Design and Characterization of an Aerosol Test Chamber for Emergency Response Patient Contamination Control Simulation and Research

Contaminated or infected patients present a risk of cross-contamination for emergency responders, attending medical personnel and medical facilities as they enter a treatment facility. The controlled conditions of an aerosol test chamber are required to examine factors of contamination, decontamination, and cross-contamination. This study presents the design, construction, and a method for characterizing an aerosol test chamber for a full-sized manikin on a standard North Atlantic Treaty Organization litter. The methodology combined air velocity measurements, aerosol particle counts and size distributions, and computational fluid dynamics modeling to describe the chamber’s performance in three dimensions. This detailed characterization facilitates future experimental design by predicting chamber performance for a variety of patient-focused research.

Comparison between Ophthalmologists and Community Health Workers in Screening of Shallow Anterior Chamber with Oblique Flashlight Test

Objective To study the agreement between ophthalmologists and community health workers in detecting shallow anterior chamber with oblique flashlight test. Methods Totally 425 subjects were given an eye examination in a community health center. The anterior chamber depth of each subject was examined by one ophthalmologist and two trained community health workers (one nurse and one non-professional health worker) using oblique flashlight test. Inter-observer agreement was determined using the weighted kappa statistic. Results Among the enrolled subjects,148 (35%) were male and 277 (65%) were female. Good agreement was noted in all the three observers. The comparison between the ophthalmologist and the nurse showed a kappa statistic of 0.42 for both eyes (P<0.001). The kappa statistic was 0.54 and 0.52 for right and left eyes respectively between the ophthalmologist and the non-professional health worker (P<0.001). As for agreement between the nurse and the non-professional health worker,the kappa statistic was 0.49 and 0.38 for right and left eyes,respectively (P<0.001). Conclusion The oblique flashlight test may be used as an applicable tool by trained community health workers for screening of shallow anterior chamber and play a role in blindness prevention in community.

Analysis of volatile organic compounds emitted from aircraft carpets:comparison using headspace and dynamic chamber tests

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emitted from three types of carpets used in aircrafts were compared by using headspace and dynamic chamber tests. The headspace samples contained many compounds that were not detected in the dynamic chamber test; in addition, the dominant VOCs found by these two methods were different. The findings indicate that for highly sorptive materials such as carpets, headspace analysis may give inaccurate indication of actual VOC emissions, and it is necessary to conduct dynamic chamber tests over a certain period of time in order to identify the true emission characteristics. From the dynamic chamber tests, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was the main VOC emitted from all three carpets. The study also examined the emission characteristics of aircraft carpets. In all experiments, total VOC(TVOC) concentration peaked within a few hours after the start of the experiment and was followed by rapid decay. The emission parameters of TVOC emitted by all three carpets were calculated and the simulated data matched the measured data well.

On Dynamic Channel Emulation in Sector MPAC for Over-the-Air Testing of Beamformed Massive MIMO Devices

In this article,novel emulation strategies for the sectored multiple probe anechoic chamber(SMPAC)are proposed to enable the reliable evaluation of the massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)device operating at beamforming mode,which requires a realistic non-stationary channel environment.For the dynamic propagation emulation,an efficient closed-form probe weighting strategy minimizing the power angular spectrum(PAS)emulation errors is derived,substantially reducing the associated computational complexity.On the other hand,a novel probe selection algorithm is proposed to reproduce a more accurate fading environment.Various standard channel models and setup configurations are comprehensively simulated to validate the capacity of the proposed methods.The simulation results show that more competent active probes are selected with the proposed method compared to the conventional algorithms.Furthermore,the derived closedform probe weighting strategy offers identical accuracy to that obtained with complicated numerical optimization.Moreover,a realistic dynamic channel measured in an indoor environment is reconstructed with the developed methodologies,and 95.6%PAS similarity can be achieved with 6 active probes.The satisfactory results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are suitable for arbitrary channel emulation.

