Encapsulated Aerogel Fiber Mimicking the“Core–Shell”Structure of Polar Bear Hair for Thermal Insulation

Designing and large-scale production of woven aerogel fibers with superior thermal insulation and multifunctionality to meet human demand for warm textiles is a major challenge.In recent research,an encapsulated aerogel fiber that mimics the structure of polar bear hair has exhibited superior thermal insulation performance and mechanical strength.This innovation disrupts the current state of thermal insulation textiles,addresses the brittleness issue of aerogel fibers,and significantly enhances the processability of products.This study lays the groundwork for manufacturing efficient and sustainable thermal insulation textiles,which have immense potential in areas such as military attire and spacesuits in extreme cold environments.

Bio-PCM Panels Composed of Renewable Materials Interact with Solar Heating Systems for Building Thermal Insulation

This article aims to present the feasibility of storing thermal energy in buildings for solar water heating while maintaining the comfort environment for residential buildings.Our contribution is the creation of insulating composite panels made of bio-based phase change materials(bio-PCM is all from coconut oil),cement and renewable materials(treated wood fiber and organic clay).The inclusion of wood fibers improved the thermal properties;a simple 2%increase of wood fiber decreased the heat conductivity by approximately 23.42%.The issues of bio-PCM leakage in the cement mortar and a roughly 56.5%reduction in thermal conductivity with bio-PCM stability in composite panels can be resolved by treating wood fibers with an adjuvant by impregnating them in bio-PCM in the presence of the treated clay generated.Clay and wood fiber were treated with adjuvants that are both biological and environmentally acceptable,as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy.The heat transfer bench(DIDATEK)showed a decrease in thermal conductivity.By using differential scanning calorimetric(DSC)analysis,the investigation of thermal stability and enthalpy during two heating cycles of pure bio-PCM and composite bio-PCM was validated.The novel renewable material was used to create composite panels for the trial prototype,which took the shape of a component attached to the solar heating system,33.57%less heat was lost,according to the heat transfer research.The outcomes demonstrated the possibility of replacing traditional electric water heating in residential buildings with solar water heating systems.

Comparative Evaluation of the Thermal Aging of Solid Insulation in Mineral Oil and Methyl Ester of Palm Kernel Oil

The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of thermal aging on the dielectric and physicochemical properties of the oil/paper mixed insulation. We performed a comparative analysis of dielectric paper dipped in two cooling fluids: palm kernel oil methyl ester (MEPKO) and mineral oil (MO). Two types of dielectric paper were used: Thermally Upgraded Kraft paper (TUK) and Nomex-910 paper (NP-910). An accelerated aging test was realized at 110°C during a total of 96 hours. Samples of oil and paper were collected after 0, 48, 72 and 96 hours for analyses purposes. The analyses performed included the measurement of the Breakdown voltage (BDV) of the dielectric papers, the Total Acid Number (TAN) and the Decay Dissolved Products (DDP) of the liquid dielectrics. The BDV of NP-910 is greater than the BDV of TUK. Concerning the type of oil, the BDV of dielectric papers impregnated with MEPKO is greater than the BDV of similar papers impregnated with MO, indicating a better preservation of paper when dipped in methyl esters. The analyses of TAN and DDP revealed that Nomex-910 improves the oxidation stability of MO, but reduces the oxidation stability of MEPKO. These results prove that methyl esters can be used as a substitute to replace mineral oils in power transformers. Furthermore, they show that NP can be used mainly in areas of transformer where solid insulation is subjected to high thermal and electrical stress, and TUK other places where solid insulation is required. Such combination could assure money savings and a better preservation of the oil viscosity.

High Alumina Fiber Composite SiO_2 Based Nanoporous Insulation Boards

The specimens were prepared with high alumina fiber accounting for 0. 5% , 10% or 15% by mass of the total amount of amorphous silica and high alumina fiber, using phenolic resin as binder, and extra-adding 0 or 0. 5% ZnO as sunscreen to cut the cost of SiO2 nanoporous insulation board. The hot volume stability and thermal conductivity （flat plate method ） of the specimens were tested and multi-Jimetion simulation equipment was used to study the thermal insulation performante. The results show that： （1） with high alumina fiber addition increasing, the linear shrinkage rate decreases, but thermal eonductivity changes a little; （2） adding ZnO can decrease thermal conductivity obviously; （3）for the specimen with ZnO and 15% of high alumina fiber, its cold face temperature hardly rises during the simulation experiment at 1 000 ℃ for 2 h, and the cold face temperature of the specimen with the smallest thickness of 2 cm doesn＇t exceed 180 ℃.

