Multiscale Finite Element Method for Coupling Analysis of Heterogeneous Magneto-Electro-Elastic Structures in Thermal Environment

Magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) materials, a new type of composite intelligent materials, exhibit excellent multifield coupling effects. Due to the heterogeneity of the materials, it is challenging to use the traditional finite element method (FEM) for mechanical analysis. Additionally, the MEE materials are often in a complex service environment, especially under the influence of the thermal field with thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects, which affect its mechanical properties. Therefore, this paper proposes the efficient multiscale computational method for the multifield coupling problem of heterogeneous MEE structures under the thermal environment. The method constructs a multi-physics field with numerical base functions (the displacement, electric potential, and magnetic potential multiscale base functions). It equates a single cell of heterogeneous MEE materials to a macroscopic unit and supplements the macroscopic model with a microscopic model. This allows the problem to be solved directly on a macroscopic scale. Finally, the numerical simulation results demonstrate that compared with the traditional FEM, the multiscale finite element method (MsFEM) can achieve the purpose of ensuring accuracy and reducing the degree of freedom, and significantly improving the calculation efficiency.

Dynamic coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problem for heterogeneous deep-sea sediments under vibration of mining vehicle

Due to the influence of deep-sea environment,deep-sea sediments are usually heterogeneous,and their moduli of elasticity and density change as depth changes.Combined with the characteristics of deep-sea sediments,the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling dynamic response model of heterogeneous saturated porous sediments can be established to study the influence of elastic modulus,density,frequency,and load amplitude changes on the model.Based on the Green-Lindsay generalized thermoelasticity theory and Darcy’s law,the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled dynamic response model and governing equations of heterogeneous deep-sea sediments with nonlinear elastic modulus and density are established.The analytical solutions of dimensionless vertical displacement,vertical stress,excess pore water pressure,and temperature are obtained by means of normal modal analysis,which are depicted graphically.The results show that the changes of elastic modulus and density have few effects on vertical displacement,vertical stress,and temperature,but have great effects on excess pore water pressure.When the mining machine vibrates,the heterogeneity of deep-sea sediments has great influence on vertical displacement,vertical stress,and excess pore water pressure,but has few effects on temperature.In addition,the vertical displacement,vertical stress,and excess pore water pressure of heterogeneous deep-sea sediments change more gently.The variation trends of physical quantities for heterogeneous and homogeneous deep-sea sediments with frequency and load amplitude are basically the same.The results can provide theoretical guidance for deep-sea mining engineering construction.

Formulation of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling behavior of unsaturated soils based on hybrid mixture theory

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical （THM） coupling pro- cesses in unsaturated soils are very important in both theoretical researches and engineering applications. A coupled formulation based on hybrid mixture theory is derived to model the THM coupling behavior of unsaturated soils. The free-energy and dissipative functions for different phases are derived from Taylor＇s series expansions. Constitutive relations for THM coupled behaviors of unsaturated soils, which include deformation, entropy change, fluid flow, heat conduction, and dynamic compatibility conditions on the interfaces, are then established. The number of field equations is shown to be equal to the number of unknown variables; thus, a closure of this coupling problem is established. In addition to modifications of the physical conservation equations with coupling effect terms, the constitutive equations, which consider the coupling between elastoplastic deformation of the soil skeleton, fluid flow, and heat transfer, are also derived.

FEM analyses for influences of pressure solution on thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in porous rock mass

The model of pressure solution for granular aggregate was introduced into the FEM code for analysis of thermo-hydro- mechanical （T-H-M） coupling in porous medium. Aiming at a hypothetical nuclear waste repository in an unsaturated quartz rock mass, two computation conditions were designed： 1） the porosity and the permeability of rock mass are fimctions of pressure solution; 2） the porosity and the permeability are constants. Then the corresponding numerical simulations for a disposal period of 4 a were carried out, and the states of temperatures, porosities and permeabilities, pore pressures, flow velocities and stresses in the rock mass were investigated. The results show that at the end of the calculation in Case 1, pressure solution makes the porosities and the permeabilities decrease to 10%-45% and 0.05%-1.4% of their initial values, respectively. Under the action of the release heat of nuclear waste, the negative pore pressures both in Case 1 and Case 2 are 1.2-1.4 and 1.01-l.06 times of the initial values, respectively. So, the former represents an obvious effect of pressure solution. The magnitudes and distributions of stresses within the rock mass in the two calculation cases are the same.