Experimental Tests on a Pre-Heated Combustion Chamber for Ultra Micro Gas Turbine Device: Air/Fuel Ratio Evaluation

Current portable power generators are mainly based on internal combustion engine since they present higher values of efficiency comparing to other engines;the main reason why internal combustion engine is not convenient for micro power generation (5 - 30 kW) is because of their heaviness. Micro and ultra micro gas turbine devices, based on a micro compressor and a micro turbine installed on the same shaft, are more suitable for this scope for several reasons. Micro turbine systems have many advantages over reciprocating engine generators, such as higher power density (with respect to size and weight), extremely low emissions and few, or just one, moving part. Those designed with foil bearings and air-cooling operate without oil, coolants or other hazardous materials. Micro turbines also have the advantage of having the majority of their waste heat contained in their relatively high temperature exhaust. Micro turbines offer several potential advantages compared to other technologies for small-scale power generation, including: a small number of moving parts, compact size, lightweight, greater efficiency, lower emissions, lower electricity costs, and opportunities to utilize waste fuels. The object of this study is the experimental tests on a stand-alone gas turbine device with a pre-heated combustion chamber (CC), to validate the fuel consumption reduction, compared to an actual and commercial device, used on air models.

舰载机前起落架缓冲性能参数敏感性研究

为了同时满足缓冲和突伸性能,舰载机前起落架常采用双腔缓冲器设计。以某型机前起落架为研究对象,建立前起落架缓冲性能分析动力学模型,并将仿真计算结果与试验结果进行验证对比,验证理论模型的有效性和正确性。对缓冲器高、低压腔初始压力以及体积占比进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,高、低压腔初始充填压力和体积占比对起落架缓冲性能的影响有别于它们对突伸性能的影响,所以对舰载机前起落架缓冲器的设计需不断优化,同时兼顾缓冲和突伸性能。

姿控推力室隔热框断裂故障分析及改进

针对某姿控动力系统推力室在力学环境试验过程中发生的隔热框断裂故障,对故障部位进行断口分析和结构强度分析,发现在高量级随机振动条件下隔热框支撑肋根部存在严重的应力集中,导致发生疲劳断裂。通过改进隔热框支撑肋结构,经强度分析和推力室力学环境试验验证,隔热框未再发生类似故障,表明改进措施方案可靠有效。

黑菊芋加工工艺设备优化与验证

为解决传统黑菊芋加工设备工序繁杂、加工周期长、加工成本高的问题,设计结构合理、可监测温湿度及气压的小型试验箱。采用控制变量法,改变试验箱开孔密度,对菊芋进行分组加工试验,结合感官评价和营养成分分析确定最佳生产条件。再以此条件对传统小型黑菊芋加工设备进行改进,对传统加工程序进行优化。改造后的黑菊芋加工设备工序减少50%,加工时间减少45%,各项生产费用节省了83%。改造后的的黑菊芋加工设备生产效率明显提升,生产成本大幅下降;同时降低了塑料制品的使用,节能减排、低碳环保。

环境自动监测站固定式辐射监测仪性能测试与评价

参考计量技术规范《固定式环境γ辐射空气比释动能(率)仪现场校准规范》(JJF 1733—2018),对辐射环境空气自动监测站78台高气压电离室开展辐射特性测试。现场校准方面,仅88%的电离室满足1±0.2的响应范围要求;78台电离室的重复性均不超过1%,响应的非线性均不超过6.5%,符合规范要求。针对电离室开展辐射性能测试,发现电离室在9.0×10^(-2)~1.0×10^(9)μGy/h范围内的响应均不超过1±0.2;电离室对164 keV以上的光子的能量响应趋于1.0,对60 keV以下的光子无响应能力,而当光子能量在60~164 keV范围内时,响应曲线会因γ光子与电离室内部惰性气体的光电效应出现“鼓包”;电离室不具备对核临界事故脉冲辐射的监测与警示能力;电离室能够在2 s内给出测量范围内的准确示值,但在分段电压的交界处,响应时间会延长至180~360 s;电离室的响应受环境温度、湿度变化的影响大小不足±0.01,表明电离室的环境适应性优良。

