Optical micro-scanning location calibration of thermal microscope imaging system

A method of micro-scanning location adaptive calibration was proposed, which was real- ized by the digital image micro-displacement estimation. With geometric calculation, this calibration method used the displacement estimation of two thermal microscope images to get the size and direc- tion of each scanning location calibration angle. And each location calibration process was repeated according to the offset given by the system beforehand. The comparison experiments of sequence oversampling reconstruction before and after the micro-scanning location calibration were done. The results showed that the calibration method effectively improved the thermal microscope imaging qual- ity.

Calibration of X-ray telescope prototypes at PANTER

We report on a ground X-ray calibration of two X-ray telescope prototypes at the PANTER X-ray Test Facility, operated by the Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, in Neuried, Germany.The X-ray telescope prototypes were developed by the Institute of Precision Optical Engineering(IPOE)of Tongji University, in a conical Wolter-I configuration, using thermal glass slumping technology.Prototype #1 with three layers and Prototype #2 with 21 layers were tested to assess the prototypes’ onaxis imaging performance. The measurement of Prototype #1 indicates a Half Power Diameter(HPD) of 82′′ at 1.49 keV. As for Prototype #2, we performed more comprehensive measurements of on-axis angular resolution and effective area at several energies ranging from 0.5–10 keV. The HPD and effective area are111′′ and 39 cm^2 at 1.49 keV, respectively, at which energy the on-axis performance of the prototypes is our greatest concern.

Calibration of Discrete Element Heat Transfer Parameters by Central Composite Design

The efficiency and precision of parameter calibration in discrete element method （DEM） are not satisfactory, and parameter calibration for granular heat transfer is rarely involved. Accordingly, parameter calibration for granular heat transfer with the DEM is studied. The heat transfer in granular assemblies is simulated with DEM, and the effective thermal conductivity （ETC） of these granular assemblies is measured with the transient method in simulations. The measurement testbed is designed to test the ETC of the granular assemblies under normal pressure and a vacuum based on the steady method. Central composite design （CCD） is used to simulate the impact of the DEM parameters on the ETC of granular assemblies, and the heat transfer parameters are calibrated and compared with experimental data. The results show that, within the scope of the considered parameters, the ETC of the granular assemblies increases with an increasing particle thermal conductivity and decreases with an increasing particle shear modulus and particle diameter. The particle thermal conductivity has the greatest impact on the ETC of granular assemblies followed by the particle shear modulus and then the particle diameter. The calibration results show good agreement with the experimental results. The error is less than 4%, which is within a reasonable range for the scope of the CCD parameters. The proposed research provides high efficiency and high accuracy parameter calibration for granular heat transfer in DEM.

On-Line Measurement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater in a Pulp and Paper Mill Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Although near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been evaluated for numerous applications, the number of actual on-line or even on-site industrial applications seems to be very limited. In the present paper, the attempts to produce online predictions of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater from a pulp and paper mill using NIR spectroscopy are described. The task was perceived as very challenging, but with a root mean square error of prediction of 149 mg/l, roughly corresponding to 1/10 of the studied concentration interval, this attempt was deemed as successful. This result was obtained by using partial least squares model regression, interpolated reference values for calibration purposes, and by evenly distributing the calibration data in the concentration space. This work may also represent the first industrial application of online COD measurements in wastewater using NIR spectroscopy.

AC current automatic calibration using two different TCC designs

AC currents are automatically calibrated by two different thermal current converter(TCC)designs.The two designs are different in the used number of the thermal-elements(TEs).Consequently they differ in their output electro motive force(EMF).Studying the effect of changing the output EMF is done in this paper through calibrating AC currents.5 mA and 5 A are accurately calibrated at different frequencies 55 Hz,1 kHz and10 kHz by the two TCCs.A comparison is made between the results to evaluate the effect of the output EMF value on the accuracy and the uncertainty of the low and higher AC current calibration.A LabVIEW program is designed for this accurate automatic calibration to overcome the problems of the manual calibration on the thermal converters.

基于恒定功率的热式流量计设计与测试

针对热式流量计的温度漂移问题,提出了一种恒定功率模式下的热式流量计结构,并对其数字校准方法进行了研究。与传统热式流量计相比,增加了环境探头,该探头内嵌于流体管道壁。各传感器之间采用隔热措施,利用环境探头和感温探头测量得到的电压信号进行实时数字校准。采用音速喷嘴法燃气表检验装置对流量计进行检测。检测结果显示:流量在0.016~0.25 m^(3)/h范围内误差率小于0.5%,流量在0.25~6 m^(3)/h范围内误差率小于1.0%,温度漂移现象有效改善。

