Enhancement in boiling heat transfer performance using reduced graphene oxide coating with controllable components and porous structures

Enhancement in boiling heat transfer performance is significant for addressing thermal management bottlenecks of advanced electronic systems.Reduced graphene oxides(rGO)are regarded as promising candidates for thermal management due to their excellent thermal properties,chemical stability and adjustable wettability.In this study,rGO coatings with micron pores and controllable oxygen contents are prepared on Al substrate via cathodic electrophoretic deposition and subsequent thermal annealing,leading to enhanced pool boiling performance.The heat transfer coefficient for Al/rGO450is 37.2 kW m-2K-1,which is increased by 112.6%compared with bare Al,also outperformed previously reported Al based substrates.It is assumed that the hydrophilic and aerophobic r GO coatings effectively promote the liquid infiltration and bubble departure during pool boiling process.Importantly,repeatability tests indicate the durable stability of vertically oriented rGO nanosheets.Reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation indicates that the interfacial transmission coefficients of Al/rGO increase after thermal annealing,indicative of the enhanced heat transfer performance of heterogeneous interface.Our study opens a new avenue for endowing metal substrates with high pool boiling performance using porous carbon coating nanoengineering strategy with controllable morphology and components.

Numerical Analysis on Heat Transfer Enhancement by Waves on Falling Liquid Film

Numerical simulations have been carried out for two dimensional wavy falling liquid films on a vertical wall. The algorithm of the simulation is based on MAC method and schemes for interfacial boundary conditions are modified. Small artificial perturbations given at the inflow boundary grow rapidly and then the amplitude of the waves approaches to developed waves. Effects of the disturbance frequency on the wave development behavior and heat transfer characteristics are especially investigated. For low frequency, a disturbance wave develops to a solitary wave consisted of a large amplitude roll wave and small amplitude capillary waves. Increasing the frequency, the wave amplitude decreases and the capillary wave disappears. For further high frequency, the disturbance amplitude reduces along down stream. The heat transfer coefficient is enhanced by the surface wave and has a maximum at a certain frequency. The streamlines and the temperature contours are shown for various frequency waves and the heat transfer enhancement mechanism is clarified.

Heat transfer characteristics of thin power-law liquid films over horizontal stretching sheet with internal heating and variable thermal coefficient

The effect of internal heating source on the film momentum and thermal transport characteristic of thin finite power-law liquids over an accelerating unsteady horizontal stretched interface is studied. Unlike most classical works in this field, a general surface temperature distribution of the liquid film and the generalized Fourier＇s law for varying thermal conductivity are taken into consideration. Appropriate similarity transformations are used to convert the strongly nonlinear governing partial differential equations （PDEs） into a boundary value problem with a group of two-point ordinary differential equations （ODEs）. The correspondence between the liquid film thickness and the unsteadiness parameter is derived with the BVP4C program in MATLAB. Numerical solutions to the self-similarity ODEs are obtained using the shooting technique combined with a Runge-Kutta iteration program and Newton＇s scheme. The effects of the involved physical parameters on the fluid＇s horizontal velocity and temperature distribution are presented and discussed.

Numerical study on two-phase boiling heat transfer performance of interrupted microchannel heat sinks

