Comparative Study of Magmatism in East Pacific Rise Versus Nearby Seamounts:Constraints on Magma Supply and Thermal Structure Beneath Mid-ocean Ridge

Major elements of 2202 basalts from the East Pacific Rise （EPR） and 888 basalts from near- EPR seamounts are used to investigate their differences in magma crystallization pressures and mantle melting conditions. Crystallization pressure calculation from basalts with 5.0wt%〈MgO〈8.0wt % shows that magma crystallization pressures beneath near-EPR seamounts are positively and negatively correlated with Nas and Fes, respectively. However, these correlations are indistinct in axial lavas, which can be explained by chemical homogenization induced by extensive mixing processes. In each segment divided by major transforms and over-lapping spreading centers （OSCs）, near-EPR seamount lavas have higher magma crystallization pressures, higher Fes and lower Nas than the EPR lavas, which indicate cooler lithosphere, lower degrees and shallower melting depths beneath near-EPR seamounts than the EPR. The correlations between magma crystallization pressures and melting conditions beneath near-EPR seamounts imply that the source thermal state controls the melting degree and melt flux, and then melting process controls the shallow lithosphere temperature and magma crystallization depth （pressure）. The cooler mantle sources beneath near-EPR seamounts produce a lower degree of melting and a less robust magma supply, which results in a deep thermal equilibrium level and high magma crystallization pressure. The magma crystallization pressure decreases significantly as spreading rate of the EPR increases from ~80 mm/year in the north （16~N） to ~160 mm/year in the south （19~S）, while this trend is unobvious in near-EPR seamounts. This suggests that the magma supply controlled by spreading rate dominates the ridge crust temperature and magma crystallization depth, while the near-EPR seamount magma supply is not dominated by the axial spreading rate. Because most seamounts form and gain most of their volume within a narrow zone of 5-15 km from ridge axis, they provide good constraint on magma supply and thermal structure beneath the EPR. High magma crystallization pressures in seamounts indicate dramatic temperature decrease from the EPR. The crystallization pressures of seamount lavas are well correlated with mantle melting parameters but in a blurry relationship with axial spreading rate. Despite the adjacency of the EPR and nearby seamounts, the thermal structure beneath the near-EPR seamounts are controlled by their own magma supply and conductive cooling, chemically and thermally unaffected by magmatism beneath the ridge axis.

Estimation of Critical Rate of Temperature Rise for Thermal Explosion of First Order Autocatalytic Decomposition Reaction Systems by Using Non-isothermal DSC

A method of estimating the critical rate of temperature rise for the thermal explosion of first order autocatalytic decomposition reaction systems by using non-isothermal DSC is presented. The information was obtained on the increasing rate of temperature for the first order autocatalytic decomposition of nitrocellulose containing 13.86% nitrogen converting into the thermal explosion.

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL-ELASTIC STRESS OF WHEEL-RAIL IN ROLLING-SLIDING CONTACT

A coupling thermo-mechanical model of wheel/rail in rolling-sliding contact is put forward using finite element method. The normal contact pressure is idealized as the Hertzian distribution, and the tangential force presented by Carter is used. In order to obtain thermal-elastic stress, the ther-mal-elastic plane stress problem is transformed to an elastic plane stress problem with equivalent fictitious thermal body force and fictitious boundary distributed force. The temperature rise and ther-mal-elastic stress of wheel and rail in rolling-sliding are analyzed. The non-steady state heat transfer between the contact surfaces of wheel and rail, heat-convection and radiation between the wheel/rail and the ambient are taken into consideration. The influences of the wheel rolling speed and wear rate on friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress are investigated. The results show the following： ① For rolling-sliding case, the thermal stress in the thin layer near the contact patch due to the friction temperature rise is severe. The higher rolling speed leads to the lower friction temperature rise and thermal stress in the wheel; ② For sliding case, the friction temperature and thermal stress of the wheel rise quickly in the initial sliding stage, and then get into a steady state gradually. The expansion of the contact patch, due to material wear, can affect the friction temperature rise and the thermal stress during wear process. The higher wear rate generates lower stress. The results can help under-stand the influence of friction temperature and thermal-elastic stress on wheel and rail damage.

