Controllable preparation of graphene glass fiber fabric towards mass production and its application in self-adaptive thermal management

Direct synthesis of graphene on nonmetallic substrates via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has become a frontier research realm targeting transfer-free applications of CVD graphene.However,the stable mass production of graphene with a favorable growth rate and quality remains a grand challenge.Herein,graphene glass fiber fabric (GGFF) was successfully developed through the controllable growth of graphene on non-catalytic glass fiber fabric,employing a synergistic binary-precursor CVD strategy to alleviate the dilemma between growth rate and quality.The binary precursors consisted of acetylene and acetone,where acetylene with high decomposition efficiency fed rapid graphene growth while oxygencontaining acetone was adopted for improving the layer uniformity and quality.Notably,the bifurcating introducing-confluent premixing (BI-CP) system was self-built for the controllable introduction of gas and liquid precursors,enabling the stable production of GGFF.GGFF features solar absorption and infrared emission properties,based on which the self-adaptive dual-mode thermal management film was developed.This film can automatically switch between heating and cooling modes by spontaneously perceiving the temperature,achieving excellent thermal management performances with heating and cooling power of~501.2 and~108.6 W m-2,respectively.These findings unlock a new strategy for the large-scale batch production of graphene materials and inspire advanced possibilities for further applications.

Effects of thermally pretreated temperature on bio-hydrogen production from sewage sludge

Hydrogen can be obtained by anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge. Therefore, in this paper the effects of thermally pretreated temperatures on hydrogen production from sewage sludge were investigated under different pre-treatment conditions. In the thermal pretreatment, some microbial matters of sludge were converted into soluble matters from insoluble ones. As a result, the suspended solid（SS） and volatile suspended solid（VSS） of sludge decreased and the concentration of soluble COD（SCOD） increased, including soluble carbohydrates and proteins. The experimental results showed that all of those pretreated sludge could produce hydrogen by anaerobic fermentation and the hydrogen yields under the temperatures of 121℃ and 50℃ were 12.23 ml/g VS（most） and 1.17 ml/g VS （least）, respectively. It illuminated that the hydrogen yield of sludge was affected by the thermally pretreated temperatures. Additionally, the endurance of high hydrogen yield depended on the translation of microbial matters and inhibition of methanogens in the sludge. The temperatures of 100℃ and 121℃ （treated time, 30 min） could kill or inhibit completely the methanogens while the others could not. To produce hydrogen and save energy, 100℃ was chosen as the optimal temperature for thermal pretrcatment. The composition changes in liquid phase in the fermentation process were also discussed. The SCOD of sludge increased, which was affected by the pretreatment temperature. The production of volatile fatty acids in the anaerobic fermentation increased with the pretreatment temperature.

Design and Control of Thermally Coupled Reactive Distillation Sequence for Biodiesel Production

Decreasing petroleum reserves and growing alternative fuels requirements have promoted the study of biodiesel production. In this work, two thermally coupled reactive distillation designs for biodiesel production were investigated, and the sensitivity analysis was conducted to obtain the appropriate design values. The thermodynamic analysis and economics evaluation were performed to estimate the superiority of the thermally coupled designs over the base case. The proposed biodiesel production processes were simulated using the simulator Aspen Plus, and calculation results show that the exergy loss and economic cost in the two thermally coupled designs can be greatly reduced. It is found that the thermally coupled side-stripper reactive distillation design provides more economic benefits than the side-rectifier one. The dynamic performance of the thermally coupled side-stripper design was investigated and the results showed that the proposed control structure could effectively handle large feed disturbances.

Application of In-Flight Melting Technology by RF Induction Thermal Plasmas to Glass Production

An innovative in-flight glass melting technology with induced thermal plasmas was developed for the purpose of energy conservation and environmental protection. Two-dimensional modeling was used to simulate the thermofluid fields in the plasma torch. The in-flight melting behavior of glass raw material was investigated by various analysis methods. Results showed that the plasma temperature was up to 10000 K with a maximum velocity over 30 m/s, which made it possible to melt the granulated glass raw material within milliseconds. The carbonates in the raw material decomposed completely and the compounds in the raw material attainted 100% vitrification during the in-flight time from the nozzle exit to substrate. The particle melting process is similar to the unreacted-core shrinking model.