The conventional straight microchannel heat sinks have been reported to inadequately remove the increasing power density of electronics.In recent years,an effective heat transfer enhancement method,flow disruptions have attracted the attention of researchers,where interrupted structures are arranged in the microchannel to enhance flow mixing and heat transfer.However,previous numerical studies of interrupted microchannel heat sinks(I MCHS)mainly focus on single-phase flow condition,and the characteristics of the boiling heat transfer of I MCHS in two-phase flow condition have been rarely explored.Thus,the flow and heat transfer characteristics of two I MCHS based on rectangular microchannel heat sink(R MCHS)are investigated by modeling both single-phase and two-phase flow conditions.These two interrupts consist of a combination of cavities and ribs,namely elliptical cavities and elliptical side ribs(EC-ESR),and elliptical cavities and elliptical central ribs(EC-ECR).The results show that for single-phase flow condition,the maximum Nusselt number is increased by 187%in the EC-ESR design and150%in the EC-ECR design compared with the R MCHS.For subcooled boiling(i.e.,two-phase flow)condition,the EC-ECR design is a promising structure to enhance boiling heat transfer with 6.7 K reduction of average wall temperature and 29%increment of local heat transfer coefficient when compared with those of R MCHS.However,the local heat transfer coefficient in the EC-ESR design is decreased by 22%compared with the R MCHS due to the formation of a rare flow pattern(i.e.,inverted annular flow with vapor film separation)in the microchannel.This flow pattern can induce departure from nucleate boiling(DNB),thereby deteriorating the heat transfer on the channel walls.

Theoretical study on boiling heat transfer in the Xi'an pulsed reactor

Boiling heat transfer condition has significance for pool-type research reactors cooled by natural circulation.It has important effect on the fuel element safety of reactor.On the basis of heat transfer characteristics of the Xi'an pulsed reactor(XAPR),fuel conduction,single-phase convection and boiling heat transfer,and void fraction models of the core are constructed.To validate the correctness of the physical models presented in the paper,numerical calculation based on a subchannel analysis method of XAPR is carried out,and the temperature fields are measured in some reactor coolant channels.The comparison between the calculated and experimental results verifies the effectiveness of the models.These physical models are used to calculate the thermal-hydraulic parameters of XAPR at the rated power(for XAPR the rated power is 2.0 MW in steady-state operation).The results indicate that subcooled boiling occurs in the XAPR core but it exhibits a subcooling degree which is considerably higher than that of saturation boiling.Subcooled boiling improves the efficiency of heat transfer between the fuel element surface and coolant,as well as effectively protects fuel elements.This research is also a beneficial reference in thermal-hydraulic analysis for other natural circulation reactors.

Investigation of Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer from Porous Surfaces

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Review of nanofluids for heat transfer applications

Research on nanofluids has progressed rapidly since its enhanced thermal conductivity was first reported about a decade ago, though much controversy and inconsistency have been reported, and insufficient understanding of the formulation and mechanism of nanofluids further limits their applications. This work presents a critical review of research on heat transfer applications of nanofluids with the aim of identifying the limiting factors so as to push forward their further development.

Emerging Flexible Thermally Conductive Films:Mechanism,Fabrication,Application

Effective thermal management is quite urgent for electronics owing to their ever-growing integration degree,operation frequency and power density,and the main strategy of thermal management is to remove excess energy from electronics to outside by thermal conductive materials.Compared to the conventional thermal management materials,flexible thermally conductive films with high in-plane thermal conductivity,as emerging candidates,have aroused greater interest in the last decade,which show great potential in thermal management applications of next-generation devices.However,a comprehensive review of flexible thermally conductive films is rarely reported.Thus,we review recent advances of both intrinsic polymer films and polymer-based composite films with ultrahigh in-plane thermal conductivity,with deep understandings of heat transfer mechanism,processing methods to enhance thermal conductivity,optimization strategies to reduce interface thermal resistance and their potential applications.Lastly,challenges and opportunities for the future development of flexible thermally conductive films are also discussed.

Rewetting and Flow Film Boiling Along Hot Surface

The recent investigations on the rewettmg and film boiling of liquid flowing along a hot/heated surface are briefly reviewed and discussed.Some advanced theoretical analyses are conducted and new conclusions achieved.These investigations describe the fundamental characteristics of liquid flow boiling and further the complicated rewetting phenomena,and have resulted in considerable insight intothe mechanism.