Fiber Bragg grating monitors for thermal and stress of the composite insulators in transmission lines

Running composite insulators are prone to failure due to their harsh surrounding work environment, which directly affects the safe operation of transmission lines. This paper puts forward the method of using fiber Bragg grating(FBG) as the monitors to parameters correlated with thermal and stress of the composite insulators in transmission lines at working status. Firstly, monitoring points are found out by the mechanical test on composite insulator samples. Secondly, based on the monitoring theory, this paper introduces the feasibility design frame of the composite insulator with FBG implanted in the rod and the online monitor system. At last, it describes applications of this monitor system in the field of transmission lines.

Preparation of Nanoporous Thermal Insulating Materials and Their Application as Ladle Linings

The nanoporous thermal insulating material was prepared by using fumed silica,SiC powder and glass fiber as starting materials,the appropriate thickness of the nanoporous thermal insulating material lined in ladle was discussed by the simulation method,and the effect of its application as ladle lining was investigated.The results show that the thermal conductivity of the nanoporous thermal insulating material prepared in composition of fumed silica： SiC powder： glass fiber =75： 20：5 （in mass） is 0.023 W · m^-1 · K^-1 at 1 000 ℃,the appropriate thickness of the nanoporous thermal insulating material lined in ladle is ≤ 5 mm and the average temperature of the ladle outside surface when lined with the nanoporous thermal insulating material is 95 ℃ lower than that with the ordinary thermal insulating material.

Optimization of Compressed Ceramics Fiber Insulating Layers

Compressed thin layers of ceramic fiber insulation are used as high temperature insulating layers as well as mechanical support for catalyst coated ceramic monoliths in automotive emission control devices. Minimization of energy losses, choice of material and thickness of com- pressed insulating layer are based on knowledge of their thermal physical properties. Currently, consistent meas- urements of materials in a compressed state, as they would be in emission control applications, are absent due to the absence of suitable methods for s,wh tests. A test method was developed for measurement of the thermal conductivity of compressed thin fiber layers. This paper summarizes the results of thermal conductivity and diffu- sivity measurements of 27 compressed fiber alumina -sili- ca -vermiculite materials in the range of 200 -950℃. Thermal physical properties as a function of temperature, density/mechanical pressure, thickness and composition of insulating layers are presented. The whole set of exper- imental data is generalized on 3D surface plots and de- scribed by polynomial functions. The possible heat trans- fer mechanisms governing apparent thermal conductivity of pressed insulation layers are discussed.

Controllable Strong and Ultralight Aramid Nanofiber‑Based Aerogel Fibers for Thermal Insulation Applications

High-performance polymer-based aerogel fibers with ultrahigh porosity,mechanical robustness and outstanding thermal stability are demanded for applying in effective thermal insulation devices,especially in harsh environment.However,the poor mechanical properties and thermal stability of the commonly reported polymer-based aerogel fibers restricted their applications in many areas.As a special nano-build-block,aramid nanofiber-based aerogel fiber is expected to conquer this problem in virtue of the outstanding performance,intrinsically related to aramid fibers.Herein,a series of aramid nanofiber-based aerogel fibers were fabricated via a facial wet-spinning method combined with freeze-drying technique.The effects of coagulation bath temperature and the solid contents of the spinning precursors on their morphologies and mechanical properties were systematically studied.The obtained aerogel fibers possessed high porosity(>92%),good mechanical prop-erties(tensile strength~8.1 MPa)and high specific surface area(~239 m^(2)/g).Meanwhile,the woven textiles exhibited a low thermal conductivity(~34 mW/(m·K))and outstanding thermal insulation properties under a wide range of temperature.In addition,surface modification by Teflon resin could make the ANAFs hydrophobic,thus exhibiting their applicational pros-pects in a humid environment.Overall,the aramid nanofiber-based aerogel fibers and their textile throw light in a favorable direction for developing high-performance thermal insulation fibers and textiles.

