Novel Control Structure Design of Differential Pressure Thermally Coupled Reactive Distillation for Methyl Acetate Hydrolysis

In this paper, the novel control structures of differential pressure thermally coupled reactive distillation process for methyl acetate hydrolysis were proposed. The RadFrac module of Aspen Plus was adopted in the steady-state simulation. Sensitive analysis was applied to find the stable intial value and provide a basis for the improved control structure design. The Aspen Dynamics software was adopted to study the process dynamic behaviors, and two novel control structures provided with feed ratio controllers and sensitive tray temperature controllers were proposed. The reflux ratio controllers were applied in the improved novel control structures. Both control structures abandoned the composition controllers that were replaced by simpler controllers with which the product purity could meet the specification requiring under a ± 20% disturbance to the total feed flowrate / MeAc composition.

Thermal Hydrolysis of Wastewater Sludge Followed by Fungal Fermentation for Organic Recovery and Hyphae Fiber Production

Wastewater sludge creates a difficult environmental problem for many large cities.This study developed a three-phase innovative strategy for sludge treatment and reduction,including thermal hydrolysis,fungal fermentation,and anaerobic digestion.Increasing the temperature during the treatment from 140 to 180℃ significantly improved the sludge reduction and organic release efficiencies(p<0.05,one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)for the triplicate experiments at each temperature).After two cycles of thermal hydrolysis,the overall volatile solid reduction ratios of the sludge were 36.6%,47.7%,and 58.5%for treatment at 140,160,and 180℃,respectively,and the total organic carbon(TOC)conversion efficiency reached 28.0%,38.0%,and 45.1%,respectively.The highest concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins were obtained at 160℃ in sludge liquor,whereas the amount of humic substances significantly increased for the treatment at 180℃(p<0.05,one-way ANOVA for the triplicate experiments at each temperature)due to the Maillard reaction.Fungal fermentation of the hydrolyzed sludge liquor with Aspergillus niger converted the waste organics to valuable fiber materials.The biomass concentration of fungal hyphae reached 1.30 and 1.27 g·L^(-1) in the liquor of sludge treated at 140 and 160C,corresponding to organic conversion ratios of 24.6%and 24.0%,respectively.The fungal hyphae produced from the sludge liquor can be readily used for making papers or similar value-added fibrous products.The paper sheets made of hyphae fibers had a dense structure and strong strength with a tensile strength of 10.75 N·m·g^(-1).Combining fungal fermentation and anaerobic digestion,the overall organic utilization efficiency can exceed 75%for the liquor of sludge treated at 160℃.

Preliminary Study on the Treatment Efficiency of Pasteurized Lime Thermal Alkaline Hydrolysis for Excess Activated Sludge and Reduction of Tetracycline Resistance Genes

Thermal alkaline hydrolysis is a common pretreatment method for the utilization of excess activated sludge(EAS).Owing to strict environment laws and need for better energy utilization,new methods were developed in this study to improve the efficiency of pretreatment method.Direct thermal hydrolysis(TH),pasteurized thermal hydrolysis(PTH),and alkaline pasteurized thermal hydrolysis(PTH+CaO and PTH+NaOH)methods were used to treat EAS.Each method was compared and analyzed in terms of dissolution in ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)and soluble COD(SCOD)in EAS.Furthermore,the removal of tetracycline resistance genes(TRGs)and class 1 transposon gene intI1 from EAS was investigated.The NH_(4)^(+)-N and SCOD concentrations in EAS treated by PTH were 1.24 and 2.58 times higher than those of TH.However,the removal efficiency of total TRGs and intI1 between the groups was comparable.The SCOD concentration of the PTH+NaOH group was 4.37 times higher than that of the PTH group,and the removal efficiency of total TRGs was increased by 9.52%compared with that by PTH.The NH_(4)^(+)-N and SCOD concentrations of the PTH+CaO group could reach 85.04%and 92.14%of the PTH+NaOH group,but the removal efficiency of total TRGs by PTH+CaO was 19.78%lower than that by PTH+NaOH.Thus,to reduce the financial cost in actual operation,lime(CaO)can be used instead of a strong alkali(NaOH),and pasteurized steam at 70℃ instead of conventional high-temperature heating to treat EAS.This study provides a reference for the development of alkaline hydrolysis under moderate temperatures along with the removal of TRGs in EAS.