一种变压器绕组温控器热模拟温升校准方法

变压器绕组温控器的热模拟温升对变压器温度的准确测量具有重要的影响。为准确评价并测量绕组温控器的热模拟温升特性,提出一种变压器绕组温控器热模拟温升校准方法。首先介绍绕组温控器热模拟原理及结构组成,其次讨论热模拟特性的具体校准方法和相关设备组成,最后通过对不同规格型号的绕组温控器热模拟温升部分进行测量校准。通过对测量数据的分析和研究,表明该校准方法测量准确度能够满足不大于被测绕组温控器最大允许误差1/3的要求,在此基础上总结了在测量过程中的影响因素和减小测量误差的方法。

基于新型热管理集成架构的余热回收特性研究

基于R134a冷媒提出了一种新的热管理集成架构,利用9通阀模式切换实现回收电池电机余热,主要通过压缩机能耗和COP两项指标评估其低温行车工况下的余热回收效果。本文进行了AMESIM系统模型搭建,并基于基础工况试验数据进行了仿真模型标定,保证了模型可信度;同时本架构和其他架构进行了仿真对比。仿真结果表明:本文研究的集成架构在寒冷低温环境下,热泵模式可回收利用电池电机两大废热,余热回收量高达到3.412 kW;系统能量消耗减少至0.62 kW,相对传统热泵系统降低了50.34%;系统COP最高可达4.465,相对传统热泵系统大幅度提升了50.39%,为增加新能源车低温续航能力提供了有力保障。

行星科学研究中热发射光谱的实验测量与定标方法

准确的物质组成信息是解译行星体形成与演化历史的关键,可见–近红外遥感光谱探测一直是获取行星表面成分的主要技术手段.在热红外谱段光谱特征更为丰富,因此随着探测技术的发展,其在行星探测中得到越来越多的应用.尤其是在目前已经实施与立项的国内外小行星探测任务中,都将热发射光谱仪作为核心载荷之一.为了更好地对将来获取的热发射光谱数据进行解译,建立科学合理的数据处理与定标方案是必不可少的.本文对用于行星科学研究的热发射光谱测量装置的设计、测量及数据处理方法进行了系统分析.针对低温、真空条件下热发射测量过程中样品辐射信号与仪器辐射信号难以分离的问题,提出并论证了基于傅里叶变换红外光谱仪原始测量信号–干涉图的数据处理方法.该方法可以更为有效地分离出样品实际辐射信号,从而获得更为准确的发射率光谱数据.研究结果可为国内相关热发射测量装置的设计与搭建以及未来天问二号等探测数据的处理与科学解译提供参考.

单侧热绝缘热流计校准装置的研制

热流计是量化热能转移的仪器。为解决非对称平面热流计、热流传感器校准的难题,基于绝对法原理,对保护板法进行改进,建立一种单侧热绝缘的热流计校准装置,由主加热器、绝热层、保护加热器、功率输出系统、温度反馈调节系统和数据采集系统组成,装置可溯源至标准功率计。在400~1 000 W/m2范围内对装置进行验证,测试结果与传统保护板法热流计校准装置标定结果基本一致。根据测试结果评估电流源偏差、背向和侧向热损失、蓄热损失、测量重复性、面积不一致、装载方式对测量结果的影响。经过实验和分析,该装置的不确定度可以达到3%以内。

小型风速发生装置在风速现场校准量值溯源中的应用与研究

国内各大型家电企业积极推动空调行业向绿色低碳持续转型,为了适应人们在日常生活中,对房间空调器合理的通风,适当的风速和空气的均匀分布,是取得既定的空气品质和舒适性的关键所在。风速参量可测,成为一个重要的指引性指标。基于本文对适用于空调器的性能和工作原理的分析,提出针对现场校准热式风速传感器的校准方法研究,以确保空调器检测线能满足日常检测使用要求。

考虑接触热导的电动扭矩扳子校准装置热特性分析

为了提升动态扭矩参数的测量准确度,基于分形理论,引入接触热导参数,建立结合面接触热导模型,并进行数值仿真。同时针对典型的电动扭矩扳子校准装置,利用接触热导模型对其轴承结合部进行温度仿真并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:接触热导参数分别与接触载荷和材料特性参数呈现正相关增长趋势,而与尺度参数呈现负相关增加趋势;当2.1≤D≤2.7时,接触热导参数随分形维数D的增大而增大;当2.7≤D≤2.9时,接触热导参数反而随着分形维数D的增大而减小。考虑接触热导的上、下轴承结合部最高温度均比不考虑时高出4~6℃,且与试验结果接近,相对误差分别为2.7%和3.3%。

可见光相机辅助的热红外相机几何定标

为提升热红外相机的几何定位精度,针对热红外相机空间分辨率低、影像对比度差、边缘特征模糊等问题,提出了可见光相机辅助的热红外相机几何定标方法。在近景摄影测量环境下,设计了一种兼顾可见光相机与热红外相机的新型三维几何定标场,采用“先内定向、再外定向”的方法分步实现几何定标与应用测量。在倾斜航空摄影测量环境下,将几何定标与应用测量融为一体,在三维重建中考虑相机畸变对影像定位精度的影响,同时实现高精度的几何定标和三维重建。实验结果表明,该方法能大幅提升热红外相机的几何定标精度与稳定性,为高精度三维重建等应用提供支撑。