Polyimide Aerogel Fibers with Controllable Porous Microstructure for Super‑Thermal Insulation Under Extreme Environments

Application of aerogel fibers in thermal insulating garments have sparked a substantial interest.However,achieving a high porosity and low thermal conductivity for aerogel fibers remain challenging,despite the innovative designs of porous struc-ture.Herein,we fabricated lightweight and super-thermal insulating polyimide(PI)aerogel fibers via freeze-spinning by using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)as a pore regulator.The high affinity of PVA with water enables it to accelerate the ice crystal nucleation,adjust pore formation,and construct a controllable porous structure of PI aerogel fiber.The as-fabricated PI aerogel fiber has a considerable reduced pore size,high porosity(95.6%),improved flexibility and mechanical strength,and can be woven into fabrics.The PI aerogel fabric exhibits low thermal conductivity and excellent thermal insulation in a wide range of temperature(from-196 to 300℃).Furthermore,the PI aerogel fabrics can be easily functionalized to expand their applications,such as in intelligent temperature regulation and photothermal conversion.These results demonstrate that the aerogel fibers/fabric are promising materials for next-generation textile materials for personal thermal management.

Synergistic regulation of temperature resistance and thermal insulation performance of zirconia-based ceramic fibers

ZrO_(2) fiber is a promising high-temperature resistant and heat-insulating fiber material.However,the decrease in mechanical properties caused by grain growth at high temperatures seriously affects its application.How to achieve the synergy of its temperature resistance and the thermal insulation performance is still the focus of the current industry.In this work,we started with doping inequivalent elements and studied the phase composition,temperature resistance,and thermal insulation properties of Y_(2)O_(3)-ZrO_(2) ceramic fibers by adjusting the Y/Zr molar ratio.The results showed that Y_(2)O_(3) could enter the crystal lattice of ZrO_(2) and form a solid solution.With the increase in Y_(2)O_(3) content,the structure of fibers changed from a tetragonal phase to a cubic phase,and the configurational entropy of the system increased.The larger configuration entropy in the sample could produce a robust steric hindrance effect,inhibiting grain growth.After heat treatment at 1300℃,the grain size of Y_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)(Y5Z5)fibers was only 61.8%that of Y_(0.1)Zr_(0.9)O_(1.95)(Y1Z9)fibers.The smaller grain size made the Y5Z5 fibers still have excellent flexibility and deformation recovery performance after heat treatment at 1300℃and could still return to the original state after 85%compression or folded in half.In addition,due to the larger configurational entropy,the mean free path of phonon scattering was shortened,thereby improving the thermal insulation performance of the fiber.In short,this work achieves the synergistic effect of temperature resistance and thermal insulation properties of zirconia-based fiber materials only through simple inequivalent element doping.

Wet Spinning Technology for Aerogel Fiber:Pioneering the Frontier of High‑Performance and Multifunctional Materials

Aerogel fiber has broad applications in thermal insulation,pollution adsorption,biomedicine,energy storage,and aerospace.However,the large-scale and continuous production of aerogel fibers remains a significant challenge.Wet spinning technology transforms the static sol-gel process into rapid dynamic gel fiber molding,and is the preferred spinning method for continuous molding and large-scale production of aerogel fibers.This review provides a systematic overview of the production process of wet-spun aerogel fibers and the obstacles it encounters in the forming and drying stages.It also discusses the progress of different spinning strategies in optimizing the structure and properties of aerogel fibers.Recent advances in the properties of aerogel fibers,such as thermal insulation,adsorption,and optical and electromagnetic shielding,which are affected by the structural characteristics of aerogel fibers,are presented.Finally,this review provides a brief conclusion and discusses the technical challenges and future directions for wet-spun aerogel fibers.This review is expected to offer fresh perspectives and innovative strategies for the continuous production of aerogel fibers,the development of high-performance and multifunctional aerogel fibers,and their diverse applications.

