Oilfield analogy and productivity prediction based on machine learning: Field cases in PL oilfield, China

In the early time of oilfield development, insufficient production data and unclear understanding of oil production presented a challenge to reservoir engineers in devising effective development plans. To address this challenge, this study proposes a method using data mining technology to search for similar oil fields and predict well productivity. A query system of 135 analogy parameters is established based on geological and reservoir engineering research, and the weight values of these parameters are calculated using a data algorithm to establish an analogy system. The fuzzy matter-element algorithm is then used to calculate the similarity between oil fields, with fields having similarity greater than 70% identified as similar oil fields. Using similar oil fields as sample data, 8 important factors affecting well productivity are identified using the Pearson coefficient and mean decrease impurity(MDI) method. To establish productivity prediction models, linear regression(LR), random forest regression(RF), support vector regression(SVR), backpropagation(BP), extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine(Light GBM) algorithms are used. Their performance is evaluated using the coefficient of determination(R^(2)), explained variance score(EV), mean squared error(MSE), and mean absolute error(MAE) metrics. The Light GBM model is selected to predict the productivity of 30 wells in the PL field with an average error of only 6.31%, which significantly improves the accuracy of the productivity prediction and meets the application requirements in the field. Finally, a software platform integrating data query,oil field analogy, productivity prediction, and knowledge base is established to identify patterns in massive reservoir development data and provide valuable technical references for new reservoir development.

The Analogy between the Immune System and Human Life

The immune system operates as a complex organization with distinct roles and functions. Excitingly we recognized the similarities between the cellular dynamics of the immune system and our lives, activities, and behaviors. Observing the immune system can guide how to respond to various daily situations, including when to react, tolerate, or ignore. Recognizing this analogy between our lives and the immune system should motivate us to adopt a wisdom-based approach when investigating the mechanisms and future discoveries related to this system and to deepen our understanding of this complex system with newfound respect. In this context, the present review examines several integral biological processes of the immune system by drawing parallels between them and human life, activities, and behaviors to learn how we must behave based on the insights offered by this complex organization. The literature search was conducted in international databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar search engine using English equivalent keywords from 1998 up to April 2023. The search strategy used the following subject heading terms: Immune system, analogy, human life, cellular dynamics, memory, tolerance, and ignorance. In conclusion, the immune system is a complex organization comprising various cells interacting within specific sites and networks, communicating, drawing experiences, and learning how to tolerate certain conditions that make it share certain similarities with human life.

复杂企业网服务器端Analogy Factory设计模式

利用servlet良好的可扩展性 ,提出一种全新的Web服务器端设计模式———AnalogyFactory模式 ,将企业的业务逻辑从servlet中剥离 ,以独立的接口继承体系实现 ,并用动态加载方式获得其实例 ,可以在不重新编译服务器端控制逻辑的前提下更新功能 ,甚至加入新模块 ,从而适应企业复杂多变的网络环境和应用需求 .本设计模式运用于实际系统的开发 ,较好地解决了复杂网络的网络拥塞。

Image Analogy——Research on Bionic Thought of Chinese Ancient Gardens

Image analogy is a kind of Chinese traditional thinking mode.The paper had introduced application of image analogy in Chinese ancient culture at length,then explained the concept of image analogy in modern sense,and finally interpreted image analogy as gardening thought of bionics.It was considered that image analogy could be divided into "tangibility" analogy and "intangibility" analogy."Tangibility" referred to external appearance,structure and color of matters."Intangibility" referred to emotion,connotation,culture,spirit and so on.By taking the gardening thought of "Tortoise City" and "One Pond and Three Hills" for example,"tangibility" analogy was illustrated.Prospect bionics of bamboo's spirit had been explained by taking Yangzhou parks for example,bionics of sound landscape explained by taking Humble Administrator's Garden as an example,and connotation bionics of poetic conception explained by taking Suzhou Lion Forest as an example.At last,enlightenments of image analogy on modern garden had been summarized from the perspectives of idea,constructing methods and culture.

The tectonic fracture modeling of an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir based on an outcrop analogy: A case study in the Wangyao Oilfield of Ordos Basin, China

