The interdependences of preparation conditions, magnetic and crystal structures, and magnetocaloric effects （MCE） of the MnFePGe-based compounds are reviewed. Based upon those findings, a new method for the evaluati...The interdependences of preparation conditions, magnetic and crystal structures, and magnetocaloric effects （MCE） of the MnFePGe-based compounds are reviewed. Based upon those findings, a new method for the evaluation of the MCE in these compounds, based on differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, is proposed. The MnFePGe-based compounds are a group of magnetic refrigerants with giant magnetocaloric effect （GMCE）, and as such, have drawn tremendous attention, especially due to their many advantages for practical applications. Structural evolution and phase transformation in the compounds as functions of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field are reported. Influences of preparation conditions upon the homogeneity of the compounds＇ chemical composition and microstructure, both of which play a key role in the MCE and thermal hysteresis of the compounds, are introduced. Lastly, the origin of the ＂virgin effect＂ in the MnFePGe- based compounds is discussed.展开更多
A statistical thermodynamic theory of linear protein solutions was proposed with the aid of a lattice model and applied to type Ⅰ antifreeze protein（AFPI） solutions.The numerical results for several AFPI solutions ...A statistical thermodynamic theory of linear protein solutions was proposed with the aid of a lattice model and applied to type Ⅰ antifreeze protein（AFPI） solutions.The numerical results for several AFPI solutions show that the Gibbs function of the solution has a minimum at a certain protein concentration,but the protein chemical potential increases with increasing the concentration.The influences of temperature and protein chain length on the AFPI chemical potential were also discussed.The evaluation for the colligative depression of the freezing point confirms that the antifreeze action should be recognized as non-colligative.The theoretical deduction for the concentration dependence of the thermal hysteresis activity coincides qualitatively with the previous experimental and theoretical results.展开更多
Low temperature is one of the major limiting environmental factors which constitutes the growth, development, productivity and distribution of plants. Over the past several years, the proteins and genes associated wi...Low temperature is one of the major limiting environmental factors which constitutes the growth, development, productivity and distribution of plants. Over the past several years, the proteins and genes associated with freezing resistance of plants have been widely studied. The recent progress of domestic and foreign research on plant antifreeze proteins and the identifica- tion and characterization of plant antifreeze protein genes, especially on expression regulatory mechanism of plant antifreeze proteins are reviewed in this paper. Finally, some unsolved problems and the trend of research in physiological functions and gene expression regulatory mechanism of plant antifreeze proteins are discussed.展开更多
Using the oxidation method from vanadium metal thin films by magnetron sputtering, under the fixed annealing parameters of temperature（400 ℃） and oxygen pressure（103 Pa）, we fabricated a series of vanadium dioxid...Using the oxidation method from vanadium metal thin films by magnetron sputtering, under the fixed annealing parameters of temperature（400 ℃） and oxygen pressure（103 Pa）, we fabricated a series of vanadium dioxide thin films through the change of annealing durations or substrates（quartz glass or AZOcovered glass）. Characterization of the thermochromic properties together with the X-ray diffraction（XRD） and field emission scanning electron microscopy（FE-SEM） indicates that appropriate annealing duration is a key factor to obtain pure VO2 films and AZO-covered glass is more suitable to obtain the VO2 films with high visible transmittance, good crystallinity and larger near-infrared switching efficiencies（maximum 34% at 2000 nm） compared with the substrate of quartz glass. However, VO2 films on quartz glass exhibit narrower loop（7 ℃） with smart reversible response to temperature. Depth profile XPS spectra further indicate that for the films fabricated on quartz glass from thicker V metal films, the existence of low valence vanadium oxides is inevitable and leads to a lower transmittance in the region of visible light.展开更多
The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, can survive at extremely low temperatures, and some overwintering individuals exhibit supercooling at tempera- tures below -30℃. To investigate the deep supercooling...The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, can survive at extremely low temperatures, and some overwintering individuals exhibit supercooling at tempera- tures below -30℃. To investigate the deep supercooling ability ofE. pela, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to delineate the major gene and protein families responsible for the deep supercooling ability of overwintering females. Gene Ontology （GO） classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analysis indicated that genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcium, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and pathways associated with the biosynthesis of soluble sugars, sugar alcohols and free amino acids were dominant. Proteins responsible for low-temperature stress, such as cold acclimation proteins, glycerol biosynthesis-related enzymes and heat shock proteins （HSPs） were identified. However, no antifreeze proteins （AFPs） were identified through sequence similarity search methods. A random forest approach identified 388 putative AFPs in the proteome. The AFP gene ep-afp was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein exhibited a thermal hysteresis activity of 0.97℃, suggesting its potential role in the deep supercooling ability ofE. pela.展开更多
We study the scaling and universal behavior of temperature-driven first-order phase transitions in scalar models. These transitions are found to exhibit rich phenomena, though they are controlled by a single complex-c...We study the scaling and universal behavior of temperature-driven first-order phase transitions in scalar models. These transitions are found to exhibit rich phenomena, though they are controlled by a single complex-conjugate pair of imaginary fixed points of φ3 theory. Scaling theories and renormalization group theories are developed to account for the phenomena, and three universality classes with their own hysteresis exponents are found： a field-like thermal class, a partly thermal class, and a purely thermal class, designated, respectively, as Thermal Classes I, II, and III. The first two classes arise from the opposite limits of the scaling forms proposed and may cross over to each other depending on the temperature sweep rate. They are both described by a massless model and a purely massive model, both of which are equivalent and are derived from φ3 theory via symmetry. Thermal Class III characterizes the cooling transitions in the absence of applied external fields and is described by purely thermal models, which include cases in which the order parameters possess different symmetries and thus exhibit different universality classes. For the purely thermal models whose free energies contain odd-symmetry terms, Thermal Class III emerges only at the mean-field level and is identical to Thermal Class II. Fluctuations change the model into the other two models. Using the extant three- and two- loop results for the static and dynamic exponents for the Yang-Lee edge singularity, respectively, which falls into the same universality class as φ3 theory, we estimate the thermal hysteresis exponents of the various classes to the same precision. Comparisons with numerical results and experiments are briefly discussed.展开更多