Evidences of the expanding Earth from space-geodetic data over solid land and sea level rise in recent two decades

According to the space-geodetic data recorded at globally distributed stations over solid land spanning a period of more than 20-years under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008,our previous estimate of the average-weighted vertical variation of the Earth＇s solid surface suggests that the Earth＇s solid part is expanding at a rate of 0.24 ± 0.05 mm/a in recent two decades.In another aspect,the satellite altimetry observations spanning recent two decades demonstrate the sea level rise（SLR） rate 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/a,of which1.8 ± 0.5 mm/a is contributed by the ice melting over land.This study shows that the oceanic thermal expansion is 1.0 ± 0.1 mm/a due to the temperature increase in recent half century,which coincides with the estimate provided by previous authors.The SLR observation by altimetry is not balanced by the ice melting and thermal expansion,which is an open problem before this study.However,in this study we infer that the oceanic part of the Earth is expanding at a rate about 0.4 mm/a.Combining the expansion rates of land part and oceanic part,we conclude that the Earth is expanding at a rate of 0.35 ± 0.47 mm/a in recent two decades.If the Earth expands at this rate,then the altimetry-observed SLR can be well explained.

Analysis and Calculation for Heating and Temperature Rise of Magnetic Levitation Device

准确的热分析是磁悬浮系统电磁装置优化设计、防止过热的前提。提出了基于等效热路模型的电磁装置发热及温升计算方法,并与基于＂场＂的仿真分析结果进行比较,验证其正确性。首先,利用ANSYS软件建立电磁装置的瞬态温度场模型,并将装置中动铁心随大轴旋转时与空气产生的风摩擦损耗包含在模型中,通过仿真分析,得到电磁装置温度分布;然后,通过对散热路径的分析建立了电磁装置的等效热路模型,从＂路＂的角度计算出本电磁装置各位置的温升;最后,将基于＂路＂的计算结果与基于＂场＂的仿真结果进行了比较分析,各部分温升误差均在允许范围内,验证了等效热路模型计算电磁装置发热及温升方法的准确性和可行性。在基于＂场＂和＂路＂的两种分析中,均考虑了电阻率随温升的变化,散热分析中均计及了导热系数和对流散热系数随温度的变化。

电动汽车ChaoJi充电连接器温升仿真方法

高功率充电桩在工作过程中,长时间大电流充电使其连接器温升明显。针对此电动汽车大功率充电的发展需求,对ChaoJi充电连接器的温升仿真建模及软件仿真开展研究。首先,简化连接器的结构为圆筒状,结合接触件的结构类型以及接触电阻的影响因素,研究连接器接触点的热效应模型;其次,研究ChaoJi充电连接器的温升仿真方法;最后,对ChaoJi连接器进行软件热仿真,由此验证ChaoJi充电接口温升模型,得出温升值与通电电流约为二次方关系的结论。所研究的ChaoJi充电连接器温升模型及软件热仿真在一定程度上弥补了充电接口温升研究的空白。

基于温升特性的强迫导向油循环风冷结构变压器负荷能力评估

针对强迫导向油循环风冷(oir directrd air forced,ODAF)结构变压器负荷能力受温升约束影响的问题,提出了3种负荷类型情况下变压器负荷能力评估方法。首先,考虑风扇与油泵的运行状态以及油粘度变化对热阻的影响等因素,基于热电类比法建立了变压器热路模型,以计算绕组热点与顶部油温度;其次,采用粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法拟合热路模型参数,并基于2台不同型号变压器的运行数据,对热路模型的计算精度与拟合参数适用性进行有效性验证;最后,参考GB/T1094.7负载导则给出的温升限值,基于温升特性提出了负荷能力评估模型。分析结果表明,该研究所提热路模型计算热点温度的误差不大于2.35℃,在工程允许范围内;正常周期性负荷下当环境温度低于1℃时,关闭1组子散热器后仍满足温升约束。