Due to inherent limits of data acquisition and geophysical data resolution, there are large uncertainties in the characterization of subsurface fractures. However, outcrop analogies can provide qualitative and quantitative information on a large number of fractures, based on which the accuracy of subsurface fracture characterization can be improved. Here we take the tectonic fracture modeling of an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir based on an outcrop analogy, a case study of the Chang6t~ Formation of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Group of the Wangyao Oilfield in the Ordos Basin of China. An outcrop at the edge of the basin is a suitable analog for the reservoir, but the prerequisite is that they must have equivalent previous stress fields, similar final structural characteristics, relative timing and an identical depositional environment and diagenesis. The relationship among fracture density, rock type and bed thickness based on the outcrop is one of the most important fracture distribution models, and can be used to interpret fracture density in individual wells quantitatively. Fracture orientation, dip, geometry and scale, also should be described and measured in the outcrop, and can be used together with structure restoration and single well fracture density interpretation to guide fracture intensity prediction on bed surfaces and to constrain the construction of the 3D fracture geometry model of the subsurface reservoir. The application of the above principles shows the outcrop-based tectonic fracture models of the target ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir are consistent with fractures inferred from microseismic interpretation and tracer tests. This illustrated that the fracture modeling based on the outcrop analogy is reliable and can reduce the uncertainty in stochastic fracture modeling.

Immune Recognition Method Based on Analogy Reasoning in Intrusion Detection System

In this paper, we propose an analogy based immune recognition method that focuses on the implement of the clone selection process and the negative selection process by means of analogy similarity. This method is applied in an IDS （Intrusion Detection System） following several steps. Firstly, the initial abnormal behaviours sample set is optimized through the combining of the AIS （Artificial Immune System） and the genetic algorithm. Then, the abnormity probability algorithm is raised considering the two sides of abnormality and normality. Finally, an intrusion detection system model is established based on the above algorithms and models.

Thermal-electrical Coupled Analysis and Experimental Investigation on Spark Plasma Sintering of SiC Ceramics

Finite element simulations were conducted to study the mechanism of spark plasma sintering. The spark plasma sintering of SiC ceramics was simulated by the Marc software based on the load current curve and temperature-time curve deserved by SPS experiment. The concept of equivalent radiation coefficient was presented and applied during the simulation. The temperature distribution regularity of SiC ceramics sintered by SPS technology was got by thermal-electrical coupled finite element simulation. The experimental results show that by thermal-electrical coupled finite element analysis, the temperature rising and distribution regularity of nonconductive material can be preferable forecasted in the sintering process of SPS. In the initial stage of the heat preservation, the temperature of the central part of the sample has achieved sintering temperature, but now, the temperature of the sample is not uniform. The temperature for each part of the die is also quite different and the sample temperature in the center is higher than that in the edge. In the end of heat preservation, the central temperature of the sample is 50 ℃higher than the required sintering temperature, and the temperature gap for each part of the die decreases gradually.

Max-plus代数中analogy-transitive矩阵及其本征问题

定义一类analogy-transitive矩阵,讨论其基本性质,给出判定一个矩阵是否为analogytransitive矩阵的判定定理及算法,最后讨论关于analogy-transitive矩阵的本征问题.对于analogytransitive矩阵,存在一个O(n2)的算法计算其唯一本征值λ(A)和所有本征向量x=(x1,…,xn)使得max j=1,…,n(aij+xj)=λ+xi(i=1,…,n).该结果较一般情况下O(n3)的算法有所改进.

Surface integral analogy approaches for predicting noise from 3D high-lift low-noise wings

Three surface integral approaches of the acoustic analogies are studied to predict the noise from three concep- tual configurations of three-dimensional high-lift low-noise wings. The approaches refer to the Kirchhoff method, the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings （FW-H） method of the permeable integral surface and the Curle method that is known as a special case of the FW-H method. The first two approaches are used to compute the noise generated by the core flow region where the energetic structures exist. The last approach is adopted to predict the noise specially from the pressure perturbation on the wall. A new way to con- struct the integral surface that encloses the core region is proposed for the first two methods. Considering the local properties of the flow around the complex object-the actual wing with high-lift devices-the integral surface based on the vorticity is constructed to follow the flow structures. The surface location is discussed for the Kirchhoff method and the FW-H method because a common surface is used for them. The noise from the core flow region is studied on the basis of the dependent integral quantities, which are indicated by the Kirchhoff formulation and by the FW-H formulation. The role of each wall component on noise contribution is analyzed using the Curle formulation. Effects of the volume integral terms of Lighthill＇s stress tensors on the noise pre-diction are then evaluated by comparing the results of the Curle method with the other two methods.

Design by Analogy:Achieving More Patentable Ideas from One Creative Design

A patent is a kind of technical document to protect intellectual property for individuals or enterprises. Patentable idea generation is a crucial step for patent application and analogy is confirmed to be an effective technique to inspire creative ideas. Analogy?based design usually starts from representation of an analogy source and is followed by the retrieval of appropriate analogs, mapping of design knowledge and adaptation of target solution. To diffuse one core idea into other new contexts and achieve more patentable ideas, this paper mainly centered on the first two stages of analogy?based design and proposed a patentable ideation framework. The analogical information of the source system, including source design problems and solution, was mined comprehensively through International Patent Classification analysis and represented in the form of function, behavior and structure. Three heuristics were suggested for searching the set of candidate target systems with a similar design problem, where the source design could be transferred. To systematize the process of source representation, analogs retrieval, idea transfer, and solution generation, an ideation model was put forward. Finally, the bladeless fan was selected as a source design to illustrate the application of this work. The design output shows that the representation and heuristics are beneficial, and this systematic ideation method can help the engineer or designer enhance creativity and discover more patentable opportunities.