Shale gas production has become the main driver of global gas production growth.Deep shale gas is difficult to extract,which puts forward higher requirements for drilling speed increase.The downhole power drilling too...Shale gas production has become the main driver of global gas production growth.Deep shale gas is difficult to extract,which puts forward higher requirements for drilling speed increase.The downhole power drilling tools are mainly screw drilling tools.Conventional screw drill tool stator bushing has poor heat dissipation,which is prone to thermal hysteresis failure,shortening drilling tool life,and is not suitable for high temperature and high pressure environment of deep shale gas wells.Equal wall thickness screw drilling tools and hydrogenated nitrile rubber have better high temperature resistance.Therefore,based on the thermal aging experiment and constitutive model of the rubber changes the displacement of the inner cavity of the stator bushing and the difference between the front and the back is up to 21.6%.The increase of the interference and eccentricity between rotor and motor leads to the increase of the maximum von Mises stress of the stator bushing and the thermal hysteresis temperature.The influence of the interference is greater than the influence of the eccentricity so that the interference should be given priority in the design.This paper provides a theoretical reference for the design and optimization of equal wall thickness bushing of positive displacement motor.展开更多
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No. 1112005)the National Major Fundamental Research Program of China,Ministry of Science and Technology China (No. 2010CB833100)
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51171003,51071007,and 51401002)
文摘The interdependences of preparation conditions, magnetic and crystal structures, and magnetocaloric effects （MCE） of the MnFePGe-based compounds are reviewed. Based upon those findings, a new method for the evaluation of the MCE in these compounds, based on differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, is proposed. The MnFePGe-based compounds are a group of magnetic refrigerants with giant magnetocaloric effect （GMCE）, and as such, have drawn tremendous attention, especially due to their many advantages for practical applications. Structural evolution and phase transformation in the compounds as functions of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field are reported. Influences of preparation conditions upon the homogeneity of the compounds＇ chemical composition and microstructure, both of which play a key role in the MCE and thermal hysteresis of the compounds, are introduced. Lastly, the origin of the ＂virgin effect＂ in the MnFePGe- based compounds is discussed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10764003,30560039)the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges,North China Institute of Science and Technology for Nationalities(No.JCB1201A)
文摘A statistical thermodynamic theory of linear protein solutions was proposed with the aid of a lattice model and applied to type Ⅰ antifreeze protein（AFPI） solutions.The numerical results for several AFPI solutions show that the Gibbs function of the solution has a minimum at a certain protein concentration,but the protein chemical potential increases with increasing the concentration.The influences of temperature and protein chain length on the AFPI chemical potential were also discussed.The evaluation for the colligative depression of the freezing point confirms that the antifreeze action should be recognized as non-colligative.The theoretical deduction for the concentration dependence of the thermal hysteresis activity coincides qualitatively with the previous experimental and theoretical results.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30271093)
文摘Low temperature is one of the major limiting environmental factors which constitutes the growth, development, productivity and distribution of plants. Over the past several years, the proteins and genes associated with freezing resistance of plants have been widely studied. The recent progress of domestic and foreign research on plant antifreeze proteins and the identifica- tion and characterization of plant antifreeze protein genes, especially on expression regulatory mechanism of plant antifreeze proteins are reviewed in this paper. Finally, some unsolved problems and the trend of research in physiological functions and gene expression regulatory mechanism of plant antifreeze proteins are discussed.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51032005,51372180)the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education Priority Development Projects(20130143130002)+2 种基金the New Century Excellent Talents Program(NCET-11-0687)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2013CFA008)the Key Technology Innovation Project of Hubei Province(2013AAA005)
文摘Using the oxidation method from vanadium metal thin films by magnetron sputtering, under the fixed annealing parameters of temperature（400 ℃） and oxygen pressure（103 Pa）, we fabricated a series of vanadium dioxide thin films through the change of annealing durations or substrates（quartz glass or AZOcovered glass）. Characterization of the thermochromic properties together with the X-ray diffraction（XRD） and field emission scanning electron microscopy（FE-SEM） indicates that appropriate annealing duration is a key factor to obtain pure VO2 films and AZO-covered glass is more suitable to obtain the VO2 films with high visible transmittance, good crystallinity and larger near-infrared switching efficiencies（maximum 34% at 2000 nm） compared with the substrate of quartz glass. However, VO2 films on quartz glass exhibit narrower loop（7 ℃） with smart reversible response to temperature. Depth profile XPS spectra further indicate that for the films fabricated on quartz glass from thicker V metal films, the existence of low valence vanadium oxides is inevitable and leads to a lower transmittance in the region of visible light.