主轴热偏移特性检测与影响分析

主轴的热偏移误差直接影响数控机床的定位精度及加工质量。针对数控机床主轴温升及热偏移误差的测试问题,利用磁吸式温度传感器、激光测试仪对主轴温度变化与各方向热偏移误差进行测量,了解机床主轴实际工况,收集主轴温升数据及热平衡时间、主轴热偏移空间状态,分析主轴温升与热偏移误差随测试组数的变化关系。实验结果表明:主轴温升与测试组数的增加呈正比例关系,高转速最大温升12.65℃,明显高于低转速温升8.55℃;主轴各方向热偏移误差随温升而变大,其中高转速下误差变化更剧烈,高、低转速下的最大热偏移分别为35.37μm和15.26μm。本研究成果为以后探寻误差成因及优化补偿设计提供了数据支撑。

TC11钛合金动态热塑互动行为研究

利用分离式霍普金森压杆对TC11钛合金平板帽形试样进行动态加载,基于高频红外点阵测温技术捕捉了剪切区温升随加载时间变化的历程,结合热传导理论分析和动态剪切数值模拟,分析了动态剪切过程中剪切区温升随时间和空间的分布规律。研究结果表明,在动态剪切加载下,TC11钛合金表现出脆性的变形行为,剪切区最高温升为430℃,且在实验所覆盖的加载速率范围内,加载速率对动态剪切温升影响不明显;显著的温升主要集中在剪切区中心附近100μm量级区域内,温升区具有高度局部化的特征,且剪切区维持较高温度所持续的时间在10μs量级。理论研究和数值模拟发现,动态加载下剪切区内最高温度可达751℃,剪切区温度时空分布规律与实验结果保持一致。实验和数值模拟结果均显示,剪切区最高温升发生在材料断裂时刻,表明剪切区显著温升应来源于剪切变形造成的应变高度集中发展。

某660MW机组汽轮机热态启动最佳温升率的确定

为进一步缩短火电机组热态启动时间,满足机组快速启动参与电网调峰的要求,以某660MW汽轮机组热态启动为例,编制程序确定不同启动阶段转子表面的蒸汽参数及换热系数,之后采用ANSYS软件对汽轮机热态启动下的转子温度场及应力场进行了数值模拟计算,分析了汽轮机转子重点监测部位热应力随温升率变化规律。并从不同温升率启动对汽轮机转子低周疲劳寿命的损耗进行分析,得到了机组热态启动的最佳温升率。研究结果可使汽轮机组热态启动下相比设计条件下缩短启动时间18%。所做工作对大型火电机组深度调峰具有一定参考价值。

磨床整机热-力耦合特性建模方法与实验研究

针对数控外圆磨床提出一种机床热-机械耦合的整机变形建模仿真方法,以实现磨床整机从加工至达到热平衡过程的热力耦合仿真分析。通过磨床加工中的热载荷和力载荷计算方法分析了力负荷与热负荷的耦合影响规律;对考虑强迫对流和自然对流的各部件在不同边界条件下进行了分析计算,采用有限元分析了冷却液温度和环境温度对热力耦合变形的影响规律,通过实验测量磨床关键部件在误差敏感方向的温度分布和变形量,测量结果与仿真结果的变形方向一致,且幅值误差小于10%,验证了所建立的整机热-力耦合建模方法的有效性,为加工误差补偿提供理论和技术支持。

Analysis of thermal-mechanical coupled characteristics of vehicle twin-tube shock absorber

A comprehensive model that included mechanical dynamics of the shock absorber coupled with its thermal properties was proposed innovatively.Moreover a thermal-mechanical coupled model which reflected the closed-loop positive feedback system was established by using MATLAB/SIMULINK,and some curves of shock absorber temperature rising characteristic were obtained by simulation ＆computation under several operating modes and different parameters conditions.Research results show that：shock absorber design parameters,external excitations,and thermo-physical properties parameter,such as oil density have effect on the shock absorber temperature rising characteristic.However other thermo-physical properties parameters,such as oil specific heat,cylinder density,cylinder specific heat,and cylinder thermal conductivity,have no effect on it.The results may be used for studying reliability design of the shock absorber.