Heat Production Rate Calculation of Thermal Manikin with a Compensation Method

Thermal manikin plays important roles in simulating thethermal state of human bodies to facilitate the evaluationof thermal comfort properties of various clothing assem-blies.Based on the heat balance principle and analysis ofrelated factors,the heat production rate of manikin isrecommended as an efficient evaluation index.Whereas,its inside heat production which occurs as a result of theexistence of temperature difference between its insidepart and outside surface,should not be ignored.Through a series of theoretical analysis and calculations,a compensative equation is deduced in this paper.

Evaluation on Solar Radiation Resource and Photosynthetic and Thermal Potential Productivity in Shandong Province

To evaluate scientifically the change of photosynthetic and thermal potential productivity caused by climate variation,based on comparison with mean of previous 30 years(1971-2000),the change of total solar radiation,sunshine hours,photosynthetic active radiation,photosynthetic and thermal potential productivity since 2001 were analyzed through data of radiation,sunshine and temperature in Shandong Province from 1971 to 2007,and the change trend was also tested by Mann-Kendall non-parametric statistical met...

Development of calcium coke for CaC2 production using calcium carbide slag and coking coal

A type of calcium coke was developed for use in the oxy-thermal process of calcium carbide production.The calcium coke was prepared by the co-pyrolysis of coking coal and calcium carbide slag, which is a solid waste generated from the chlor-alkali industry.The characteristics of the calcium cokes under different conditions were analyzed experimentally and theoretically.The results show that the thermal strength of calcium coke increased with the increase in the coking coal proportion, and the waterproof property of calcium coke also increased with increased carbonation time.The calcium coke can increase the contact area of calcium and carbon in the calcium carbide production process.Furthermore, the pore structure of the calcium coke can enhance the diffusion of gas inside the furnace, thus improving the efficiency of the oxy-thermal technology.

Microstructural Characteristic of Montmorillonite and Its Thermal Treatment Products

The montmorillonite was studied by differen t methods, such as chemical analysis, DAT, TG, X RD, IR, AFM and MAS NMR. The experimental results show that the hydroxyl in octa hedra sheets begins dehydrating when the thermal treatment temperature reaches 659℃, but th e layer structure remains the same,and the corresponding Al(Ⅵ) is turned into Al(Ⅳ) in octahedra sheets. When the temperature reaches 900℃, the layer struct ure of montmorillontite is destroyed, and the new mineral phase μ-cordierite i s found. When the temperature reaches 1200℃, the μ-cordierite phase loses its stability, and decomposes into cristobalite phase and mullite phase.Meanwhile, the recrystallization phenomenon in thermal treatment products is obvious. There is a small quantity of Al Ⅵ signal in MAS NMR spectrum, corresponding to Al of mullite. When the temperature reaches 1350℃, the cristobalite and mullite phases reduce slightly, and more Fe-cordierite phase appears, corresponding to Fe-cordierite spectrum in XRD and MAS NMR.

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Rice Potential Productivity and Potential Yield Increment in Main Production Regions of China