Effects of Potassium Ferrate and Low-Temperature Thermal Hydrolysis Co-Pretreatment on the Hydrolysis and Anaerobic Digestion Process of Waste Activated Sludge

This study evaluated the effect of potassium ferrate(PF)and low-temperature thermal hydrolysis co-pretreatment on the promotion of sludge hydrolysis process and the impact on acid production in the subsequent anaerobic digestion process.The analytical investigations showed that co-pretreatment significantly facilitated the hydrolysis process of the sludge and contributed to the accumulation of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).The pretreatment conditions under the optimal leaching of organic matter from sludge were hydrothermal temperature of 75℃,hydrothermal treatment time of 12 h,and PF dosage of 0.25 g g^(−1)TSS(total suspended solids),according to the results of orthogonal experiments.By pretreatment under proper conditions,the removal rate of soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD)achieved 71.8%at the end of fermentation and the removal rate of total phosphorus(TP)was 69.1%.The maximum yield of SCFAs was 750.3 mg L^(−1),7.45 times greater than that of the blank group.Based on the analysis of the anaerobic digestion mechanism,it was indicated that the co-pretreatment could destroy the floc structure on the sludge surface and improve organic matter dissolving,resulting in more soluble organic substances for the acidification process.Furthermore,microbial community research revealed that the main cause of enhanced SCFAs generation was an increase in acidogenic bacteria and a reduction of methanogenic bacteria.

Multi-Method Chronometric Constraints on the Thermal Evolution of the Central Tianshan,NW China

The Tianshan orogenic belt is a major part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt（CAOB）,extending from west to east for over 2500 km through Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan to Xinjiang in NW China,and contains the record of multi-phase tectonothermal evolution.Till now.

Effect of Temperature, pH and Amount of Enzyme Used in the Lactose Hydrolysis of Milk

Lactose intolerance is becoming a health state that requires the restriction of dairy products in the diet of people suffering from this condition. But milk and dairy products, due to a well-balanced composition in the main macro and micronutrients, cannot be missing from the diet of the consumer of any age. For these reasons, in recent years, in the milk processing industry, the production of low-lactose or lactose-free dairy products is explored. To reduce the lactose content of dairy raw materials, various industrial and biotechnological methods were used: enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose, baromembranous methods, bioconversion of lactose by lactic bacteria and others. The most widely used lactase enzymes in the industry are mesophilic enzymes from filamentous fungi (Aspergillus spp.) and yeasts (Kluyveromyces spp.). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the commercial enzyme β-galactosidase on the hydrolysis of cow’s milk at different enzyme concentrations, temperatures and pH. Two commercial enzymes β-galactosidase obtained from Bacillus licheniformis and β-galactosidase obtained from Kluyveromyces lactis, were used in this study, according to information provided by the manufacturer. The thermal stability of lactose, the effect of milk pH, the effect of temperature, duration of hydrolysis and the amount of enzymes on the lactose hydrolysis degree and the sweetness degree of milk were determined. Research has identified the optimal parameters for obtaining a high degree of lactose hydrolysis in the use of these enzymes. Therefore, to ensure a high lactose hydrolysis degree (over 80%), the following lactose hydrolysis regimens were identified: temperature 4°C - 6°C, 0.3% Bacillus licheniformis enzymes, duration 4 hours;temperature 4°C - 6°C, 0.3% enzymes from Klavyromyces lactis, duration 12 hours and temperature 38°C - 40°C, 0.15% enzymes from (Bacillus licheniformis or Klavyromyces lactis), duration 2 - 3 hours. The results obtained allow the efficient use of Bacillus licheniformis and Klavyromyces lactis enzymes in industrial processes for the manufacture of “lactose-free” or “low-lactose” drinking milk and fermented dairy products for people with lactose intolerance.

