating sodium hydrogen carbonate with the water soluble surfactant. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was protected well from environmental water. The microcapsules showed the thermal responsibility to generate carbon dioxide.

基于低损耗热压缩的新型液氢加氢站工艺系统构建

为解决国内现有液氢加氢站中核心设备短期内无法实现国产化以及液氢站加注过程中氢浪费量过大等问题,基于机械压缩增压和热压缩增压机理,构建了基于低损耗热压缩的新型液氢加氢站工艺系统,并利用Aspen HYSYS软件对该新型液氢加氢站工艺系统进行了稳态模拟,得出了系统运行工况参数,确定了优化工艺方案。在此基础上对现有液氢加氢站和新型液氢加氢站系统及其热压缩模块分别进行了能耗分析,结果表明,现有的“增压与汽化并行”式液氢加氢站系统比能耗为0.912 kWh/kg,而低损耗热压缩的新型液氢加氢站系统比能耗为0.322 kWh/kg,其比能耗比现有液氢加氢站降低了64.8%。这表明基于低损耗热压缩的新型液氢加氢站系统更节能,系统中关键部件的[火用]效率也更高。

惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法同时测定无烟煤中氮和氢

首次使用惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法实现无烟煤中氮、氢元素的同时、快速、准确测定.探究分析条件,发现当称样量为0.0300 g,分析功率为5500 W,氮元素的积分延迟时间为15 s,集成时间为55 s,氢元素的积分延迟时间为5 s,集成时间为85 s,且使用石墨套埚时,氮氢元素的释放最完全、合理.方法中氮、氢校准曲线的相关系数分别为0.9949、0.9940,检出限分别为0.321%、0.189%,定量限分别为0.326%、0.194%,精密度分别为3.60%、0.63%,满足线性关系及方法要求.惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法重复性好、高效便捷、操作和维护简单,可用于无烟煤中氮、氢元素的定量检测.

废低温脱硝催化剂热处理除硫铵盐研究

废低温脱硝催化剂表面被硫酸氢铵覆盖,会严重影响脱硝催化剂的使用活性,而且在再生水洗过程中,硫酸氢铵会影响废脱硝催化剂的物理强度。由此,本文研究了在水洗前增加高温煅烧工艺,去除废低温脱硝催化剂中的部分硫酸氢铵,以保证废低温脱硝催化剂再生的顺利进行。

X60、X70管线钢及其焊接接头氢脆敏感性的对比研究

目的开展电解渗氢管线钢及其焊接接头显微组织和力学性能研究,为掺氢天然气管线服役安全可靠性评估提供支持。方法X60、X70管线钢及其焊接接头试样在100mA/cm^(2)下进行24h电解渗氢后,开展有、无渗氢情况下相关试样的显微组织结构、氢热脱附、拉伸力学性能与断口形貌测试分析,揭示渗氢对X60、X702种管线钢及其焊接接头氢脆敏感性的影响规律。结果X60及X70管线钢以细小多边形铁素体为主,其焊缝和热影响区以粗大的粒状或板条贝氏体为主。相对于X70管线钢,其焊接接头具有更高的氢渗透性和稳定性。渗氢导致X60、X70管线钢及其焊接接头试样的强度与塑性降低,渗氢X70焊接接头力学性能衰减最为明显,拉伸断口呈准解理断裂特征。结论X70管线钢的氢脆敏感性高于X60管线钢,管线钢焊接接头的氢脆敏感性高于母材。

计及出行行为调整的综合能源系统双层博弈优化策略

针对园区综合能源系统中各个主体的利益难以兼顾及新能源汽车出行计划临时变动会对系统运行带来不利影响的问题,提出了考虑车主出行行为调整的电热氢综合能源系统双层博弈优化运行策略。首先,建立以能源运营商(IESO)、负荷聚合商(ULA)和新能源汽车负荷聚合商(NEVLA)为主体的Stackelberg-Shapley双层博弈框架;其次,将双层博弈框架嵌入两阶段模型预测控制滚动调度模型中,并在第1阶段引入惩罚博弈机制,抑制车主按照个人意愿无序改变充电计划的行为;最后,联合沙丘猫优化算法与CPLEX求解器对博弈模型进行求解。仿真结果表明:所提策略与无惩罚博弈机制的滚动优化运行策略及考虑惩罚博弈机制的单断面优化运行策略对比,能源运营商的收益分别提高了4.43%、7.75%,负荷聚合商的剩余价值分别提高了6.48%、12.18%,电动汽车负荷调度成本分别减少了13.64%、4.43%,验证了所提策略具有更好的系统运行经济性。