Rheological numerical simulation for thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling analysis for rock mass

Under the environment of seepage field, stress field and temperature field interaction and influence, the three fields will not only produce coupling effect, but also have deformation with time due to the rheological behavior of rock mass. In the paper, based on the fundamental theories of rock mass coupling theory and rheological mechanics, the rheological model for fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis for rock mass was set up, and the corresponding constitutive relationship, the conservation equation of mass and the conservation equation of energy were given, and the finite element formulas were derived for coupling analysis of rock mass. During establishing governing equations, rock mass was assumed approximately as macro-equivalent continuum medium. The obtained rheological numerical model for fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical analysis can be used for analyzing and predicting the long-term stability of underground caverns and slope engineering under the condition of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling with rheological deformation.

Some recent advances in 3D crack and contact analysis of elastic solids with transverse isotropy and multifield coupling

Significant progress has been made in mixed boundary-value problems associated with three-dimensional（3D） crack and contact analyses of advanced materials featuring more complexities compared to the conventional isotropic elastic materials.These include material anisotropy and multifield coupling,two typical characteristics of most current multifunctional materials.In this paper we try to present a state-of-the-art description of 3D exact/analytical solutions derived for crack and contact problems of elastic solids with both transverse isotropy and multifield coupling in the latest decade by the potential theory method in the spirit of V.I.Fabrikant.whose ingenious breakthrough brings new vigor and vitality to the old research subject of classical potential theory.We are particularly interested in crack and contact problems with certain nonlinear features.Emphasis is also placed on the coupling between the temperature field（or the like） and other physical fields（e.g.,elastic,electric,and magnetic fields）.We further highlight the practical significance of 3D contact solutions,in particular in applications related to modern scanning probe microscopes.

A review of the strengthening–toughening behavior and mechanisms of advanced structural materials by multifield coupling treatment

The application of an external field is a promising method to control the microstructure of materials, leading to their improved performance. In the present paper, the strengthening and toughening behavior of some typical high-performance structural materials subjected to multifield coupling treatment, including electrostatic field, electro-pulse current, thermal field, and stress field, are reviewed in detail. In addition to the general observation that the plasticity of materials could be increased by multi-external fields, strength enhancement can be achieved by controlling atomic diffusion or phase transformations. The paper is not limited to the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of the multifield coupling effects on different types of structural materials but is intended to provide a generic method to improve both the strength and ductility of the materials. Finally, the prospects of the applications of multi-external fields have also been proposed based on current works.

A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated porous media

In examining potential host rocks for such purposes as the disposal of high-level radioactive wastes,it is important to understand the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical（THM） behavior of a porous medium.A rigorous and fully unified coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated porous media is required to simulate the complex coupling mechanisms involved.Based on modified Darcy＇s and Fourier＇s laws,equations of mechanical equilibrium,mass conservation and energy conservation are derived by introducing void ratio and volumetric liquid water content into the model.The newly derived model takes into account the effects of temperature on the dynamic viscosity of liquid water and void ratio,the influence of liquid flow on temperature gradient（thermo-osmosis）,the influence on mass and heat conservation equations,and the influence of heat flow on water pressure gradient and thermal convection.The new coupled THM constitutive model is constructed by a finite element program and is used to simulate the coupled behavior of a tunnel during excavation,ventilation and concrete lining stages.Oil and gas engineering,underground disposal of nuclear waste and tunnel engineering may be benefited from the development of the new model.

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical process in buffer material and self-healing effects with joints

Within the multi-barrier system for high-level waste disposal,the technological gap formed by combined buffer material block becomes the weak part of buffer layer.In this paper,Gaomiaozi bentonite buffer material with technological gap was studied,the heat transfer induced by liquid water flow and water vapor was embedded into the energy conservation equation.Based on the Barcelona basic model,the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model of unsaturated bentonite was established by analyzing the swelling process of bentonite block and the compression process of joint material.The China-Mock-up test was adopted to compare the numerical calculation results with the test results so as to verify the rationality of the proposed model.On this basis,the effect of joint self-healing on dry density,thermal conductivity and permeability coefficient of buffer material was further analyzed.The results show that,with bentonite hydrating and swelling,the joint material gradually increases in dry density,and exhibits comparatively uniform hydraulic and thermal conductivity properties as compacted bentonite block.As a result,the buffer material gradually shifts to homogenization due to the coordinated deformation.