宁夏‘赤霞珠’葡萄不同发育期晚霜冻害阈值试验研究

【目的】葡萄霜冻温度阈值是葡萄霜冻监测、预测、评估与防御的基础。对贺兰山东麓主栽酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’不同发育期低温忍耐力进行研究分析,建立葡萄霜冻温度阈值体系,旨为贺兰山东麓地区酿酒葡萄霜冻预测、防御提供理论依据。【方法】于2022年4—5月采用野外霜冻试验箱原位试验方法对贺兰山东麓主栽酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’不同发育期绒球、芽、新叶、新梢进行低温处理,测定其过冷却点、相对电导率(REC)及半致死温度(LT50),同时对低温胁迫后的受冻指数进行田间跟踪调查,利用受冻率与低温建立关系模型,计算不同发育期轻、中、重度受冻温度阈值。对不同发育期过冷却点、半致死温度(LT50)及霜冻指标温度阈值进行综合分析,确定不同发育期霜冻温度阈值。【结果】不同低温对‘赤霞珠’绒球期、芽开放期、展叶期和新梢生长期的影响程度不同,温度越低,各发育期的受冻率越大;随发育进程推进,‘赤霞珠’过冷却点温度、半致死温度逐渐升高;绒球期的低温耐受性最强,芽开放期、展叶期次之,新梢生长期最弱。【结论】-7.70℃是绒球期重度受冻的起始温度;芽开放期遭受重度霜冻的临界温度为-4.49℃;展叶期在-2.79℃即遭受不可逆伤害;新梢生长期出现-1.62℃以下的低温会造成严重的霜冻。

开口条件下高速离心机机室流场模拟及试验研究

为研究离心机机室开口条件下机室内流场特性及开口对风阻功率的影响,首先基于CFD(计算流体力学)方法建立了某离心机机室流场分析模型,针对机室开口状态进行了模拟,对比了风口竖直及倾斜对换热的影响;其次在某高速离心机上开展了流场测试试验,获得了机室内压力及风速的空间分布,及随离心机转速的变化规律,并对比了圆盘转子与转臂转子的风阻功率差异。研究表明滑移网格技术可用于计算离心机机室内旋转流场,倾斜通风口更有利于机室通风换热,并降低离心机运行的风阻功率;对旋转部件上凹坑等进行整流可有效降低风阻功率;圆盘转子的压差阻力远小于转臂转子。通过合理设计通风口可提高机室换热效率,研究可为高速离心机机室及温控设计提供参考。

液体火箭发动机热试车启动中导流锥对燃气管路流动特性影响研究

双推力室液体火箭发动机启动过程中,若出现两支管流量分配不均等现象,极易引起点火失败,造成重大损失。因此,燃气管路分叉处内部流动特性和在分叉处布置导流锥对改善流动特性影响的研究具有重要意义。本文针对某双推力室液体火箭发动机热试车启动过程中的燃气管路,以试验数据作为边界条件,开展了瞬态流动数值仿真研究。结果表明,火箭发动机热试车启动过程中,燃气管路流动呈现出4个典型阶段,分别为点火前的平稳期、点火后的一次上升期、下降期和二次上升期。在启动过程中,无导流锥时,导流罩进口存在预旋回流区、一侧出口存在滞止回流区,导流罩与燃气支管衔接处内侧存在转弯回流区,三者相互作用是造成两支管间压力分布不对称及出口质量流量分配不平衡的主要原因;有导流锥时,预旋回流区被导流锥约束而缩小,滞止回流区消失。有导流锥与无导流锥时相比,在启动过程中约0.2 s与0.6 s时刻,两支管对称测点压差均值分别降低约80.0%与80.0%,两支管出口质量流量差值分别降低约55.0%与80.8%。导流锥有效改善了流动特性,使得两支管压力分布的对称性提高,流量分配平衡性增强。导流锥对双推力室液体火箭发动机稳定性提高有重要作用。