CHT/CFD Analysis of Thermal Sensitivity of a Transonic Film-Cooled Guide Vane

Thermal parameters are important variables that have great influence on life time of turbine vanes.Therefore,accurate prediction of the thermal parameters is essential.In this study,a numerical approach for conjugate heat transfer(CHT)and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)is used to investigate thermal sensitivity of a transonic guide vane which is fully film-cooled by 199 film holes.Thermal barrier coating(TBC),i.e.,the typical TBC and a new one as the candidate TBC,and turbulence intensity(Tu),i.e.,Tu=3.3%,10%and 20%,are two variables used for the present study.At first the external surface temperatures of the vane material are compared.Next,the TBC surface temperatures are considered.Results show the major role of the lower thermal conductivity of TBC which results in the lower and more uniform temperature on the external surface of the vane substrate.Finally,the thermal sensitivity is presented in terms of the percentage reduction of the external surface temperatures of the vane material and the structural temperatures of the vane material at midspan,including the variations of average and maximum vane temperatures.Results show that TBC and Tu have significant effects on the external surface and structural temperatures of the vane substrate.The lower thermal conductivity of TBC leads to the higher difference between the thermal conductivity of the vane substrate and TBC,the reduction of heat transfer and the more uniform temperature within the vane structure.The results also show more effective protection for the average vane temperature from the two TBCs at higher Tus.However,Tu does not significantly affect the reduction of the maximum vane temperature even though the new TBC,which has the very low thermal conductivity,is used.

Zr-4表面特性及冷却剂过冷度 对骤冷沸腾传热的影响

核燃料棒再淹没骤冷沸腾是堆芯失水事故后避免堆芯熔化采取的重要事故缓释措施。本文采用不同粒度砂纸打磨得到不同粗糙度的Zr-4表面,研究了Zr-4表面粗糙度和冷却剂过冷度对骤冷沸腾过程冷却速率及沸腾换热的影响。对所制备的不同表面粗糙度实验段进行了骤冷沸腾可视化实验,同时测量实验段内部温度,通过导热反问题反演得到骤冷过程表面温度及热流密度。结果表明:表面粗糙度对膜态沸腾换热的影响较小,但粗糙度较大的表面更早地触发了表面-液体接触,强化了骤冷沸腾;而粗糙度较小时,粗糙度对骤冷沸腾的影响较小;当粗糙度进一步减小时,由于表面接触角的增大,骤冷沸腾持续的时间增长。此外,随着冷却剂过冷度的增大,膜态沸腾气膜厚度减薄,维持稳定气膜的最小膜态沸腾温度增大,骤冷速率增强。本文为揭示压水堆破口事故燃料棒再淹没过程的流动沸腾换热机理提供一定的理论基础。

螺纹牙型高度对不锈钢棒材再淹没淬冷沸腾影响的实验研究

为研究棒材表面螺纹牙型高度对淬冷沸腾的影响,在冷却剂受迫流动条件下,于不同过冷度下对表面具有不同螺纹牙型高度的不锈钢棒材进行淬冷沸腾可视化实验探究。根据测量所得温度数据,结合可视化图像结果,分析螺纹牙型高度与过冷度对淬冷沸腾过程中气膜演变及沸腾传热特性的影响。结果表明,随着螺纹牙型高度增加,气膜坍塌时间缩短,最小膜态沸腾温度提高,膜态沸腾时间减少,临界热流密度增加,过渡与核态沸腾阶段换热性能有所提升;随着过冷度增加,棒材表面冷却速率加快,最小膜态沸腾温度升高,淬冷沸腾时间缩短,但过冷度的增加使得螺纹表面形貌对膜态沸腾时间的影响相对减弱。最终,将实验所得最小膜态沸腾温度与文献拟合经验公式计算结果进行对比,验证了实验的可靠性。

Effects of Friction Heat on the Tribological Properties of the Woven Self-lubricating Liner