Low Thermal Conductivity of Paperclip-Shaped Graphene Superlattice Nanoribbons

We design some graphene superlattice structures with ultra-low thermal conductivity 121 W//mK, which is only 6~ of the straight graphene nanoribbons. The thermal conductivity of graphene superlattice nanoribbons （GSNRs） is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. It is reported that the thermal conductivity of graphene superlattiee nanoribbons is significantly lower than that of the straight graphene nanoribbons （GNRs）. Compared with the phonon spectra of straight GNRs, GSNRs have more forbidden bands. The overlap of phonon spectra between two supercells is shrinking.

Study for ^(228)Th reduction in thermal reactor with Th-U fuel cycls

By using computer code WIMS/CENDL, the effects of some parameters, core configuration such as fuel element structure, neutron flux and burn-up, are discussed in this paper. It is shown that high neutron flux, small fuel rod diameter, large volume ratio of coolant to fuel, seed-blank heterogeneous core arrangement and 231 Pa chemical separation are necessary for reducing 228Th production in reactor.

川东北地区构造-热演化探讨--来自(U-Th)／He年龄和Ro的约束

利用镜质组反射率和磷灰石与锆石的(U-Th)/He年龄一起模拟了川东北地区三叠纪以来的构造-热演化特征。结果表明早三叠世的热流值在51～66mW/m2,自晚三叠世至白垩纪随盆地性质由前陆盆地演化为陆内坳陷盆地,热流缓慢降低直至现今的44.5mW/m2。但在晚白垩世—古新世时期受燕山晚期构造运动的影响,热流有一个微弱增高的现象。同时,磷灰石和锆石的He年龄揭示了川东北地区大致在晚白垩世期间开始隆升且抬升剥蚀量较大。因此,磷灰石和锆石的(U-Th)/He年龄可以揭示后期详细的冷却历史。

热电离质谱(TIMS)U-Th年龄测定及其应用研究初探

尝试了用热电离质谱方法测定南海第四纪珊瑚的Ｕ－Ｔｈ年龄，并利用国家铀系年龄标准物质ＧＢＷ０４４１３来监测分析结果的合理性。结果显示，ＧＢＷ０４４１３的ＴＩＭＳ年龄与作为推荐值的α记数方法测定结果一致，反映出其可靠性；而年龄在１ｋａ左右的珊瑚样品的ＴＩＭＳ年龄与１４Ｃ年龄一致，＞５ｋａ样品的ＴＩＭＳ年龄老于１４Ｃ年龄。

磷灰石(U-Th)/He定年技术及应用简介

本文阐述了磷灰石 (U_Th) /He定年技术的基本原理和方法、影响因素以及该技术在地质研究中的应用。磷灰石 (U_Th) /He定年是近年来发展起来的一种新型低温热年代学技术 ,能够给出地质体在 4 0～ 85℃低温范围内的独特信息。同裂变径迹定年技术一样 ,磷灰石 (U_Th) /He技术可用于年轻地质体的定年 ,也可确定时代较老的地质体最后一次热事件发生的时间。由于磷灰石 (U_Th) /He年龄数据与样品的海拔或埋藏深度密切相关 ,所以能够很好地约束古地形。结合其他同位素技术如裂变径迹定年技术等还可进行系统的热演化分析 ,如盆地的热史演化。与其他同位素定年技术相比 ,磷灰石 (U_Th) /He定年技术具有测量方便、精度高、所需样品数量少等优点。虽然这种技术目前尚处于不断完善之中 。