氢气传感器在电解制氧系统中的应用研究

针对电解制氧系统中氢气浓度测量受环境因素影响大、测量准确性低等问题,选取了半导体型、催化燃烧型、热导型三类不同原理的氢气传感器,对其在电解制氧系统中的应用进行了试验验证,并对试验结果进行了讨论,分析了各类氢气传感器的使用局限性。

惰气熔融-红外吸收光谱法或热导法测定无机材料中氧氮氢的标准方法研究进展

氧、氮、氢元素在无机材料中备受关注。基于70余项我国现行标准方法及40余篇近10年的期刊论文,综述了惰气熔融-红外吸收光谱法或热导法测定钢铁及合金、稀有难熔金属合金、轻重贵有色金属、稀土合金与铁合金、有色中间合金、无机非金属功能材料等无机材料中氧、氮、氢的标准方法研究现状及发展趋势,给出了现行标准的适用对象、测定范围、试料量、助熔剂与期刊公布方法的测定对象、元素、仪器、坩埚类型、样品量、助熔剂、分析功率、标准样品等主要参数,并展望了无机材料中氧、氮、氢元素分析的应用前景和发展方向。

基于平板热管的高温质子交换膜燃料电池堆启动特性

高温质子交换膜燃料电池(HT-PEMFC)运行温度约160℃,较传统低温电池具有更佳的电化学反应动力学、更简单的水热管理和更高的CO耐受性等优势。但运行温度提高,如何实现HT-PEMFC的快速预热启动成为制约其应用推广的重要挑战之一。当前工作中,针对一个额定功率为500W的HT-PEMFC电堆,尝试利用一种平板热管(FHP)对该电堆进行预热启动。设计搭建了实验装置,从预热时间、温度分布、传热量分布等方面对这一方法进行评估。实验结果表明,提高加热功率可以显著缩短预热时间,500W时预热耗时3000s,1500W时则仅需980s;但同时也造成温度均匀性出现恶化,500W时竖直方向最大温差约28℃,1500W时该温差则达到了80℃。此外,水平方向的温差也随加热功率的提高而增加,且越靠近热源的区域越明显,最高达15.7℃,这无疑会加速质子交换膜的机械失效。实际中,应在不过多影响电池运行寿命的前提下,提高加热功率以缩短启动时间。

不同状态方程对于氢热物性预测的对比研究

从状态方程的角度出发,针对不同状态方程在低温高压范围内对于氢热力学性质的预测展开研究,利用目前使用较多的立方型以及多参数状态方程对于氢的PVT数据、等容热容、等压热容、焓、熵等热力学性质进行计算。将计算结果与NIST数据库给出的标准值进行比较,并对方程参数进行修正,进一步探讨了各个压力段不同状态方程的优劣以及误差产生的原因,为之后状态方程的使用、改进以及液氢相关设备的设计提出了建议。

基于碳化钼材料CO_(2)加氢制备高附加值化学品的热催化研究进展

CO_(2)加氢对于CO_(2)转化制备高附加值化学品和燃料以实现二氧化碳利用及能源储存至关重要。CO_(2)加氢包括甲烷化、逆水煤气变换、甲醇化和CO_(2)直接费托合成等。碳化钼,尤其是其二维材料,由于其低成本和良好的性能而备受关注。在CO_(2)加氢反应中,由于碳的渗入,导致晶格膨胀以及价电子增加,碳化钼基催化剂展现出了类似于贵金属催化剂的性质。碳化钼可以通过程序升温渗碳法、选择性蚀刻法、机械合金合成法、化学气相沉积法、原位热渗碳法以及溶液相合成法等来制备。到目前为止,学者已经对基于碳化钼的材料的CO_(2)转化进行大量研究,这些材料具有良好的CO_(2)转化活性和对目标产物的选择性。碳化钼材料的催化性能可以通过调节碳化钼中的C/Mo比、在碳化钼与负载金属之间建立强的金属-载体相互作用以及调整材料的界面结构来实现。然而,基于碳化钼的热催化CO_(2)转化仍处于初级阶段。本文综述基于碳化钼的热催化CO_(2)加氢制备高附加值化学品和燃料的研究进展,并分析其面临的挑战和机遇。

低温等离子体强化氨分解制氢实验装置设计与应用

氨是未来船舶的无碳燃料之一,但其高燃点、低火焰扩散速率等特性会严重影响氨燃料发动机的点火及燃烧特性,通常需要加入氢等高活性引燃燃料进行混合燃烧。为此,该文设计了基于催化技术和低温等离子体技术交叉结合的综合性实验平台,平台以氨标准气体为反应物,可开展不同工况下氨分解制氢的教学与探索性实验。同时,该平台涵盖船舶主推进动力装置、物理化学、等离子体科学等基础学科教学内容,有助于培养学生的学科交叉意识,使其了解船舶柴油机节能减碳前沿性技术。