Operation optimization of prefabricated light modular radiant heating system:Thermal resistance analysis and numerical study

The utilization of prefabricated light modular radiant heating system has demonstrated significant increases in heat transfer efficiency and energy conservation capabilities.Within prefabricated building construction,this new heating method presents an opportunity for the development of comprehensive facilities.The parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of such a system are the upper surface layer’s heat flux and temperature.In this paper,thermal resistance analysis calculation based on a simplified model for this unique radiant heating system analysis is presented with the heat transfer mechanism’s evaluation.The results obtained from thermal resistance analysis calculation and numerical simulation indicate that the thermal resistance analysis method is highly accurate with temperature discrepancies ranging from 0.44℃ to−0.44℃ and a heat flux discrepancy of less than 7.54%,which can meet the requirements of practical engineering applications,suggesting a foundation for the prefabricated radiant heating system.

Breaking Through Bottlenecks for Thermally Conductive Polymer Composites:A Perspective for Intrinsic Thermal Conductivity,Interfacial Thermal Resistance and Theoretics

Rapid development of energy,electrical and electronic technologies has put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivities of polymers and their composites.However,the thermal conductivity coefficient(λ)values of prepared thermally conductive polymer composites are still difficult to achieve expectations,which has become the bottleneck in the fields of thermally conductive polymer composites.Aimed at that,based on the accumulation of the previous research works by related researchers and our research group,this paper proposes three possible directions for breaking through the bottlenecks:(1)preparing and synthesizing intrinsically thermally conductive polymers,(2)reducing the interfacial thermal resistance in thermally conductive polymer composites,and(3)establishing suitable thermal conduction models and studying inner thermal conduction mechanism to guide experimental optimization.Also,the future development trends of the three above-mentioned directions are foreseen,hoping to provide certain basis and guidance for the preparation,researches and development of thermally conductive polymers and their composites.

An Analytical Model for the Thermal Assessment of a Vertical Double U-Tube Ground-Coupled Heat Pump System in Steady-State Conditions

An analytical model was built to predict the thermal resistance of a vertical double U-tube ground-coupled heat pump that operates under steady-state conditions.It included a geometry obstruction factor for heat transfer throughout the backfill medium due to the presence of the second loop.The verification of the model was achieved by the implementation of five different borehole configurations and a comparison with other correlations in the available literature.The model considered a U-tube spacing range between(2)and(4)times the U-tube outside diameter producing a geometry configuration factor range of(0.29-0.6).The results of the model were utilized for the assessment of the DX ground heat exchanger coupled heat pump system.For similar geometrical configurations,the borehole thermal resistance experienced a decrease as the geometry factor increased.The single U-tube borehole thermal resistance was higher than that of the double U-tube heat exchanger by(10-27)%for the examined geometry configurations.The borehole thermal resistance at tube spacing of twice the tube diameter was higher than the predicted value at the triple diameter and fell in the range of(18-34)%.

Thermal Analysis of Vehicular Twin-Tube Hydraulic Gas-Precharged Shock Absorbers

In this study of temperature rising in vehicular twin-tube hydraulic gas-precharged shock absorbers,thermodynamic analyses were conducted via simulations.Equations on heat conduction,heat convection as well as radiation were derived by applying certain laws governing heat transfer;an equivalent thermal resistance network model of a shock absorber undergoing heat transfer was established innovatively;moreover,the shock absorber’s thermodynamic model of control volume system was built by using the first law of thermodynamics;and finally,time required for shock absorber to reach thermal equilibrium and corresponding value of steady temperature were calculated by programming.In this way,a lower thermal equilibrium temperature will be achieved,hence help to improve reliability of shock absorbers in work by offering low ambient temperature,by reducing amplitudes and frequencies of external incentives exerted on them and by increasing flow rate of ambient air passing around them.

Improved thermal resistance network model of motorized spindle system considering temperature variation of cooling system

In the motorized spindle system of a computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool, internal heat sources are formed during high-speed rotation;these cause thermal errors and affect the machining accuracy. To address this problem, in this study, a thermal resistance network model of the motorized spindle system is established based on the heat transfer theory. The heat balance equations of the critical thermal nodes are established according to this model with Kirchhoffs law. Then, they are solved using the Newmark-β method to obtain the temperature of each main component, and steady thermal analysis and transient thermal analysis of the motorized spindle system are performed. In order to obtain accurate thermal characteristics of the spindle system, the thermal conduction resistance of each component and the thermalconvection resistance between the cooling system and the components of the spindle system are accurately obtained considering the effect of the heat exchanger on the temperature of the coolant in the cooling system. Simultaneously, high-precision magnetic temperature sensors are used to detect the temperature variation of the spindle in the CNC machining center at different rotational speeds. The experimental results demonstrate that the thermal resistance network model can predict the temperature field distribution in the spindle system with reasonable accuracy. In addition, the influences of the rotational speed and cooling conditions on the temperature increase of the main components of the spindle system are analyzed. Finally, a few recommendations are provided to improve the thermal performance of the spindle system under different operational conditions.