保温叠合剪力墙FRP连接件力学性能

以夹心保温叠合剪力墙为研究对象,研究螺纹型、矩形和六芒星状3种纤维增强复合材料连接件(FRP)在施工阶段和使用阶段下的抗剪力学性能,并且对三种FRP连接件在两个阶段下的破坏形态、抗拔承载力和荷载-位移曲线进行分析,结果表明:试件的破坏形态主要有混凝土锚固破坏,层间剪切破坏和断裂破坏。施工阶段下单根FRP连接件最终抗剪承载力在1.41~3.91 kN之间,使用阶段下单根FRP连接件最终的抗剪承载力在3.19~6.02 kN之间,根据理论公式得到的计算值与试验值对比可知,在两个阶段情况下3种连接件的安全系数均大于1,均有较大的安全储备,可以应用到实际工程中。

Preparation and Characterization of Alumina-coated Hollow Quartz Fiber Reinforced Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2) Aerogel Composite

Al_(2)O_(3)–SiO_(2)sols were synthesized by using aluminum chloride hex hydrate and tetraethoxysilane(TEOS)as precursors,deionized water and ethanol mixture as the solvent,and propylene oxide as the coagulant aids.Alumina coatings were prepared on the surfaces of hollow quartz filament fiber,then a new lightweight and thermal insulating material were successfully prepared by impregnatingAl_(2)O_(3)–SiO_(2)sol into a needle fabric made by coated hollow quartz filament fiber.The coated quartz fiber,aerogels and composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),nitrogen adsorption-desorption(BET),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and tensile tests.The effects of different fiber and calcination temperatures on the microstructures and properties ofAl_(2)O_(3)–SiO_(2)composite aerogels were investigated.The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of the aerogels are improved by introducing quartz filament fabrics and the introduction of alumina coating improves the thermal stability of the material.Compared to other fibers,Al_(2)O_(3)-coated hollow quartz fiber has significant advantages as reinforcement for composite,and their tensile strength is well retained after high temperature heat treatment.

高热故障下变压器油纸绝缘系统的产气机理研究

针对高热故障下超/特高压变压器内部绝缘系统状态变化和产气机理不清晰而严重制约变压器状态分析诊断的问题,本文基于热焓理论与仿真模拟手段相结合的方式对超/特高压变压器高热故障下油纸绝缘系统特征气体的生成路径与油纸绝缘系统的裂解机理开展研究。依据热焓理论得到气体的生成机理,并利用仿真模拟验证本文所提出的产气机理与路径。结果表明:高热故障下油纸绝缘系统中链烷烃要比环烷烃和双环芳香烃更容易发生裂解,各组分裂解生成特征气体的速率从大到小依次为纤维素、链烷烃、环烷烃、双环芳香烃。根据气体生成能可知,特征气体CH_4和C_(2)H_6最容易生成,C_(2)H_(2)最难生成,可通过特征气体在油纸绝缘系统中的生成速率判断高热故障的严重程度。

聚丙烯/玻璃纤维复合泡沫的制备及隔声隔热性能

以二缩三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯(TPGDA)和苯乙烯(St)为单体,过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)为引发剂,玻璃纤维(GF)为填料,通过熔融共混法和模压发泡法制备了聚丙烯(PP)/GF复合泡沫,利用PP分子上熔融接枝形成的TPGDA-St共聚物长链支化结构作为相容剂,促进GF在PP基体中的分散,通过GF与TPGDA-St共聚物长链支化结构的协同作用,有效改善PP熔体和复合泡沫的性能。研究了支化结构相容剂和填料用量对PP熔体强度、热稳定性、结晶性能以及复合泡沫微观形貌、隔热性能、声学性能、力学性能的影响。结果表明,TPGDA-St共聚物长链支化结构相容剂能够有效促进GF在PP基体中的分散,强化界面相互作用,形成较为完善的填料网络,显著提升了PP的熔体强度、发泡性能和结晶性能。当GF用量为10份时,PP/GF复合泡沫的泡孔均匀、形状规则、压缩性能良好,具备优异的隔声性能和隔热性能,平均声音传输损耗达到59.7 dB,相较于纯PP泡沫提高了84.8%,导热系数低至0.055 W/(m·K),相较于纯PP泡沫降低了65.6%。