Thermal convection in ice sheets: New data, new tests

Thermal convection in the Antarctic Ice Sheet was proposed in 1970. Demonstrating its existence proved to be elusive. In 2009, tributaries to ice streams were postulated as the surface expression of underlying thermal convection rolls aligned in directions of advective ice flow. Two definitive tests of this hypothesis are now possible, using highly accurate ice elevations and velocities provided by the European, Japanese, and Canadian Space Agencies that allow icestream tributaries and their velocities to be mapped. These tests are 1) measuring lowering of tributary surfaces to see if lowering is due only to advective ice thinning, or also requires lowering en masse in the broad descending part of convective flow, and 2) measuring transverse surface ice velocities to see if ice entering tributaries from the sides increases while crossing lateral shear zones, as would be required if this flow is augmented by convective flow ascending in the narrow side shear zones and diverted into tributaries by advective ice flow. If (1) and (2) are applied to tributaries converging on Byrd Glacier, the same measurements can be conducted when tributaries pack together to become “flow stripes” down Byrd Glacier and onto the Ross Ice Shelf to see if (2) is reduced when lateral advection stops. This could determine if thermal convection remains active or shuts down as ice thins. Thermal convection in the Antarctic Ice Sheet would raise three questions. Can it cause the ice sheet to self-destruct as convective flow turns on and off? Does it render invalid climate records extracted at depth from ice cores? Can the ice sheet be studied as a miniature mantle analogous in some respects to Earth’s mantle?

主动悬架直线电机温升-电磁特性分析与优化设计

为了提高主动悬架系统中直线电机的工作性能,以一种圆筒型永磁同步直线电机为研究对象,对其进行特性分析与结构优化。以某SUV为例,构建了其主动悬架系统的多体动力学模型,仿真确定了电机的总体设计指标与初始结构。采用有限元方法建立了考虑材料热属性变化的直线电机温升模型,分析了不同行驶车速下的温升分布及其对直线电机电磁特性的影响。结果发现:电机温升直接影响输出推力与绕组损耗,抑制温升有助于减小绕组损耗,但推力波动会随之上升。根据磁-热耦合特性分析结果,以空载定位力和绕组温升为优化目标,进行了参数敏感度分析,并采用响应面法对直线电机结构参数进行多目标优化。结果表明:优化后直线电机的空载定位力减小了7.5%,绕组损耗降低了17.5%,绕组温升降低了11.02%,电机工作性能显著提升。试制了永磁同步直线电机样机,并进行了台架测试,实验与仿真误差均在5%以内,验证了结构和优化方案的有效性。

基于U-net神经网络的油浸式变压器绕组流-热耦合快速计算

该文针对采用传统数值方法进行大型油浸变压器绕组温升仿真时间较长的问题,提出一种基于U-net神经网络训练的快速计算方法,可以迅速地预测变压器绕组温升及热点。首先,根据流热耦合原理筛选输入变量,并运用流热耦合方法计算不同工况下的输出结果,并将之制作成训练集和测试集。同时,详细讨论3个对网络训练影响最显著的超参数;其次,将归一化后的训练集输入U-net神经网络进行训练,并设置超参数最佳组合;最后,将预测集输入训练好的模型进行预测计算及反归一化操作,预测绕组热点与Fluent仿真结果相差仅0.44 K,单次仿真时间从200 s缩短为0.07 s。预测结果与实验温度平均误差最大为2.31 K,最小为0.98 K,预测方差为0.31左右。结果表明:该方法可用于快速获得油浸式变压器绕组的温度及热点,可满足变压器温度热点数字孪生的实时性仿真要求。

高速电主轴瞬态热特性实验研究

热变形是影响高速机床加工精度的重要因素。为了研究高速电主轴热特性,搭建了包含多组温度传感器、多通道无知记录仪、激光位移传感器、涡电流传感器、高频数据采集卡、工控机的高速机床温度场和热变形实时检测平台。测试结果表明,电主轴定子的温度随转速增加而升高,转速超过3000转/分后温升更显著。电主轴系统产生的大部分热量被冷却水吸收,底座、水套、轴承外圈温升不大。主轴因热变形引起的位置偏差随转速增大而增大,主轴端面跳动却随转速增大而减小。该研究为高速机床热误差控制和补偿建模提供依据。