In the dry-sliding process of the woven self-lubricating liner which is used in the self-lubricating spherical plain bearing, the friction heat plays an important role in the tribological performances of the liner. It has important value to study on the relationship between tribological performances of the liner and the friction heat. Unforttmately, up to now, published work on this relationship is quite scarce. Therefore, the effect of friction heat on the tribological performances of the liner was investigated in the present work. The tribological behaviors of the liner were evaluated by using the high temperature end surface wear tester. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was utilized to examine the morphologies of worn surfaces of the liner and study the failure modes. Differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） measurement and X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis were performed to study the behaviors of the wear debris. The temperature rise on the worn surface was calculated according to classical models. SEM observation shows that the dominating wear mechanism for the liner is mainly affected by friction shear force, contact pressure and friction heat. Higher fusion heat for the wear debris than that for the pure polytetrafluroethylene （PTFE） indicates that the PTFE is the main portion of the wear debris, and, the PTFE in the wear debris shows a higher crystallisation degree owing to the effects of friction shear force and the friction heat. Combining the calculated temperature rise results with the wear rate of the liner, it can be concluded that the effects of temperature rise o n the tribological performances of the liner become more obvious when the temperature rise exceeds the glass transition temperature （Tg） of the PTFE. The wear resistance of the liner deteriorates dramatically when the temperature rise approaches to the melting point （Ton） of the PTFE. The tribological performances of the liner can be improved when the temperature rise exceeds Tg but is far lower than Ton- The present study on the relationship between the temperature rise and the tribological performances of the liner may provide the basis for further understanding of the wear mechanisms of the liner as well as the relationship between the formation of the PTFE transfer film and the friction heat during the dry-sliding of the Finer.

Thermographic Observation of High-Frequency Ethanol Droplet Train Impingement on Heated Aluminum and Glass Surfaces

The present study considers the impingement of a train of ethanol droplets on heated aluminum and glass surfaces.The surface temperature is allowed to vary in the interval 140℃–240℃.Impingement is considered with an inclination of 63 degrees.The droplet diameter is 0.2 mm in both aluminum and glass surface experiments.Thermal gradients are observed with a thermographic camera.It is found that in comparison to glass,the aluminum surface displays very small liquid accumulations and better evaporation performance due to its higher thermal conductivity.The relatively low thermal conductivity of glass results in higher thermal gradients on the surface.The droplet impact area on the aluminum surface is smaller than the corresponding area for the glass surface.Interestingly,the liquid accumulation area is not symmetrical.Moreover,the extension of the droplet train impact region decreases on increasing the surface temperature because higher temperature values allow greater surface energy levels that enhance significantly the evaporation rate.

Comparative Study on Different Methods for Prediction of Thermal Insulation Performance of Thermal Barrier Coating Used on Turbine Blades

As turbine inlet temperature gets higher and higher,thermal barrier coating(TBC) is more and more widely used in turbine blades.For turbine blades with TBC,it is of great significance to evaluate the temperature distribution of its substrate metal quickly and accurately,especially during the design stage.With different degrees of simplification such as whether to consider the change of the geometric size of the fluid domain by TBC and whether to consider the planar heat conduction in TBC,three different methods used in conjugate heat transfer(CHT) simulation to model the TBC of the turbine blades have been developed and widely used by researchers.However,little research has been conducted to investigate the influence of the three methods on the temperature distribution of turbine blade.To fill this gap,three geometric models were designed.They are a solid conduction model with a substrate metal layer and a TBC layer,a transonic turbine vane with internal cooling and TBC,and a plate cylindrical film hole cooling model with TBC.Different methods were used in these geometric models and their differences were carefully analyzed and discussed.The result shows that for the conduction model used in this paper,with the same TBC surface temperature distribution,the difference between the three methods is very small and can be ignored.For a transonic turbine vane with internal cooling,regarding the local maximum temperature of the substrate-TBC interface,the largest difference between the method in which TBC is considered as a thermal resistance or a virtual layer of cells and the method in which three-dimensional heat conduction equation of TBC is solved occurs at the trailing edge.The difference near the leading edge is below 2K.When employed to the film cooling model,the difference of the laterally averaged temperature of the substrate-TBC interface can be 8 K which is mainly due to the change of the length to diameter ratio of the film cooling hole by TBC.If the substrate thickness is reduced by the thickness of TBC when three-dimensional heat conduction equation of TBC is solved,the temperature difference between the three methods will be quite limited.