Numerical Simulation on Thermal-Electrical Characteristics and Electrode Patterns of GaN LEDs with Graphene/NiO_x Hybrid Electrode

The thermal-electrical characteristic of a GaN light-emitting diode （LED） with the hybrid transparent conductive layers （TCLs） of graphene （Gr） and NiOx is investigated by a finite element method. It is indicated that the LED with the compound TCL of 3-layer Gr and 1 nm NiOx has the best thermal-electrical performance from the view point of the maximum temperature and the current density deviation of multiple quantum wells, and the maximum temperature occurs near the n-electrode rather than p-electrode. Furthermore, to depress the current crowding on the LED, the electrode pattern parameters including p- and n-electrode length, p-electrode buried depth and the distance of n-electrode to active area are optimized. It is found that either increasing p- or n-electrode length and buried depth or decreasing the distance of n-electrode from the active area will decrease the temperature of the LED, while the increase of the n-electrode length has more prominent effect. Typically, when the n-electrode length increases to 0.8 times of the chip size, the temperature of the GaN LED with the inm NiOx/3-1ayer-Gr hybrid TCLs could drop about 7K and the current density uniformity could increase by 23.8%, compared to 0.4 times of the chip size. This new finding will be beneficial for improvement of the thermal- electrical performance of LEDs with various conductive TCLs such as NiOx/Gr or ITO/Gr as current spreading layers.

Modeling of the Earth’s Planetary Heat Balance with Electrical Circuit Analogy

The integral heat model for the system of the Earth’s surface—the atmosphere—the open space based on the electrical circuit analogy is presented. Mathematical models of the heat balance for this system are proposed. Heat circuit which is analog of the electrical circuit for investigating the temperature dependencies on the key parameters in the clear form is presented.

Evaluation of natural gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea using a new genetic analogy method

Natural gas hydrate(NGH)has attracted much attention as a new alternative energy globally.However,evaluations of global NGH resources in the past few decades have casted a decreasing trend,where the estimate as of today is less than one ten-thousandth of the estimate forty years ago.The NGH researches in China started relatively late,but achievements have been made in the South China Sea(SCS)in the past two decades.Thirty-five studies had been carried out to evaluate NGH resource,and results showed a flat trend,ranging from 60 to 90 billion tons of oil equivalent,which was 2-3 times of the evaluation results of technical recoverable oil and gas resources in the SCS.The big difference is that the previous 35 group of NGH resource evaluations for the SCS only refers to the prospective gas resource with low grade level and high uncertainty,which cannot be used to guide exploration or researches on development strategies.Based on the analogy with the genetic mechanism of conventional oil and gas resources,this study adopts the newly proposed genetic method and geological analogy method to evaluate the NGH resource.Results show that the conventional oil and gas resources are 346.29×10^(8)t,the volume of NGH and free dynamic field are 25.19×10^(4)km^(3) and(2.05-2.48)×10^(6)km^(3),and the total amount of in-situ NGH resources in the SCS is about(4.47-6.02)×10^(12)m^(3).It is considered that the resource of hydrate should not exceed that of conventional oil and gas,so it is 30 times lower than the previous estimate.This study provides a more reliable geological basis for further NGH exploration and development.

A CONCISE M-METRIC LEAST SQUARE FORMULA FOR POLYNOMIAL ANALOGY

An M-metric least square method for polynomial analogy is presented. The relative normal eqUation is of diagonal form, such that the concise solution formula is explicit, and it is suitable to Parallel computation. On the other hand, by error analysis of a typical example, we can see that the presented method is reliable.

Geological Analogy Expert System of Oil-Generating Depressions

The geologic analogy expert system of oil-generating depressions (GAESOD) constructed on IBM 386 by using GCLISP language is a tool-type expert system for geologic analogy .GAESOD consists of eight parts: (1) illustrating module of system; (2) general controlling module; (3) knowledge base; (4 (reasoning module; (5 )data base; (6)explanation module; (7)gaining and managing module of knowledge; (8) managing module of data base .There are 36 known models of oil-generating depressions of the eastern part and the continental shelf of China in the knowledge base .Three values,such as resemblance coefficient ,certainty factor and fine-poor coefficient ,will be acquired if this system is applied to any two on-generating depressions .Finally,GAESOD are applied to the analysis of some data from Xichang depression ,Hepu basin and the conclusions from this system are consistent with the results from geologic experts.