The vast area and marked variation of China make it difficult to predict the impact of climate changes on rice productivity in different regions.Therefore,analyzing the spatial and temporal characteristics of rice potential productivity and predicting the possible yield increment in main rice production regions of China is important for guiding rice production and ensuring food security.Using meteorological data of main rice production regions from 1961 to 1970（the 1960s） and from 1996 to 2005（the 2000s） provided by 333 stations,the potential photosynthetic,photo-thermal and climatic productivities in rice crop of the 1960s and 2000s in main rice production regions of China were predicted,and differences in the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics between two decades were analyzed.Additionally,the potential yield increment based on the high yield target and actual yield of rice in the 2000s were predicted.Compared with the 1960s,the potential photosynthetic productivity of the 2000s was seen to have decreased by 5.40%,with rates in northeastern and southwestern China found to be lower than those in central and southern China.The potential photo-thermal productivity was generally seen to decrease（2.56%） throughout main rice production regions,decreasing most in central and southern China.However,an increase was seen in northeastern and southwestern China.The potential climatic productivity was observed to be lower（7.44%） in the 2000s compared to the 1960s,but increased in parts of central and southern China.The potential yield increment from the actual yield to high yield target in the 2000s were no more than 6×103 kg ha-1 and ranged from 6×103 to 12×103 kg ha-1 in most of the single-and double-cropping rice growing regions,respectively.The yield increasing potential from the high yield target to the potential photo-thermal productivity in 2000s were less than 10×103 kg ha-1 and ranged from 10×103 to 30×103 kg ha-1 in most of the single-and double-cropping rice growing regions,respectively.The potential yield increment contributed by irrigation was between 5×103 and 20×103 kg ha-1,and between 20×103 and 40×103 kg ha-1 in most of the single-and double-cropping rice growing regions,respectively.These findings suggested that the high yield could be optimized by making full use of climatic resources and through a reasonable management plan in rice crop.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of Ti alloy powder production using low-power plasma torches

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of titanium alloy metal powder production using low-power plasma torches.An argon DC non-transferred arc plasma torch was designed,and numerical analysis was conducted to determine the plasma jet properties and wire temperature.The highest velocities inside the nozzle attachment were between 838 and 1178 m/s.The velocities of the jets at the apex were between 494 and 645 m/s for different gas flow rates.The studied plasma gas flow rates had no significant effect on the effective plasma jet length.It was shown that the plasma jet length can be estimated by numerical analysis using the temperature and velocity changes of the plasma jet over distance.It was observed that the powders produced were spherical without any satellites.As a result of this study,a plasma torch was developed and powder production was performed successfully by using relatively low torch power.

Options for Managing Livestock Production Systems to Adapt to Climate Change

This paper discusses recent research findings together with management schemes in preventing and managing of thermal stress by handling external and internal factors in livestock production systems. Preventive measures against thermal stress are described as basic structural adjustments and the modifications that can be implemented readily, according to animal health and welfare requirements and refer to （1） environmental modification and thermal comfort in various housing systems; （2） action on animals, such as genetic selection for breeds resistant to infectious disease, parasites and climate extremes; （3） action on feed and （4） action on staff handling the animals. Moreover, measures to be taken both in situations of chronic thermal stress and heat or cold strokes are presented as they are applied to （1） limit stress, （2） monitor the temperature felt by animals, （3） adapt diet and drinking water supplies and （4） correct physiological imbalances. Examples are given for different farm species （cattle, sheep, goat, poultry and pigs） and different production systems （intensive, extensive and alternative）. The paper concludes with a practical guide for the effective handling of thermal stress at farm level, summarizing the results from recent research studies on the specific topic.

Characteristics of geothermal field and evaluation of geothermal resource potential in the Yingjiang Basin

Geothermal resource,a green and sustainable energy resource,plays an important role in achieving‘emission peak’and‘carbon neutrality’targets.The Yingjiang Basin is located in the eastern branch of the Mediterranean-Himalayan high-temperature geothermal belt and exhibits considerable potential for geothermal resources.However,current investigations into the distribution of deep geothermal resources in this region are somewhat limited.In this paper,the transient plane source(TPS)method is used to measure the thermal conductivity parameters of 31 rock samples within the study area.Additionally,the one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation is employed to calculate the deep geothermal field,considering the constraints of rock thermal properties and terrestrial heat flow in the study area.Furthermore,the“stripping method”is used to determine the contribution rate of sedimentary layer to terrestrial heat flow,while the volume method is applied to estimate the geothermal resources at burial depths of 3000-5000 m.The results show that(1)The heat generation rate of granite is the highest with an average value of 4.52 mW/m^(3),followed by gneiss with an average value in the range of 2.0-3.5 W/(m·K),mudstone and sandstone being the lowest with an average value between 1.0 and 2.0 W/(m·K).(2)The main contributor of terrestrial heat flow in the study area is mantle heat flow,and the contribution of sedimentary layers to terrestrial heat flow only accounts for about 2%.(3)The geothermal resources in Yingjiang Basin within the depth range of 3000-5000 m is 93.6×10^(15)kJ,or 3.2×10^(9)tonnes standard coal equivalent(SCE).