送风参数对老化箱内部温湿度场的影响研究

利用老化箱对机械电子元件进行老化筛选,能有效提高产品的可靠性。老化箱内部温湿度场的均匀性决定了其整体性能,这对老化箱功能有至关重要的影响。为了提高老化箱的性能,基于流体力学原理,利用CFD(computational fluid dynamics,计算流体力学)仿真软件对老化箱简化模型进行仿真模拟,并根据仿真结果确定老化箱内部速度场与温度场的分布情况,以优选不同送风温度、送风速度和送风角度组合下的送风方案。仿真试验采用正交试验法,以送风温度、送风速度和送风角度为试验因素,以能量利用系数、温度不均匀系数和相对湿度不均匀系数为评价指标。通过对仿真试验结果进行极差和方差分析可知,送风角度对能量利用系数的影响最显著,送风温度对温度不均匀系数和相对湿度不均匀系数的影响最显著。针对3个评价指标,得到3种最优方案:送风温度为90℃、送风速度为10 m/s、送风角度为0°,送风温度为90℃、送风速度为12 m/s、送风角度为-10°,以及送风温度为90℃、送风速度为8 m/s、送风角度为0°。最后,开展了老化箱内部温湿度测量实验,并与仿真结果进行了对比。结果表明,仿真结果与实验结果的相对误差较小,均在合理范围内,验证了仿真试验的可靠性和有效性。研究以提高老化箱性能和能量利用率为导向,可为同类老化箱的设计及其送风参数的设置提供参考。

宽探测器CT联合小剂量测试法在四腔心增大胸痛三联征中的应用

目的:探讨宽探测器CT联合小剂量测试法对四腔心增大胸痛三联征(TRO)患者的应用价值。方法:前瞻性收集60例四腔心增大TRO患者,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例。观察组采用宽探测器CT联合小剂量测试法,对照组采用阈值触发法,并对图像质量进行主观和客观分析。主观分析由2位高年资影像医师采用4分制评分法完成,2位医师主观评分一致性采用Kappa检验,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或Wilcoxon秩检验。结果:观察组肺动脉主干、左肺动脉干、右肺动脉干、左冠状动脉(冠脉)前降支近中段、左冠脉回旋支近中段、右冠脉近中段的CT值、SNR和CNR均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组冠脉的主观评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组肺动脉及主动脉主观评分差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。2位医师主观评分一致性好(K>0.75)。结论:对四腔心增大TRO患者行宽探测器CT联合小剂量测试法检查,图像质量明显提高,具有一定临床应用价值。

不同葡萄砧木抗寒抗抽干能力比较研究

[目的]气候变化新形势下,进一步筛选适宜西北地区抗寒、抗抽干葡萄砧木品种,可为葡萄免埋土栽培推广提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]本文以41Bmgt、Riparia、420Bmgt、101-14、196-17、44-53ma、110R、Rupestris du Lot、SO4、161-490、1103P、5BB、3309、Leon Millt共14种13年生葡萄砧木为试材,通过测定离体一年生枝条累计失水速率,结合田间调查葡萄砧木存活率和离体一年生枝条抽干率,以此来评价不同葡萄砧木品种抗抽干能力;结合前人研究及砧木品种特性,采用高低温交变试验箱模拟低温的方法,设置4(对照)、-15、-20、-25和-30℃一系列温度梯度水平,测定不同葡萄砧木一年生枝条相对电导率、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白5个生理生化指标,利用隶属函数法进行综合评价不同葡萄砧木的抗寒性。[结果]不同葡萄砧木的抗抽干能力由强到弱依次为:3309>161-490>196-17>Leon Millt>420Bmgt>44-53ma>Riparia>110R>1103P>SO4>101-14>41Bmgt>5BB>Rupestris du Lot;随着处理温度的降低,不同葡萄砧木枝条的抗寒指标总体呈现上升趋势,但不同品种之间存在差异。根据隶属函数的综合分析,结果显示各葡萄砧木的抗寒性由强到弱依次为:SO4>196-17>Leon Millt>5BB>Riparia>44-53ma>420Bmgt>1103P>3309>110R>Rupestris du Lot>101-14>41Bmgt>161-490。[结论]Riparia、196-17、44-53ma和Leon Millt具有较强的抗抽干能力和抗寒性,可作为我国西北地区免埋土葡萄砧木使用。