RC热网络建筑能耗预测模型综述

基于获取建筑能耗数据并对其进行准确的规划和配置,从而实现建筑节能,需要建立高效的建筑能耗预测模型。本文针对灰箱模型中的RC热网络建筑能耗预测模型进行综述研究。以典型的RC热网络模型为例,分析其建模思想以及模型推导方法。总结RC热网络建筑能耗预测模型传递矩阵的五个推导步骤,并对核心的模型参数优化算法:序列二次规划法、共轭梯度法和遗传算法三种算法进行分析。为提高模型计算速度和精度,数据融合和模型降阶方法成为模型的主要发展方向。本文通过RC热网络建筑能耗预测模型应用实例展示了其省时、高效、准确的预测性能,并且指出了其输入参数不稳定和预测形式单一的缺点。最后,展望了RC热网络建筑能耗预测模型的发展趋势和研究挑战。

Prediction and parametric analysis of 3D borehole and total internal thermal resistance of single U-tube borehole heat exchanger for ground source heat pumps

The borehole and total internal thermal resistance are both significant parameters in evaluating the thermal performance of the ground source heat pump.This study aimed to obtain the accurate correlation of the 3D borehole and total internal thermal resistance(R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D))and analyze the impacts of parameters on the R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D).Firstly,eight parameters affecting the R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D),including the borehole diameter,pipe diameter,pipe-pipe distance,borehole depth,soil thermal conductivity,grout thermal conductivity,pipe thermal conductivity,and fluid velocity inside the pipe,were considered and an L-54 design matrix was generated.Then,the 3D numerical model,coupling with the four-resistance model,was proposed to calculate R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D)for each case.After that,the response surface methodology was employed to obtain and verify the correlation of R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D),which were compared with the existing resistance calculation methods.Lastly,analysis of variance was carried out to reveal parameters that have statistically significant impacts on the R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D).Results show that the rationality and accuracy of the correlation of R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D)can be verified by the determination coefficient and P value of regression model,as well as the P value of lack-of-fit.The existing resistance calculation methods are more or less inaccurate and the discrepancies in some cases can be up to 86.74%and 111.35%for the borehole and total internal thermal resistance.The pipe and grout thermal conductivity,pipe and borehole diameter,and the pipe-pipe distance can be seen as the significant contributory factors to the variation of R_(b,3D)and R_(a,3D).

表面设置防火涂料的RC柱抗火性能分析研究及应用

通过试验反算给出了某非膨胀型的厚度20 mm的防火涂料对应不同温度区间的平均导温系数。随后,利用通用的结构抗火分析软件SAFIR计算和分析了表面设置防火涂料的高强混凝土柱的抗火极限性能,考查了截面尺寸、轴压比、荷载偏心率及配筋率等因素的影响,在此基础上提出了相应的高强混凝土柱耐火极限实用计算公式。研究结果表明:该涂料的平均导温系数随温度升高有所降低;表面设置厚度20 mm的该涂料可明显提高高强混凝土柱的耐火极限,提高幅度达40%～350%。最后对钢筋混凝土柱的抗火性能做了综合分析和总结。

Model-based investigation on building thermal mass utilization and flexibility enhancement of air conditioning loads

Building air conditioning systems(ACs)can contribute to the stable operation of power grids by participating in peak load shaving programs,but the participants need a fast and accurate zone temperature prediction model,e.g.,the detailed room thermal-resistance(RC)model,to improve peak shaving effect and avoid obvious thermal discomfort.However,when applying the detailed room RC model to multi-zone buildings,conventional studies mostly consider the heat transfer among neighboring rooms,which contributes little to the prediction accuracy improvement,but leads to complicated model structure and heavy computation.Thus,a distributed RC model is developed for multi-zone buildings in this study.Compared to conventional models,the proposed model considers the total heat transfer between the building and the air,and ignores the heat transfer among indoor air in neighboring rooms through internal walls with heavy thermal mass,thereby having comparable temperature prediction accuracy,simpler structure,and stronger robustness.Based on the model,the effectiveness of passive pre-cooling strategies in reducing the air conditioning loads during peak periods is investigated.Results indicate that the thermal insulation performance of opaque building envelope is quite important to the flexibility enhancement of air conditioning loads.With an uninsulated building envelope,passive pre-cooling is useless for the peak load shaving.In comparison,well insulated opaque building envelope enables the building thermal mass to be utilized through passive pre-cooling,which leads to the air conditioning loads during peak periods being further reduced by about 12%.