The Study of the Influence of the Froude Criterion and of the Thermal Regime upon the Quality of the Granular Frozen Products by the Process of Fluidization

In the first part of the research,it was shown that the main factors that are responsible for the quality of the granular food products frozen using the fluidization method,are the size and the shape of the product that is exposed to the freezing by fluidization process,the heat transfer coefficients,the temperature,and the speed of the fluidization agent.All these factors are responsible for the size and the distribution of the ice crystals that are formed during the freezing process.The qualitative characteristic that is modified after the freezing by fluidization process is the structural-textural stiffness.

Novel Technology and Products: Fluidized Bed Incineration and Energy Recovery for Waste Disposal——Developed by the Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University

The waste referred to includes solid waste and sludge. Solid waste is mainly from urban garbage and industrial waste. Sludge is from water treatment factories, paper mills, chemical factories, pharmaceutical factories, rivers and lakes. The waste and sludge are very harmful to water organisms, human health and drinking water, and directly affect the environment. Sludge and waste also occupy large areas of land. There are several methods to treat waste and sludge, such as burial, chemical treatment and incineration. Incineration is more effective than the

稠油开采中多元热复合流体相态的研究进展

稠油的储量远超常规石油的储量,但因稠油黏度大和密度大的特点而难以开采,高效经济开发稠油已成为石油领域的研究重点。热复合开采技术是目前高效开发稠油油藏的关键技术,其中多元热复合流体的相态特征是稠油油藏开采流程设计与评价的关键。为此,从热复合开采技术中的混合气体系和稠油-气体系2个方面,系统地阐述了多元热复合流体相态的实验和理论研究现状。对于混合气体系相态,多采用静态法进行实验测试,使用状态方程结合混合规则进行理论预测,CO_(2),N_(2),H_(2)O和CH_(4)等常见气体分子组成的二元体系的相态测试趋于成熟,但缺少多元体系的测试数据与预测模型;对于稠油-气体系相态,总结了一般性实验流程与近年实验结果,提出一种加速油气相平衡的新型实验装置构想,指出目前理论预测在气体种类、注气量、气体扩散模型、二元相互作用系数等方面的不足。进而对多元热复合流体相态研究提出展望,以期促进热复合开采技术进一步的机理研究与参数优化。

旅大特稠油储层新型完井液体系的构建与评价

旅大A油田是一个埋藏浅、油质稠、储量大的典型重质特超稠油油藏,热采开发是其有效的开发方式。稠油油藏在储层物性、流体性质及开采工艺方面与常规油藏存在较大差异,现有常规水基完井液体系无法满足需求。针对该油田稠油热采工艺,充分考虑稠油油藏储层特性、稠油预防乳化增稠和降黏促排的新需求,开展新型完井液体系的构建。通过抑制性、降黏助排性、配伍性及热采高温环境下储层保护效果的评价,建立起适用于稠油的新型有机胺完井液体系。该体系在提升稠油热采井开发储层保护效果的同时,降低完井液综合成本,为渤海油田稠油开发提质增效提供有力保障。