基金Acknowledgments This work was financially supported through a grant from the Special Fund for Forestry Research in the Public Interest （201304808, 201504302, 201204602）, Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province （Grant No. 2013FA052, 2010ZC235）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 31572337, 31000983）, National High Technology Research and Development Program （＂863＂ Program） of China （2014AA021801）, National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of RIRI-CAF （Grant No. riricaf200904M-3, riricaf2011006M）.
文摘The Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, can survive at extremely low temperatures, and some overwintering individuals exhibit supercooling at tempera- tures below -30℃. To investigate the deep supercooling ability ofE. pela, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to delineate the major gene and protein families responsible for the deep supercooling ability of overwintering females. Gene Ontology （GO） classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） analysis indicated that genes involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcium, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and pathways associated with the biosynthesis of soluble sugars, sugar alcohols and free amino acids were dominant. Proteins responsible for low-temperature stress, such as cold acclimation proteins, glycerol biosynthesis-related enzymes and heat shock proteins （HSPs） were identified. However, no antifreeze proteins （AFPs） were identified through sequence similarity search methods. A random forest approach identified 388 putative AFPs in the proteome. The AFP gene ep-afp was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein exhibited a thermal hysteresis activity of 0.97℃, suggesting its potential role in the deep supercooling ability ofE. pela.
基金We thank Shuai Yin and Baoquan Feng for their helpful discussions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science foundation of PRC （Grants Nos. 10625420 and 11575297） and FRFCUC.
文摘We study the scaling and universal behavior of temperature-driven first-order phase transitions in scalar models. These transitions are found to exhibit rich phenomena, though they are controlled by a single complex-conjugate pair of imaginary fixed points of φ3 theory. Scaling theories and renormalization group theories are developed to account for the phenomena, and three universality classes with their own hysteresis exponents are found： a field-like thermal class, a partly thermal class, and a purely thermal class, designated, respectively, as Thermal Classes I, II, and III. The first two classes arise from the opposite limits of the scaling forms proposed and may cross over to each other depending on the temperature sweep rate. They are both described by a massless model and a purely massive model, both of which are equivalent and are derived from φ3 theory via symmetry. Thermal Class III characterizes the cooling transitions in the absence of applied external fields and is described by purely thermal models, which include cases in which the order parameters possess different symmetries and thus exhibit different universality classes. For the purely thermal models whose free energies contain odd-symmetry terms, Thermal Class III emerges only at the mean-field level and is identical to Thermal Class II. Fluctuations change the model into the other two models. Using the extant three- and two- loop results for the static and dynamic exponents for the Yang-Lee edge singularity, respectively, which falls into the same universality class as φ3 theory, we estimate the thermal hysteresis exponents of the various classes to the same precision. Comparisons with numerical results and experiments are briefly discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51671045 and 51601073)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT16ZD209)+1 种基金the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program(2013GB107003 and 2015GB105003)the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in Northwestern Polytechnical University(SKLSP201607)
基金supported jointly by the Southwest Petroleum University Drilling Tools Youth Technology Innovation Team(2018CXTD03)Sichuan Science and Technology Plan Applied Basic Research Project(19YYJC1058)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51604234)Youth Scientific Research Innovation Team Project of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2017TD0014).
文摘Shale gas production has become the main driver of global gas production growth.Deep shale gas is difficult to extract,which puts forward higher requirements for drilling speed increase.The downhole power drilling tools are mainly screw drilling tools.Conventional screw drill tool stator bushing has poor heat dissipation,which is prone to thermal hysteresis failure,shortening drilling tool life,and is not suitable for high temperature and high pressure environment of deep shale gas wells.Equal wall thickness screw drilling tools and hydrogenated nitrile rubber have better high temperature resistance.Therefore,based on the thermal aging experiment and constitutive model of the rubber changes the displacement of the inner cavity of the stator bushing and the difference between the front and the back is up to 21.6%.The increase of the interference and eccentricity between rotor and motor leads to the increase of the maximum von Mises stress of the stator bushing and the thermal hysteresis temperature.The influence of the interference is greater than the influence of the eccentricity so that the interference should be given priority in the design.This paper provides a theoretical reference for the design and optimization of equal wall thickness bushing of positive displacement motor.