塔里木柯坪塔格地区构造抬升的新证据——来自(U-Th)/He年龄的约束

柯坪塔格地区位于西南天山与塔里木盆地之间,是塔里木地台的一部分,其构造隆升与天山和塔里木盆地的演化密切相关.本文首次将(U-Th)/He热定年技术应用于该地区构造抬升的研究,对该区震旦系露头样品的磷灰石和锆石的(U-Th)/He进行了年龄测定和热史模拟,结果表明柯坪塔格地区主要经历了4期构造抬升事件,导致震旦系抬升至地表,其中磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄揭示了晚白垩世和中新世两期的构造抬升事件.在早石炭世,震旦系温度达到最大,介于133～150℃之间,结合沉积埋藏史得到当时的最大埋深是3400～3900 m.在渐新世一中新世,受印度一欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的影响,柯坪塔格地区沿柯坪塔格沙井子断裂向巴楚隆起上逆冲,地层快速抬升遭受剥蚀.在15～10 Ma时,柯坪塔格地区震旦系已抬升至地表.自早石炭世至今,柯坪塔格地区总剥蚀量达6170 m.柯坪塔格地区自中生代以来的构造-热演化史与塔里木盆地北缘是一致的,但与天山及处于塔里木盆地内部的巴楚隆起的构造抬升过程存在差异.中新世以后,受喜山运动远程效应影响,柯坪塔格和天山才同处于抬升状态;而巴楚隆起在古近纪早期仍处于抬升剥蚀状态,与柯坪塔格地区接受沉积相反.本文利用(U-Th)/He热定年技术成功地揭示了柯坪塔格地区自震旦纪以来的构造-热演化史,这些结果有利于人们对这一地区构造抬升的正确认识.同时,本研究对塔里木盆地的油气勘探及天山地区的构造研究具有指导意义.

(U-Th)/He技术约束下库车盆地北缘构造热演化——以吐孜2井为例

库车前陆盆地蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,然而盆地中新生代的构造热演化史一直缺乏有效的研究,制约了油气的勘探.本文测试了吐孜2井磷灰石、锆石(U-Th)/He年龄数据,建立了He年龄随现今温度/深度变化的关系,确定该区磷灰石(U-Th)/He体系封闭温度为89℃.综合利用(U-Th)/He及镜质体反射率(Ro)数据模拟恢复了库车盆地吐孜2井中新生代热演化史,结果表明库车盆地吐孜洛克背斜形成起始时间约为5Ma,新生代抬升剥蚀量平均约为670m,平均抬升剥蚀速率为0.133mm/a.根据新生代吐孜洛克背斜的构造演化分析确定了气源断裂活动及圈闭形成的时期,揭示了吐孜洛克背斜天然气成藏时间为5Ma以后,且烃源岩生排烃、断裂活动及圈闭形成的时间具有良好的匹配关系,这是吐孜洛克油气田形成的关键因素之一.本文应用(U-Th)/He技术研究沉积盆地构造热演化史,对库车盆地油气勘探具有重要的意义.

新疆东天山红云滩地区构造-热演化探讨：来自Ar-Ar和(U-Th)/He热年代学的约束

红云滩岩体位于东天山觉罗塔格西部,对其进行热演化历史研究对于揭示觉罗塔格地区乃至整个东天山地区的构造-热演化历史具有重要意义。本文对红云滩岩体进行黑云母Ar-Ar、锆石（U-Th）/He和磷灰石（U-Th）/He测年,并结合前人的锆石U-Pb测年结果,精细刻画出该岩体自形成以后经历的热演化过程,并据此识别出东天山红云滩地区发生过多期快速抬升冷却事件。黑云母阶段升温Ar-Ar法同位素定年得到的坪年龄为316.9±1.8Ma,单颗粒锆石和磷灰石（U-Th）/He同位素定年得到的平均年龄分别为213.7±9.6Ma和65.5±1.3Ma。热年代学数据及模拟结果表明东天山红云滩地区自晚古生代以来经历了3个快速冷却阶段,分别为：晚石炭世至早二叠世（ca.330~296Ma）、晚三叠世（222~220Ma）、晚白垩世（91~77Ma）。其中,晚石炭世至早二叠世的快速冷却作用是岩体侵位后与围岩热传导冷却及伴随天山造山隆升冷却综合作用的结果,晚三叠世和晚白垩世的两期快速冷却事件分别与羌塘-欧亚板块、Kohistan-Dras岛弧-拉萨地块碰撞的远程效应造成的东天山地区隆升作用有关。新生代以来,红云滩岩体所在的阿奇山-雅满苏地区构造活动相对较弱,未发生较为明显的隆升作用,与天山西段新生代的构造活动有着明显的差异。