Review of prediction for thermal contact resistance

Theoretical prediction research on thermal contact resistance is reviewed in this paper. In general, modeling or simulating the thermal contact resistance involves several aspects, including the descriptions of surface topography, the analysis of micro mechanical deformation, and the thermal models. Some key problems are proposed for accurately predicting the thermal resistance of two solid contact surfaces. We provide a perspective on further promising research, which would be beneficial to understanding mechanisms and engineering applications of the thermal contact resistance in heat transport phenomena.

Progress in Thermal Contact Resistance

The developments of aeronautics and astronautics require engines of higher quality. The temperature distribution in combustion engine is highly influenced by the thermal conduct resistance. To predict the temperature field of the hot-end assemblies of combustion engine, the thermal contact resistance must be considered. The object of the study is to propose a model of high application including in conditions of high temperature and high pressure. Up to date, many models and empirical or semi-empirical correlations have been developed, also researchers designed different test equipments according to specific conditions. This paper presents several representative models and test equipments, compares the merits and drawbacks with each other, and gives recommendations for further research.

A Correction Factor-Based General Thermal Resistance Formula for Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis

Methods for the analysis of heat exchangers with various flow arrangements modeling,design,and performance are essential for heat transfer system modeling and its integration with other energy system models.This paper proposes the use of the linear-transfer law for the heat exchanger design and performance analysis as a function of the thermal resistance related to the ratio of a linear temperature difference to the total heat transfer rate.Additionally,we derived a correction factor that represents the influence of the flow arrangement on the heat transfer performance by the effective thermal conductance,as a function of correction factor,heat transfer coefficient,and surface area.Based on the effective thermal conductance,we propose the hot-end NTU and cold-end NTU for deriving a standardized and general thermal resistance formula for different types of heat exchangers by the combination of the correction factor with linear-transfer law.Moreover,for parallel-flow,cross-flow,and 1-2 Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association(TEMA)E shell-and-tube heat exchangers,we derived and obtained alternative correction factor expressions without introducing any temperatures.Two cases about heat exchanger design and performance analysis show that the calculation processes using the correction factor-based general thermal resistance are straightforward without any iteration and the calculation results are accurate.Finally,the experimental validation shows that the general thermal resistance formula is appropriate for analyzing the heat transfer performance.That is,the correction factor-based general thermal resistance formula provides a standardized model for heat exchanger analysis and heat transfer/integrated energy system modeling using the heat current method.

Thermal Contact Resistance between Aero Engine Compressor Blade and Flexible Fixture

In the process of two-pass micro plasma arc welding of titanium alloy sheet,based on the thermal contact resistance theory,a three-dimensional transient heat transfer finite element model of contact heat transfer between titanium alloy sheet and flexible fixture was established.The effects of contact upper surface temperature,micro-contact thermal resistance,micro-gap thermal resistance,DC and pulse welding on thermal contact resistance were investigated,and the simulation and experimental results were compared.The results show that the thermal contact resistance increases as the temperature increases when the temperature of the contact upper surface (titanium alloy sheet) is in the range of 290-350 K.The effect of micro-contact thermal resistance on the thermal contact resistance is 26.1%-46.3% larger than the micro-gap thermal resistance.The thermal contact resistance of pulse welding is 3.1%-3.5% larger than DC welding.The error of simulation and experimental results of weld pool depth is 8.6%,which verifies the reliability of the model.

基于自产热和外传热的锂离子电池热学模型参数辨识方法

锂离子电池热学模型参数(热容和热阻)的准确辨识对电池热电耦合建模及状态参数估计至关重要。然而传统测量方法成本高且测试周期长,如何利用充放电工况结合产热和传热机理研究快速热参数辨识方法具有重要意义。以8A×h软包锂离子电池为研究对象,建立分布式热路模型;设计双向脉冲工况实验,采用自适应粒子群算法(APSO)进行辨识;同时采用其他工况进行验证,实验和仿真温度误差小于0.1℃。另外,将热容和热阻转换为比热容和导热系数,并与其他文献中同类电池的参数进行比对,量级接近。研究结果表明,该方法可以有效解决层叠式软包锂离子电池热学模型参数辨识难的问题,且简便易行、成本低。

基于暖体假人的套装局部热阻及预测模型研究

对多名成年男女全年各季节着装行为进行了现场调研,得到了我国成年男女全年各季节典型着装搭配情况。在实验室条件下利用暖体假人模型进行了各季节典型着装搭配下的套装热阻测试,得到了34组成套服装的整体与局部热阻值,建立了全年各季节典型套装的局部服装热阻数据库。在此基础上分析了套装局部与整体热阻值的关系,获得了基于套装整体热阻值的局部热阻预测模型。