Calculation of Sound Ray’s Trajectories by the Method of Analogy to Mechanics at Ocean

In this paper, one of analogies available in the literature between movement of a material particle and ray propagation of a sound in liquid is used. By means of the equations of Hamilton describing movement of a material particle, analytical expression of a tangent to a trajectory of a sound ray at non-uniform ocean on depth is received. The received expression for a tangent differs from traditional one, defined under law Snelius. Calculation of trajectories, and also other characteristics of a sound field is carried out by two methods: first—traditional, under law Snelius, and second—by the analogy to mechanics method. Calculations are made for canonical type of the sound channel. In the region near to horizontal rays, both methods yield close results, and in the region of steep slope, the small distinction is observed.

Sludge Filtration Resistance Model Based on Electrical Resistance Analogy

In this study, a model for sludge filtration resistance (SFR) was developed using electrical resistance analogy by relating the rate at which water flows to the current of charge to determine Sludge Filtration Resistance using a typical single Electrical Resistance from a Direct Current Circuit. Synthetic sludge was successfully formulated for experimental purposes. The advantage of using synthetic sludge was that they permitted experiments to be performed on stable samples with known physical and chemical properties not subject to degradation by microbial activity. The result from the present study indicates the effect of conditioner on synthetic sludge filtration at variable pressure for sludge filtration resistance (SFR) and the trends in the results indicated that SFR reduces with increase in the concentration of dissolved salt (CaCl2). The linearity observed between plot of volume of filtrate versus time of filtration by correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9292 (Figure 1) for 10 g of CaCl2 and R2 = 0.9294 (Figure 2) for 18 g of CaCl2. It is evident from the calculated values that they are very strong and have testified that the effect of conditioner on synthetic sludge filtration at variable pressure for sludge filtration resistance (SFR) using electrical resistance analogy is very satisfactory. When compared the existing data from SFR with other measure of filterability calculated using Carman’s equation to validate the model, it was observed that specific resistance decreases as the concentration of CaCl2 (dissolved salt) increases which agrees with SFR.

Use of Analogy by Public Health Nurses in Problem Solving for Individual Consultations in Japan: A Multiple Case Study

Aim: Nurses must develop good problem-solving skills (PSS) to work in the complex health care environment. This study explored PHNs’ use of analogy in PSS development. The purposes of the study were to clarify how PSS developed in one area (i.e., mental health) could be applied to another area (i.e., maternal health) and whether new PSS could develop in response to PSS gained in another area. Methods: A multiple case study was conducted using interviews. We interviewed 27 consultations from eight Japanese PHNs who consulted in mental health departments before transferring to maternal health departments. The data on how PHNs applied PSS in the selection, mapping, evaluation, and learning stages of the analogy process were extracted from transcribed interviewed data and compared. Results: PHNs provided 59 PSS used in 27 consultations. All PHNs applied past mental health PSS to solve new problems in maternal health. They tended to select past PSS based on structural similarity and to apply PSS via low-level abstraction in serious situations or preventively to avoid causing the current situation to worsen. Notably, PHNs developed maternal health PSS by using past mental health PSS;these new PSS were derived through analogy from various failures and successes. Conclusions: PSS developed in one area can be applied in another area, and new PSS can develop through applying these previous PSS. Identification of structural similarities and preventive analogies must be included in nursing education, especially for nurses working in public health fields.

The Continuous Analogy of Newton’s Method for Solving a System of Linear Algebraic Equations

We propose a continuous analogy of Newton’s method with inner iteration for solving a system of linear algebraic equations. Implementation of inner iterations is carried out in two ways. The former is to fix the number of inner iterations in advance. The latter is to use the inexact Newton method for solution of the linear system of equations that arises at each stage of outer iterations. We give some new choices of iteration parameter and of forcing term, that ensure the convergence of iterations. The performance and efficiency of the proposed iteration is illustrated by numerical examples that represent a wide range of typical systems.

Geometric Analogy and Products of Vectors in <i>n</i>Dimensions

The cross product in Euclidean space IR3 is an operation in which two vectors are associated to generate a third vector, also in space IR3. This product can be studied rewriting its basic equations in a matrix structure, more specifically in terms of determinants. Such a structure allows extending, for analogy, the ideas of the cross product for a type of the product of vectors in higher dimensions, through the systematic increase of the number of rows and columns in determinants that constitute the equations. So, in a n-dimensional space with Euclidean norm, we can associate n – 1 vectors and to obtain an n-th vector, with the same geometric characteristics of the product in three dimensions. This kind of operation is also a geometric interpretation of the product defined by Eckman [1]. The same analogies are also useful in the verification of algebraic properties of such products, based?on known properties of determinants.