水泥窑在线热工标定系统开发及应用

水泥窑在线热工标定系统以MES生产执行管控信息化系统为基础,通过智能化仪器仪表,连续在线采集、存储、清洗生产运行数据,定期完成热工指标核算并输出标定报告。介绍了在线热工标定系统的网络架构和数据采集来源、测定办法及计算依据;列举了可实现的系统功能;说明了窑头一次风量、冷却机鼓风量、系统漏入空气量、C1出口粉尘浓度、熟料形成热等核心热工指标数据的计算过程。槐坎南方项目应用在线热工标定系统对2023年3月份冷却机检修前后的热效率作量化对比分析,冷却机热效率提高3%~4%,在线热工标定分析结果与人工分析结果高度契合,实现了离线热工标定方式向在线热工标定方式的转变。

关于如何实现红外热成像仪全面、精确校准的探讨

本文以红外热成像仪的工作原理为出发点,结合热像仪的一些关键性参数和校准规范要求,重点分析了其技术参数对计量性能的影响,并对如何准确校准热像仪温度进行探讨。同时,为综合评价热像仪的计量性能,提出了几个新的热像仪校准参数,并对其校准方法和校准步骤进行阐述。

2500t/d水泥熟料生产线烧成系统的热工分析及优化

某2500t/d水泥熟料生产线存在熟料易磨性差、氨水用量大、预热器C1出口温度高等问题。通过标定烧成系统预热器各级旋风筒进出口温度、压力、下料温度及重点部位的气体成分,分析了预热器系统运行过程中存在的问题。提出了优化分解炉煤粉管路,改造烟室和C4撒料板结构,提高缩口风速,改进旋风筒进口水平段和分解炉鹅颈管,增设阶梯式预燃炉等技改方案。改造后,预热器C1出口温度由340℃降至320℃,在保持NO_(x)排放浓度45mg/m^(3)不变的情况下,氨水用量从4.5kg/t.cl降低至2.6kg/t.cl,氨逃逸<5mg/m^(3),回转窑系统运行稳定。

弱电设备远距离供电探讨

针对离电源点较远的弱电设备取电较难、供电距离较长的问题,结合宽电压输入范围直流电源的实际电压输入需求、规范要求的电压降范围,在满足接地故障保护、短路保护等要求的前提下,进行计算和分析,提出远距离场所弱电设备低压供电距离的观点。

Temperature control for thermal treatment of aluminum alloy in a large-scale vertical quench furnace

The temperature control of the large-scale vertical quench furnace is very difficult due to its huge volume and complex thermal exchanges. To meet the technical requirement of the quenching process, a temperature control system which integrates temperature calibration and temperature uniformity control is developed for the thermal treatment of aluminum alloy workpieces in the large-scale vertical quench furnace. To obtain the aluminum alloy workpiece temperature, an air heat transfer model is newly established to describe the temperature gradient distribution so that the immeasurable workpiece temperature can be calibrated from the available thermocouple temperature. To satisfy the uniformity control of the furnace temperature, a second order partial differential equation(PDE) is derived to describe the thermal dynamics inside the vertical quench furnace. Based on the PDE, a decoupling matrix is constructed to solve the coupling issue and decouple the heating process into multiple independent heating subsystems. Then, using the expert control rule to find a compromise of temperature rising time and overshoot during the quenching process. The developed temperature control system has been successfully applied to a 31 m large-scale vertical quench furnace, and the industrial running results show the significant improvement of the temperature uniformity, lower overshoot and shortened processing time.

A 2D Finite Element Study on the Flow Pattern and Temperature Distribution for an Isothermal Spherical Furnace with the Aperture

Calibration of radiation thermometers is one of the important research activities in the field of metrology. Many researchers in recent times have conducted numerical simulations on the calibration furnace to understand and overcome the experiment limitations. This paper presents a 2D numerical free convective study on the calibration furnace with the aperture using finite element method. The focused issues here are: aspect ratio effect on the flow pattern and temperature fields, heat transfer mechanism in the aperture zone as well as in hump regime. It is concluded that flow and temperature fields follow the same behavior in the hump regime as well as in the aperture zone. Also, it concluded that penetrative convection is more dominant for the enclosure of high aspect ratio.

过程校验仪校验热电阻输入模块误差分析

针对某过程校验仪校验热电阻信号输入模块时存在的温度数据误差率达8.45%的异常现象,开展实验研究。将温度测量转换为电阻测量问题,分别设计了应用过程校验仪及精密电阻箱进行校验的实验。实验数据显示,前者的电阻值测量数据平均误差率为14.1%,后者误差率仅为0.21%。然后通过数据分析,提出假设。实验验证了模块电阻测量值与校验仪输出值的比等于两者激励电流之比的规律。两者激励电流不一致导致产生测量误差;建议选用精密电阻箱校验模块,若使用校验仪,需要确保与被校验设备的激励电流相等。