高性能温湿度检定箱的设计与试验

针对我国现有温湿度校准装备可靠性低、温区较窄等难以满足大批量温湿度计检定的问题,本文设计并研制了一款温湿度检定箱,该设备可提供稳定且较宽温区的温湿度场,以完成多类型批量温湿度计的检定校准工作。首先,对温湿度检定箱的原理和整体结构进行阐述,并对关键部件系统进行设计;其次,基于工作腔出风口是否添加均压结构进行风场均匀性仿真,并通过风速不均匀度公式完成了近似计算,验证结构的可行性;最后,对温湿度检定箱进行了性能测试试验,试验结果表明:该温湿度检定箱性能优越,温度场波动度、均匀度分别为±0.10℃、0.14℃,湿度场波动度、均匀度分别为±0.3%RH、0.7%RH,满足国家规程要求。

动力电池测试用高低温试验箱温度场分析与流场模拟优化

以试验区置有两个动力电池的294 L高低温试验箱作为研究对象,通过CFD模拟了高低温试验箱恒温45℃时箱内电池的温升和散热情况,并对高低温试验箱的流场进行优化。结果表明:对于同侧上送风下回风的气流组织形式,在试验区上部放置多孔板进行孔板送风有助于提高流场均匀性;两个动力电池之间会出现涡旋现象,通过增加置物架与内箱底部的间距、适当增大回风口截面积均能减轻甚至消除涡旋现象,提高流场均匀性,当置物架与内箱底部的间距增至0.2 m,回风截面的高度增至0.15 m后,试验箱流场的整体不均匀度由1.73降至0.4,电池间的涡旋现象消失。

基于冰浆制冷的标准冷源及不确定度分析

房间空调器制冷量的计量结果在不同焓差室间不一致的问题仍困扰着中国空调行业,是国际贸易中容易引发纠纷的计量学问题,亟待研究可对焓差实验室进行标定的标准冷源。在研究国内外房间空调器几种主流的制冷量计量方法以及标准冷源研究现状的基础上,结合对冰浆制冷物理过程的深入理解,提出基于冰浆制冷的标准冷源装置,包括冰浆制备系统和换热系统两大部分。对其进行实验研究及制冷量不确定度分析,验证该标准冷源装置是否具备标定焓差实验室的能力。实验结果表明:在焓差室室外侧为0℃,室内侧为标准制冷工况,m=70 g/s下该标准冷源装置输出制冷量的相对不确定度可以达到1.2%,约为空气焓值法的1/3,可作为标准冷源对焓差室的制冷量测量结果进行标定,有助于提高制冷行业的国际竞争力。

两机一洞尾水调压室阻抗损失系数模型试验研究

水电站引水发电系统中调压室的阻抗损失系数是影响机组过渡过程计算结果的重要因素,目前阻抗损失系数一般在行业规范推荐的范围内进行取值,往往与试验值有所偏差,不利于调压室体型的优化设计。通过采用大比尺的调压室水工模型,对两机一洞型式的水电站阻抗式尾水调压室进行大流量条件下的水力学试验,研究不同水流流态和分流比对调压室阻抗损失系数的影响,分析控制工况下调压室的流入和流出阻抗损失系数,给出了调压室阻抗损失系数与分流比的拟合公式和关系曲线。研究结果填补了两机一洞型式的水电站尾水调压室阻抗损失系数试验的空白,可为此类调压室的水力计算分析提供依据。