二次再热燃煤-捕碳-制甲醇系统集成设计与优化

针对碳捕集电厂的高能耗及CO_(2)的后续利用问题,设计了一种二次再热燃煤-捕碳-制甲醇一体化系统。以某1000 MW超超临界二次再热机组为例,采用动态自适应粒子群优化算法对所提系统参数进行优化计算,分析了碳捕集率和光电制氢成本等因素对系统性能的影响。结果表明:当碳捕集率为90%时,一体化系统的热效率相比燃煤-捕碳机组提高了6.62%,CO_(2)排放强度降低了4.45 g/(kW·h),净收益提高了33.42亿元;当碳捕集率在40%~90%内变化时,一体化系统的热效率能够稳定保持在49%以上;随着未来光电制氢成本的下降,一体化系统的净收益将显著提升。

不同化学改性方法提高玉米芯骨料混凝土的性能

玉米芯具有较低的导热系数,可以作为天然的保温材料,用于混凝土砌块中。然而,由于玉米芯的多孔结构,导致玉米芯骨料混凝土的抗压强度偏低,亟需进行改性。为了推广玉米芯的规模化利用,该研究以玉米芯为原料改善混凝土砌块的性能,通过红外光谱、拉曼光谱和扫描电镜等测试手段,探讨了3种不同改性技术对玉米芯骨料混凝土水化产物化学键、分子结构、界面过渡区微观结构、抗压强度和导热系数的影响。结果表明:与环氧树脂改性相比,陶粒法改性和裹浆法改性不仅增加了玉米芯骨料混凝土界面过渡区的水化硅酸钙凝胶含量,同时也降低了界面过渡区的厚度,优化了混凝土砌块的微观结构、提高了混凝土砌块的抗压强度、降低了混凝土砌块的导热系数。其中,陶粒法改性技术的效果尤为明显。界面过渡区厚度水化硅酸钙特征峰由大到小顺序分别为陶粒法改性、裹浆法改性、环氧树脂改性。经过陶粒法改性、裹浆法改性和环氧树脂改性后,玉米芯骨料混凝土的界面过渡区分别为无明显界面过渡区、55~66 μm和93~101 μm之间。和未改性玉米芯骨料混凝土相比,掺30%陶粒法改性玉米芯骨料混凝土的抗压强度的导热系数分别降低了51.5%和32.2%。当掺入不超过15%的改性玉米芯骨料时,混凝土砌块满足国家标准GB/T8239-2014中对抗压强度的要求。为了改善玉米芯骨料混凝土砌块的综合性能,建议掺入不超过15%的陶粒法改性玉米芯骨料。研究结果为玉米芯在混凝土砌块中的大规模利用提供了依据,同时也为进一步改善混凝土砌块的相关性能提供了参考。

基于一种互联网+喷粉加工设备的研制

喷粉机采用三菱PLC、触摸屏、无线服务器CMT-SVR-200等组成上下位机控制,通过手机或触屏控制喷粉炉温、喷粉量、流化气量、雾化气量、喷枪清洗气量、高压电流电压的大小等7种加工参数来进行喷粉调试加工。根据不同材质的金属制品喷涂需求,最多可预设编辑30种不同产品的组合加工参数,通过触屏或手机输入PLC寄存器中。喷粉加工时,只需选择对应的加工产品参数程序,便可由PLC程序将预设的7种加工参数调出来,提高产品喷涂的工作效率。

冷等离子体技术对肉品品质的影响研究进展

肉类及其产品在运输、贮藏等过程中常常受到微生物的污染而导致食用价值的降低和食源性疾病的发生。冷等离子体(cold plasma,CP)技术作为一种新型非热杀菌技术在肉品中得到广泛应用,主要通过产生的活性氮和活性氧对肉品进行杀菌进而达到杀菌保藏的目的,但其产生的各种活性粒子会对肉品的品质造成不同程度的影响。该文综述了CP技术的基本原理,从肉品脂质氧化、色泽、嫩度、风味、pH值5个方面详细阐述了CP技术对肉品品质的影响,同时探讨了其在肉品杀菌保藏中的应用,以期为CP技术在肉和肉制品中的应用和推广提供理论参考。