The carbon-based metal-free materials as catalysts(named as carbocatalysts) have been attracting tremendous attentions in electric-,solar-and thermal-driven reactions nowadays.Compared to electrocatalysis and photocat...The carbon-based metal-free materials as catalysts(named as carbocatalysts) have been attracting tremendous attentions in electric-,solar-and thermal-driven reactions nowadays.Compared to electrocatalysis and photocatalysis,the thermal-driven catalysis(thermocatalysis) including liquid phase and gas phase reactions involves wider scope and is relatively easy to realize practical large-scale applications.Over the past several years,some striking achievements on the design of new carbon-based metal-free materials with well-defined structures and heteroatom groups as well as the revelation of new reaction mechanisms and active sites in thermocatalysis have been obtained.However,comparative discussions regarding these recent achievements have been rarely highlighted.In this review,we systematically summarize and discuss six kinds of carbocatalysts and their applications in thermocatalysis.These materials include typical oxygen-attached carbon,surface modified carbon(graft with certain organic compounds),mono-doped carbon,co-doped carbon,carbon nitride and materials with carbon as dopant.Some new reaction processes as well as the related reaction mechanisms,active sites and intermediates are reviewed critically.Moreover,an outlook on the in-depth investigation of the metalfree carbocatalysis in the future is provided.展开更多
The paper adopts an f-plane quasi-geostrophic inertial model without linearization to investigate the perturbation temperature, boundary jet and upwelling (downwelling) in an idealized rectangular basin, under the con...The paper adopts an f-plane quasi-geostrophic inertial model without linearization to investigate the perturbation temperature, boundary jet and upwelling (downwelling) in an idealized rectangular basin, under the consideration of west side friction layer and heat conservation. There is net heat input on the upper surface and equal quality heat dissipation on the west boundary, and without heat exchange on other boundaries, then the heat is conservation in the whole basin. Results show that there is thermal front due to denseness of the perturbation temperature in the west side boundary, the perturbation pressure and flow field are reversal on the upper layer and bottom layer. On the bottom layer, the west coastal current is northward, and the maximum perturbation pressure center is on the west, however, on the upper layer, the east coastal current is southward, and the maximum perturbation pressure center is on the east. There is strong vertical flow in narrow western boundary layer, and also in the central zone. The effect of different upper thermal forcings is also studied, and it can be concluded that there is always temperature denseness and boundary jet near the west boundary, and the appearance of flow field reversal, but the distribution of vertical flow is rather different.展开更多
发展大规模、分布式储能是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径。守住储能电池(battery energy storage,BES)的安全底线关乎人民生命安全和社会经济发展。现有储能电池安全预警方法还面临如下2个方面挑战:机理研究方法考虑的工况单一,难以推广应...发展大规模、分布式储能是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径。守住储能电池(battery energy storage,BES)的安全底线关乎人民生命安全和社会经济发展。现有储能电池安全预警方法还面临如下2个方面挑战:机理研究方法考虑的工况单一,难以推广应用;基于有监督学习的数据驱动方法难以有效应对小样本问题。对此,提出基于重构误差计算的数据驱动储能电池热失控预警方法。首先,基于无监督学习思想,建立数据驱动的储能电池热失控预警框架,利用重构误差构建电池间的差异程度,可有效应对小样本场景;利用集成学习思想量化电池热失控概率,可保障算法的稳定性。然后,为有效提取储能电池电压、温度、电流、荷电状态(stateof charge,SOC)等数据的时变特性,高效挖掘热失控前后的时变数据特征差异,进一步提出基于双向长短期记忆(bi-long short-term memory,Bi-LSTM)网络与注意力机制的储能电池数据特征挖掘方法,实现储能电池数据特征的精准学习。最后,通过电动汽车动力电池的真实运行数据,验证了所提方法的有效性。展开更多
基金supported by the Award Program for Fujian Minjiang Scholar Professorship,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21571035)Chemical Engineering&Technology of Zhejiang Province First-Class Discipline(Taizhou University),Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ20B060001)Taizhou science and technology planning project(1902gy20)。
文摘The carbon-based metal-free materials as catalysts(named as carbocatalysts) have been attracting tremendous attentions in electric-,solar-and thermal-driven reactions nowadays.Compared to electrocatalysis and photocatalysis,the thermal-driven catalysis(thermocatalysis) including liquid phase and gas phase reactions involves wider scope and is relatively easy to realize practical large-scale applications.Over the past several years,some striking achievements on the design of new carbon-based metal-free materials with well-defined structures and heteroatom groups as well as the revelation of new reaction mechanisms and active sites in thermocatalysis have been obtained.However,comparative discussions regarding these recent achievements have been rarely highlighted.In this review,we systematically summarize and discuss six kinds of carbocatalysts and their applications in thermocatalysis.These materials include typical oxygen-attached carbon,surface modified carbon(graft with certain organic compounds),mono-doped carbon,co-doped carbon,carbon nitride and materials with carbon as dopant.Some new reaction processes as well as the related reaction mechanisms,active sites and intermediates are reviewed critically.Moreover,an outlook on the in-depth investigation of the metalfree carbocatalysis in the future is provided.
文摘The paper adopts an f-plane quasi-geostrophic inertial model without linearization to investigate the perturbation temperature, boundary jet and upwelling (downwelling) in an idealized rectangular basin, under the consideration of west side friction layer and heat conservation. There is net heat input on the upper surface and equal quality heat dissipation on the west boundary, and without heat exchange on other boundaries, then the heat is conservation in the whole basin. Results show that there is thermal front due to denseness of the perturbation temperature in the west side boundary, the perturbation pressure and flow field are reversal on the upper layer and bottom layer. On the bottom layer, the west coastal current is northward, and the maximum perturbation pressure center is on the west, however, on the upper layer, the east coastal current is southward, and the maximum perturbation pressure center is on the east. There is strong vertical flow in narrow western boundary layer, and also in the central zone. The effect of different upper thermal forcings is also studied, and it can be concluded that there is always temperature denseness and boundary jet near the west boundary, and the appearance of flow field reversal, but the distribution of vertical flow is rather different.