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation of CO2 enhanced gas recovery with an extended equation of state module for TOUGH2MP-FLAC3D

As one of the most important ways to reduce the greenhouse gas emission,carbon dioxide（CO2）enhanced gas recovery（CO2-EGR） is attractive since the gas recovery can be enhanced simultaneously with CO2sequestration.Based on the existing equation of state（EOS） module of TOUGH2 MP,extEOS7C is developed to calculate the phase partition of H2O-CO2-CH4-NaCl mixtures accurately with consideration of dissolved NaCI and brine properties at high pressure and temperature conditions.Verifications show that it can be applied up to the pressure of 100 MPa and temperature of 150℃.The module was implemented in the linked simulator TOUGH2MP-FLAC3 D for the coupled hydro-mechanical simulations.A simplified three-dimensional（3D）1/4 model（2.2 km×1 km×1 km） which consists of the whole reservoir,caprock and baserock was generated based on the geological conditions of a gas field in the North German Basin.The simulation results show that,under an injection rate of 200,000 t/yr and production rate of 200,000 sm3/d,CO2breakthrough occurred in the case with the initial reservoir pressure of 5 MPa but did not occur in the case of 42 MPa.Under low pressure conditions,the pressure driven horizontal transport is the dominant process;while under high pressure conditions,the density driven vertical flow is dominant.Under the considered conditions,the CO2-EGR caused only small pressure changes.The largest pore pressure increase（2 MPa） and uplift（7 mm） occurred at the caprock bottom induced by only CO2injection.The caprock had still the primary stress state and its integrity was not affected.The formation water salinity and temperature variations of ±20℃ had small influences on the CO2-EGR process.In order to slow down the breakthrough,it is suggested that CO2-EGR should be carried out before the reservoir pressure drops below the critical pressure of CO2.

Comparison of numerical codes for coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulations of fractured media

Geo-energy and geo-engineering applications,such as improved oil recovery(IOR),geologic carbon storage,and enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),involve coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes that result from fluid injection and production.In some cases,reservoirs are highly fractured and the geomechanical response is controlled by fractures.Therefore,fractures should explicitly be included into numerical models to realistically simulate the THM responses of the subsurface.In this study,we perform coupled THM numerical simulations of water injection into naturally fractured reservoirs(NFRs)using CODE_BRIGHT and TOUGH-UDEC codes.CODE_BRIGHT is a finite element method(FEM)code that performs fully coupled THM analysis in geological media and TOUGH-UDEC sequentially solves coupled THM processes by combining a finite volume method(FVM)code that solves nonisothermal multiphase flow(TOUGH2)with a distinct element method(DEM)code that solves the mechanical problem(UDEC).First,we validate the two codes against a semi-analytical solution for water injection into a single deformable fracture considering variable permeability based on the cubic law.Then,we compare simulation results of the two codes in an idealized conceptual model that includes one horizontal fracture and in a more realistic model with multiple fractures.Each code models fractures differently.UDEC calculates fracture deformation from the fracture normal and shear stiffnesses,while CODE_BRIGHT treats fractures as equivalent porous media and uses the equivalent Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the fracture.Finally,we obtain comparable results of pressure,temperature,stress and displacement distributions and evolutions for the single horizontal fracture model.Despite some similarities,the two codes provide increasingly different results as model complexity increases.These differences highlight the challenging task of accurately modeling coupled THM processes in fractured media given their high nonlinearity.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of fault discontinuities using zero-thickness interface element

In this paper,a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)simulation in a faulted deformable porous medium is presented.This model involves solving the mass conservation,linear momentum balance,and energy balance equations which are derived from the Biot’s consolidation theory.Fluid pore pressure,solid displacement,and temperature are chosen as initial variables in these equations,and the finite element method in combination with the interface element is used for spatial discretization of continuous and discontinuities(fault)parts of the medium to solve the equations.The main purpose of this study is providing precise formulations,applicability,and ability of the triple-node zero-thickness interface element in THM modeling of faults.It should be noted that the system of equations is solved using a computer code written in Matlab program.In order to verify the developed method,simulations of index problems such as Mandel’s problem,and coupled modeling of a faulted porous medium and a faulted aquifer are presented.The modeling results obtained from the developed method show a very good agreement with those by other modeling methods,which indicates its accuracy.