熔盐横向冲刷过冷沸腾水传热特性实验研究

熔盐-汽水换热器性能直接影响塔式太阳能热电站的发电效率,以太阳盐为工质,实验研究了熔盐横掠冲刷管内过冷沸腾水传热特性,工况参数为:熔盐质量流速504~594 kg(/m^(2)·s),熔盐温度350~560℃;管侧质量流速135~226 kg(/m^(2)·s),入口温度260℃,热流密度65~465 kW/m^(2)。研究影响熔盐换热器传热,特性的关键参数与次要参数,其中熔盐温度及水侧压力对传热特性影响较大。最后,将实验数据与文献中的关联式进行了对比分析。

5×5均匀加热棒束底部再淹没实验研究及热工安全分析程序评价

核反应堆安全分析中的冷却剂丧失事故(Loss of Coolant Accident,LOCA)是反应堆安全的重要研究对象之一,LOCA事故中的再淹没阶段棒束通道内的热工水力行为是其中一个十分关键的问题。利用西安交通大学核安全与运行研究室的膜态沸腾实验平台,本文开展了对5×5均匀加热棒束开展了底部再淹没实验研究。通过求解一维瞬态逆导热问题获得再淹没过程中加热棒束的表面参数,探究了不同实验条件对骤冷前沿推进速度的影响,使用热工安全分析程序RELAP5对实验结果进行对比计算,总结了其在模拟再淹没过程中存在的问题。结果表明:1)再淹没过程中高进口流量、高入口过冷度和低功率密度更有利于骤冷前沿的推进;2)RELAP5模拟的骤冷时间总均方根误差40.994 s;包壳峰值温度(Peak Cladding Temperature,PCT)总均方根误差61.465 K。模拟值在后临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,CHF)换热阶段与实验值相比误差较大,问题主要集中在沸腾模式判断和膜态沸腾换热模型上。本文中的实验数据可为再淹没过程的流动传热预测模型提供新的验证数据,也可用于评价和优化热工安全分析程序。

激波对超声速气膜冷却流动换热特性影响研究

为研究激波对超声速气膜冷却流动换热的影响机理,利用数值模拟方法在三种冷气射流马赫数(Ma=1.2,1.5,1.8)下改变激波入射角度(θ=2°,4°,8°),对绝热冷效与壁面换热系数的变化开展研究。结果表明,激波对绝热冷效与壁面换热系数的影响可以根据当地流动情况与主射流掺混程度划分为四个影响区域;入射激波增强使逆压增大,引起分离涡范围增加并使边界层再附影响区内的主射流掺混强度增强,导致冷却效果的恶化;高冷气射流马赫数通过推移边界层分离位置与减弱分离涡后主射流掺混强度来对冷却效果受激波影响的恶化起到补偿作用。综合来看,激波入射引起超声速气膜冷却综合冷效下降,而在低射流马赫数时提高射流马赫数可使综合冷效最大提高80.6%。

电池模组冷却用池沸腾传热技术研究进展

池沸腾作为一种高效的冷却方式,在电动汽车电池热管理系统(TMS)的应用中受到关注。传热系数(HTC)是池沸腾重要的热力学限制参数之一,直接影响池沸腾的传热性能。对影响池沸腾HTC的主要因素,如表面结构、饱和压力和表面湿润度等进行介绍,归纳提高池沸腾HTC的方法。综述将池沸腾冷却技术应用于电池模组TMS的研究进展,与传统的风冷、液冷和热管散热方式相比,池沸腾冷却效率大幅提高。对未来电动汽车电池模组的TMS研究方向进行展望,为池沸腾研究中HTC相关实验、池沸腾冷却技术应用于电池模组的冷却提供技术参考。