喷射火作用下石化装置热响应规律数值模拟研究

为探究风速、风向、喷射口径对喷射火作用下石化装置温升规律的影响,采用火灾动力学模拟(FDS)软件对喷射火作用下石化装置温升规律开展了系统的数值模拟研究。结果表明喷射口径小于0.15 m时,装置的温升速率随喷射口径的增大增速较快,喷射口径大于0.2 m时,装置的温升速率随喷射口径的增大增速减缓,石化装置的温升速率与喷射口径呈指数函数关系。风速和风向都会对石化装置的峰值温度和温升速率产生较大的影响,石化装置的温升速率随风速增大呈现一元三次函数的关系。风速增大时,装置峰值温度逐渐降低且降幅逐渐增大,风向与火焰夹角增大时,石化装置的峰值温度逐渐降低且降幅逐渐较小。研究建立了喷射火作用下石化装置温升定量计算公式,实现石化装置温度随喷射火作用时间变化的定量计算,可为安全管理与事故应急管理提供数据支撑。

考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨接触热分析

为研究材料温变特性对轮轨接触行为和摩擦温升的影响,提出了一种考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨热力耦合模型,能够考虑纵、横向蠕滑率和自旋的影响,更为真实地模拟轮轨系统的服役状态.首先,研究了热力耦合建模方式对轮轨界面摩擦温升及接触应力的影响;随后,将该模型应用于地铁小半径曲线处车辆-轨道相互作用模拟.结果表明:当轮轨界面温度达到450℃时,轮轨接触应力显著降低,降幅可达20%;考虑热力耦合建模后,轮轨界面的预测温升明显低于不考虑热力耦合建模时的结果,在蠕滑率为0.16时,两者的差异可达51%;地铁车辆在小半径曲线线路上运行时轮轨摩擦温升因过大的蠕滑率与自旋会急剧增大到750℃,应考虑轮轨热力耦合建模以避免过高估计轮轨摩擦温升以及轮轨接触应力.

设施园艺电驱移动平台轮毂电机设计及其磁-热耦合性能

针对设施园艺作业场景下电驱移动平台的低速大扭矩牵引作业需求,该研究设计了一种减速内转子轴向磁通轮毂电机,建立电机的电磁有限元模型并分析其电磁和损耗特性。考虑到绕组电阻率受温度变化影响,构建基于热网络法的轮毂电机磁-热耦合改进模型。与台架试验结果相比,基于改进模型获得的转矩预测值较传统模型的精度提高了5.33%,验证了模型的正确性。利用改进模型分析了温度和相电流对电机转矩特性的影响,仿真结果表明,输出转矩随电机温度增加而降低;在0~20 A,电机平均输出转矩与相电流呈线性关系。试验结果表明,轮毂电机功率随转速增加而增大,峰值功率可达4.59 kW,而转矩基本保持恒定;在转速450~900 r/min、转矩300~600 N·m时,电机效率高达93.2%。研究结果可为轴向磁通电机初步设计与多场耦合影响下电机性能分析提供思路。

涂层传热性能对母线散热能力影响分析

为提升电力开关柜散热性能、提高供配电稳定性,本文依据传热学基础理论对电力开关柜传热过程进行分析,采用溶液共混法成功制备了适用于电力开关柜母线散热的涂层材料,并基于电磁-热-流多物理场耦合原理构建了电力开关柜涂层-热分析模型,结合母线负载电流计算理论,从涂层热导率、发射率等方面对涂覆散热涂层前后的电力开关柜传热特性进行分析。结果表明:涂层热导率相比于涂层发射率对母线温升影响较小,母线表面涂覆涂层之后,B相母线表面发射率由0.2增大到0.846时,三相母线最大负载电流与未涂覆相比提升18.75%。