反演南方海相层系热史动态演化的新温标——磷灰石、锆石(U-Th)/He年龄和封闭温度

对川东北普光一毛坝地区和通江地区的11个岩心和露头样品进行锆石、磷灰石（u—Th）／He定年分析，初步建立了He年龄一深度／温度动态演化模式，该地区磷灰石He封闭温度为85℃。川东北钻井岩心和剖面样品经历相同的热演化历程。该地区第三纪至第四纪为冷却抬升剥蚀主要时期，剥蚀速率约为74．8～172．5m／Ma，剥蚀厚度大约为2800～3000m，地温逐渐降低到磷灰石He封闭温度，直至达到现今温度，与青藏高原隆升引发的新构造运动在四川盆地的响应有关。普光5井等3200m以上中生界样品未经历过锆石He封闭温度，可能只有3200m以下的样品经历锆石He封闭温度，但所有样品都经历了磷灰石He封闭温度。根据锆石（U—Th）／He年龄大致推算出，川东北地区可能在晚侏罗世开始抬升，在晚侏罗世一早白垩世期间普光一毛坝地区和通江地区都处于缓慢抬升剥蚀阶段，只是普光一毛坝地区抬升剥蚀开始时间要早于通江地区。磷灰石和锆石He封闭温度和年龄揭示了该区动态热演化历史。该区在178．0Ma之前古地温大于170～1900C，随后地层继续抬升，古地温下降；在40．5～178．0Ma时，古地温为85—170℃；在0～40．5Ma时，现今地温小于85℃。

川东北元坝地区中生代构造与动态热演化史——磷灰石、锆石(U-Th)/He定年分析

通过对川东北元坝地区须家河组(T3x)—嘉定组(K1j)钻井岩屑样品镜质体反射率和锆石、磷灰石(U-Th)/He定年分析,建立了该区He年龄—深度/温度动态演化模式,推断出元坝地区磷灰石He封闭温度为95℃左右。元坝地区T3x-K1j中生代地层基本都经历了磷灰石He封闭温度(95℃);所有样品未经历锆石He封闭温度,T3x2-J1z地层部分样品可能经历了约170℃的最高古地温。元坝地区中生代地层在古近纪—新近纪(0.2～36.4 Ma)发生重大冷却抬升剥蚀,剥蚀速率约为109.9 m/Ma,K1j及以上地层最大抬升剥蚀厚度约为4 000 m。系统揭示了该区动态热演化历史,中生代地层最高古地温接近于170～190℃,随后地层发生抬升,古地温下降;在36～176 Ma之间时,古地温在95～170℃之间;在0～36 Ma时,现今地温小于95℃。

磷灰石裂变径迹及(U-Th)/He分析技术在石油勘探中的应用

磷灰石裂变径迹及(U-Th)/He定年体系是近年来用于基础地质研究的一项新技术.该定年体系能有效恢复沉积盆地热历史,计算地层剥蚀量,推测盆地内热液活动的时间、温度以及时间与温度间的关系等信息,为油气勘探工作提供重要的科学依据.