基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型研究

文章综合考虑了土壤分层与地下水渗流等情况,结合实测数据,通过地埋管外壁温度计算得出地埋管内部流体温度与不同分层土壤的热物性参数,根据土壤当量物性进行分层,据此建立地埋管换热模型。经过对比验证实验发现,分层换热模型比常规均质模型更接近实测值,误差更小;基于土壤分层当量物性的地埋管换热器换热模型模拟出水温度与实测值平均绝对误差为0.21℃,模拟进、出口换热温差与实测值平均绝对误差为0.14℃,具有较高的准确度,可为工程设计提供依据并作为后续地埋管换热优化研究的基础。

基于热阻调控方法的低温光学系统二级温区传热特性分析

为了实现低温光学系统二级温区的精准控温,同时不引入额外的热负载,提出了一种热阻调控方法,建立了应用于该方法的一维数学模型,运用该数学模型研究了不同真空腔温度条件下不同热阻参数(不同材料参数和几何参数)对二级温区达到热平衡后温度水平和漏热量的影响,同时将该方法和传统的电加热调控方法进行了比较。研究结果表明:当真空腔温度为定值时,随着热阻的增大,二级温区温度升高,漏热量减小;当热阻为定值时,随着真空腔温度的升高,二级温区温度升高,漏热量增大。在文中的研究工况下,当真空腔温度为253.15 K时,二级温区温度水平调节范围为111.1~185.2 K,相应的漏热量从1.75 W减小至1.10 W;当真空腔温度为293.15 K时,温度水平调节范围为120.9~219.4 K,相应的漏热量从2.58 W减小至1.57 W。电加热调控方法使二级温区热负载达到了16.8 W,是热阻调控方法的11倍左右(真空腔温度为293.15 K,二级温区目标温度为220 K左右),随着二级温区温度的升高,电加热调控方法使得系统热负载增大,热阻调控方法与之相反。热阻调控方法使低温光学系统热负载一直处于较低的水平,同时可减少系统对电功率和散热资源的需求。研究结果可为空间应用中的类似低温光学设计提供参考。

热管换热器间距对相变充填体蓄释热性能的影响

为了高效利用高温矿井的地热资源,解决高温环境对开采过程的影响,建立了热管-相变充填体矿井地热开采系统三维非稳态传热数值模型,研究了热管换热器与围岩布置间距对系统温度、相变材料液相分数、循环冷却水温度以及系统蓄热量、释热量的影响。结果表明:热管距离围岩越近,蓄热阶段相变材料熔化越快,蓄/释热共存阶段相变材料凝固越慢;随着热管与围岩间距的减小,热管冷凝端循环冷却水的出口温度和进出口温差增大,当热管与围岩间距从95 mm减小至20 mm时,系统稳定运行时冷却水进出口温差将由2.50 K增大至4.97 K;蓄热阶段,系统蓄热量随时间推移先逐渐增大,后维持恒定不变,蓄/释热共存阶段,系统释热量将以先逐渐减小,后恒定不变的速率持续增大;当热管与围岩布置间距由95 mm减小到20 mm时,系统总蓄热量提高72.89%,系统释热量提高91.10%,系统能效系数由81.71%增大到90.32%。研究结果可为热管-相变材料耦合系统在矿井地热高效开采与利用方面提供理论依据和技术指导。

基于形态空间格局分析与最小累积阻力模型的城市热环境生态网络优化研究

【目的】建立合理的城市热环境生态网络,以缓解城市热岛效应。【方法】以成都市中心城区为研究对象,基于“源-汇”理论,利用形态学空间格局分析方法(MSPA)与景观连通性指数,分别筛选研究区内景观稳定性好、连通性高的“源”“汇”景观作为生态源地;运用最小累积阻力模型、重力模型以及水文分析模块构建和筛选研究区内的重要生态廊道,从而建立缓解城市热环境问题的多层级“源-汇”景观网络。【结果】分别筛选出24个具有重要连通性的“源”“汇”核心斑块作为重要生态源地。构建“源-源”廊道102条,“汇-汇”廊道141条,“源-汇”廊道325条,生态节点103个,障碍点148个。通过综合相交分析,一级补偿廊道主要由岷江、毗河和其他河道构成,二级输送廊道主要分布在“汇”景观较为密集的区域,三级作用廊道主要分布在高强度建设区域。【结论】基于“源-汇”理论构建的多层级生态网络优化格局是有效缓解城市热岛效应的重要举措。图4表3参25.

基于遗传算法的建筑热阻容模型辨识及室内温度预测

为了准确预测建筑物室内温度,采用集总参数法构建了建筑热阻容(RC)模型,并推导出了相应的微分方程组,使用遗传算法对模型进行了辨识。RC模型测试集温度平均绝对误差为0.14℃,R^(2)为0.99。比较了RC模型与2种黑箱模型对室内温度的预测结果,RC模型预测结果更准确。讨论了灰箱模型和黑箱模型的适用条件,建议根据需求和数据情况并考虑模型的复杂度、预测精度、解释性等因素,选择合适的建模方法。