基于玄武岩纤维的建筑外墙保温砂浆力学性能研究

以玄武岩纤维为掺入对象,制备了聚苯乙烯颗粒保温砂浆,设置试验分析不同纤维质量分数(0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%)以及不同纤维长度(8、18 mm)条件下的保温砂浆性能状况,试验结果显示:保温砂浆干密度在掺入玄武岩纤维后得到显著提升;软化系数、抗折强度和抗压强度等力学性能得到显著改良,但同时稠度有所下降;导热性能方面,各组保温砂浆无明显差异;玄武岩纤维质量分数为1.5%时保温砂浆性能最佳,且纤维长度为18 mm时的改良效果相对优于8 mm。研究结果可为建筑墙体保温砂浆的性能改良方案选择提供一定的指导作用。

植物油与固体绝缘材料在电力变压器中的相容性研究

为了研究植物绝缘油与变压器绝缘纸材料的相容性,将变压器常用的9种不同类型的绝缘纸材料与植物绝缘油相结合,研究了植物绝缘油和绝缘纸在老化164 h后的性能变化。观察了绝缘纸和绝缘油在热老化实验前后的性能差异,并测试了这些不同油纸组合的运动黏度、水分含量、酸值、介电损耗系数、击穿电压和油的气相色谱分析。结果表明,植物绝缘油老化后,运动黏度没有较大变化,且植物绝缘油结构完整性和功能稳定性仍然良好。此外,植物绝缘油与22HCC丹尼森绝缘纸高度相容。相较于其他实验组,电绝缘纸板与植物绝缘油的相容性较差。热老化后,金属皱纹纸和层压纸板与植物绝缘油的击穿电压较低,两者之间的兼容性较差。这些发现为选择相容性好的绝缘材料和优化绝缘结构以确保植物基绝缘油变压器的安全稳定运行提供了依据。此外,研究结果有助于推广和应用植物绝缘油,促进可持续能源的发展。

纳米氧化锌改性纤维素绝缘纸力学和热学性能的分子动力学模拟

随着电力负荷激增和电压水平不断提高,绝缘纸的力学性能和热稳定性面临着严峻挑战.然而,由于缺乏直接的科学理论或模拟指导,传统低效的“试错性”试验难以快速高效地研发新型纤维素复合绝缘纸.针对这一问题,本文提出通过分子动力学模拟,研究纳米氧化锌(nano-ZnO)对纤维素的力学和热学性能的提升效果.首先设计了nano-ZnO/纤维素复合材料模型,然后从微观角度分析了不同nano-ZnO含量的改性纤维素的力学性能和热稳定性,从而确定nano-ZnO和纤维素的最佳配比.结果表明,相比于未改性模型,nano-ZnO改性纤维素模型的力学性能、内聚能密度、玻璃化转变温度和导热系数均有提升,弹性模量最高提升了45.31%,导热系数最高提升了41.49%.因为nano-ZnO的加入能够有效填充纤维网络中的空隙,并增强纤维素链之间的作用力和导热通道,从而提升纤维素的热力学性能.本工作为可快速制备出具有优良热力学性能的改性纤维素绝缘纸提供有价值的理论参考.

包载型聚丙烯腈/SiO_(2)气凝胶复合纳米纤维制备及其隔热性能

针对传统气凝胶纤维后处理操作复杂、加工不稳定等问题,且为有效集成纳米气凝胶与纳米纤维功能和结构优势,本文围绕新型气凝胶复合纳米纤维成形与结构调控的关键难题,利用溶液喷射同轴纺丝技术将聚丙烯腈(PAN)与SiO_(2)气凝胶通过一步法制备PAN/SiO_(2)气凝胶复合纳米纤维,研究了复合纳米纤维中SiO_(2)气凝胶质量浓度对纤维形态结构、稳定性、孔径分布、隔热性能的影响。结果表明:所制备的PAN/SiO_(2)气凝胶复合纳米纤维形态结构上呈三维卷曲状,SiO_(2)气凝胶的引入使纤维表面形成多孔褶皱型结构,且纤维表面的微孔、介孔含量随SiO_(2)气凝胶质量浓度的增加逐渐增多;该气凝胶复合纳米纤维具有优异的隔热性能,当SiO_(2)气凝胶质量浓度为6 mg/mL时,PAN/SiO_(2)气凝胶复合纳米纤维在40℃的导热系数低至0.03738 W/(m·K),未来在服用保暖、工业隔热、军用热红外屏蔽等方面具有广阔的应用前景。