Numerical simulation for influences of pressure solution on T-H-M coupling in aggregate rock

The pressure solution model of granular aggregates was introduced into a FEM code which was developed for the analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical(T-H-M) coupling in porous medium. Aimed at creating a hypothetical model of nuclear waste disposal in unsaturated quartz aggregate rock mass with laboratory scale, two 4-year computation cases were designed: 1) The porosity and permeability of rock mass are functions of the pressure solution; 2) The porosity and the permeability are constants. Calculation results show that the magnitude and distribution of stresses in the rock mass of these two calculation cases are roughly the same. And, the porosity and the permeability decrease to 43%-54% and 4.4%-9.1% of their original values after case 1 being accomplished; but the negative pore water pressures in cases 1 and 2 are respectively 1.0-1.25 and 1.0-1.1 times of their initial values under the action of nuclear waste. Case 1 exhibits the obvious effect of pressure solution.

Parametric study of thermo-hydro-mechanical response of claystone with consideration of steel corrosion

In this paper,the thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)response of claystone is studied via a series of parametric studies,considering the evolution of mechanical properties and deformation behavior of corroded steel.The numerical simulations are performed by using a coupled THM finite element code and two different constitutive models:a visco-elastoplastic model for geological formation and a von Mises type model for steel liner.The mechanical properties and deformation behavior of corroded steel are described in a conceptual model.Finally,a disposal tunnel supported by a steel liner is studied and a series of parametric studies is defined to demonstrate the corrosion effects of steel liner on the THM response of the claystone.The comparison of different numerical calculations exhibits that the volumetric expansion related to corrosion products has an important impact on the stress and displacement fields in the claystone surrounding the disposal tunnel.However,the evolutions of temperature and liquid pressure in the claystone are essentially controlled by its THM properties and independent of the steel corrosion.

Coupled heat-fluid-solid numerical study on heat extraction potential of hot dry rocks based on discrete fracture network model

Fracture networks within hot dry rock(HDR)geothermal reservoirs are complex,and heat extraction via water injection is thus a coupled process of heat-fluid-solid multifield.In this paper,utilizing the theory of normally distributed random functions,we develop a corresponding pre-processing subprogram to establish a discrete network model of complex fracture distribution in HDR reservoirs;then construct a heat-fluid-solid finite element model for heat extraction via water injection and compare the numerical solution with the analytical solution of the one-dimensional non-isothermal consolidation problem for verification.The numerical simulation results show that the main factors affecting the heat extraction efficiency of HDR reservoirs include fracture width,fracture density,fracture permeability,and matrix permeability.When a HDR reservoir is injected with water for heat extraction,there is a certain threshold value of these influential parameters,beyond which the outlet temperature drops significantly,resulting in an obvious thermal breakthrough.When injecting water for heat extraction,the values of these parameters should be controlled and kept at a reasonable level,otherwise,the HDR reservoir may enter a thermal breakthrough stage in advance,which is not conducive for long-period heat extraction.Influenced by the random distribution of complex fractures,the leading edge of the cold front may present an irregular distribution.During the process of heat extraction,the stress gradually changes from a compressional state to a tensile state,which induces further damage to the HDR reservoir.