西藏多龙矿集区热构造演化历史——来自磷灰石(U-Th)/He的证据

西藏多龙矿集区是西藏最重要的斑岩-浅成低温热液型矿集区。多龙矿集区经历了多期次的构造抬升-剥蚀事件,成矿后的埋藏-剥蚀历史对矿体的保存至关重要。本文运用磷灰石(U-Th)/He数据对多龙矿集区的低温热年代学进行研究。磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄平均值分布在85. 1±4. 0Ma到37. 9±2. 5Ma,记录了晚白垩世到古新世、始新世、渐新世的热-构造事件。热历史模拟显示,多龙矿集区主要经历4次冷却事件:Ⅰ) 100～75Ma,冷却速率约为4℃/Myr,剥速率约为0. 16km/Myr,与班公湖-怒江洋的闭合以及拉萨-羌塘地块的碰撞事件有关;Ⅱ) 75～45Ma,冷却速率约为0. 3℃/Myr,剥蚀速率约为0. 01km/Myr,与拉萨-羌塘地块的继续碰撞事件以及由碰撞作用引起的逆冲推覆构造事件有关;Ⅲ) 45～30Ma,冷却速率约为2℃/Myr,剥蚀速率约为0. 08km/Myr,与印度-欧亚大陆的碰撞抬升事件有关;Ⅳ) 30Ma至今,冷却速率约为1℃/Myr,剥蚀速率约为0. 04km/Myr,与渐新世以来印度-欧亚大陆的持续碰撞作用以及渐新世以来青藏高原发育的频繁构造事件有关。多龙矿集区斑岩-浅成低温热液型矿床形成后在强烈的隆升-剥蚀的环境下保存下来,得益于早白垩世美日切错组火山岩的覆盖,由拉萨-羌塘地块碰撞作用引起的逆冲推覆构造引起的上部地层加厚,以及印度-欧亚大陆碰撞事件在多龙矿集区产生的相对较弱的破坏效应。拉萨-羌塘地块碰撞作用引起的地层加厚对多龙矿集区矿床起主要的保护作用。

喜马拉雅造山带亚东地区多期构造热事件——锆石和独居石U-Th-Pb年代学证据

喜马拉雅造山带是研究板块构造的天然实验室,位于造山带核心部位的大喜马拉雅岩系是揭示碰撞造山过程和造山带演化的关键。本文主要对亚东地区大喜马拉雅岩系中的花岗质片麻岩进行了岩相学、锆石和独居石UTh-Pb年代学以及全岩主微量地球化学研究。野外和显微结构特征观察表明,花岗质片麻岩的矿物组合为斜长石+钾长石+石英+黑云母+石榴石,岩石发生了部分熔融,经历了高角闪岩相至麻粒岩相的变质作用。年代学和全岩地球化学研究表明,花岗质片麻岩的原岩包括新元古代(~800 Ma)的花岗闪长岩和志留纪(~440 Ma)的花岗岩,二者均在中新世(~16 Ma)发生了变质作用。新元古代花岗闪长岩具有负的εHf(t)值(-16. 4^-12. 2),地壳Hf模式年龄为3. 11~2. 79 Ga,说明其起源于古老下地壳物质的部分熔融。新元古代花岗闪长岩和志留纪花岗岩具有相似的弧花岗质岩石地球化学特征,即具有高场强元素Nb、Ta、P和Ti的负异常。本次研究表明大喜马拉雅岩系经历了多期构造热事件,其不仅记录了新生代的碰撞造山作用,还记录了与新元古代与罗迪尼亚超大陆演化相关的岩浆热事件以及古生代冈瓦纳大陆拼合后的周缘安第斯型造山作用。

不平衡铀系定年的新技术突破──高精度、高灵敏度￣（238）U—￣（234）U—￣（230）Th同位素质谱测定和应用

８０年代中期发展起来的高精度、高灵敏度不平衡铀系热电离质谱定年新技术是同位素定年技术的一次革命性突破，并已在古气候、古环境、古海洋、考古学以及近代火山—岩浆作用研究中取得了一系列重要成果，本文介绍了这方面的研究进展。这一新技术已引起越来越广泛的重视，显示出巨大的应用前景。尽快开展不平衡铀系热电离质谱定年技术的应用，对提高我国的高分辩率第四纪年代学分析技术和应用研究水平有重要意义。