我国闭坑煤矿矿井水水质演化研究进展与展望

随着我国煤矿矿井关闭数量的逐渐增加,闭坑矿井水水质恶化和污染问题日益突出,准确掌握闭坑矿井水水质演化规律及机制,是目前闭坑矿山可持续绿色发展的重大科学难题,也是地下水污染有效防控和水资源合理开发利用的重要前提。在回顾关闭矿井发展历史的基础上,首先阐述了我国关闭矿井的分布情况,之后分别对闭坑矿井水水质特征、水质演化规律及水质演化的多场作用等方面展开综述,最后对我国闭坑矿井水水质研究中存在的关键问题和应用方向进行了展望。研究结果表明:①截至2023年底,我国关闭矿井的数量已经上升到13000多个,主要分布在山西、河南、河北、山东、江苏和安徽北部等地区;②我国部分闭坑矿井水的pH、矿化度、硫酸盐、氟化物和铁锰重金属等水质指标含量超过Ⅲ类水标准,其中酸性矿井水(pH<6.5)主要分布在云贵、鲁西、山西等地区,高矿化度矿井水(TDS>1000 mg/L)主要分布在鲁西、山西、河南、两淮、蒙东、宁东、新疆等地区,硫酸盐矿井水(硫酸盐质量浓度>250 mg/L)主要分布在云贵、鲁西、山西、蒙东、宁东、神东、新疆哈密等地区,氟化物矿井水(F质量浓度>1.0 mg/L)主要分布在两淮、山西、神东等地区,铁锰重金属矿井水(Fe质量浓度>0.3 mg/L、Mn质量浓度>0.1 mg/L)主要分布在云贵、鲁西、山西、蒙东等地区。③在闭坑矿井被完全淹没之前,其水质在空间上会出现明显的分层现象,即浅部的优质水层、中部的过渡水层和深部的劣质水层,这主要与矿井采掘空间分布、地温梯度和盐度等因素有关。④煤矿关闭后,矿井水水质的演变过程大致可分为3个阶段,第Ⅰ阶段为矿井水中典型污染物(硫酸盐和铁离子)质量浓度快速上升达并到峰值阶段,第Ⅱ阶段为污染物浓度快速下降阶段,第Ⅲ阶段为矿井水水质与邻近含水层地下水水质背景值相同并保持相对稳定阶段。⑤系统总结了我国闭坑矿井水动力场、水化学场、微生物场和温度场的研究进展,指出了闭坑矿井多相(水−岩−气−生)多场(水化学场−水动力场−微生物场−温度场)耦合作用机制的研究还不充分。⑥提出了我国闭坑矿井水水质演化问题的研究仍然面临着水质演化规律和水质演化机制不清楚等关键科学问题。

基于机-电-磁-流整体耦合的油阻尼断路器保护特性的容差设计

油阻尼断路器的主要特点是在电路发生短路、过载等情况时能够自动脱扣,断开电路,从而保护人员和设备的安全,常用于变电站等场所。文章在以往对油阻尼断路器油阻尼力、电磁铁静态特性、操作机构性能等研究的基础上,构建一个基于机-电-磁-流多体多自由度多场耦合的一体化虚拟样机整体耦合模型;接着对该整体耦合模型的保护特性进行了仿真与分析,通过仿真得到了不同电流倍数下动触头的分断特性,并通过实验验证了整体耦合模型和仿真结果的正确性;最后,为减小产品保护特性的分散程度,提高油阻尼断路器的稳定性,文中结合稳健容差设计技术,选取不同电流倍数下触头的断开时间作为目标函数,以极靴半径、细铁芯半径、粗铁芯半径、粗铁芯高度作为关键设计参数,通过正交试验和贡献率分析法对目标函数进行容差分配,使得触头断开时间的分散度比原来减少39.165%。研究成果将会对电器产品的研发提供理论指导。

疲劳荷载作用下轨道板抗弯刚度衰减实验设计

无砟轨道板在实际的服役过程中受循环荷载作用,容易产生结构承载能力下降和疲劳失效破坏等问题,严重危害行车安全,因此,对服役状态下轨道板剩余承载能力的量化表征至关重要。该文基于混凝土塑性损伤理论,开展轨道板损伤实际状态试验与分析。结合轨道板温度场与轮轨力监测数据拟合荷载谱,设计了温度与动荷载耦合作用下轨道板的疲劳试验。对轨道板进行四点弯拉试验,分别获得了不同阶段下轨道板残余变形与跨中挠度,量化了疲劳荷载作用下轨道板的塑性损伤和抗弯承载能力的演变特征。多场耦合疲劳作用下无砟轨道板出现塑性损伤,导致其抗弯承载能力不断退化。经疲劳循环后轨道板残余变形增加了6.25%,抗弯承载能力下降了6.85%。服役状态下轨道板整体性能的劣化必然导致结构的受力与变形特征发生改变,在实际养护维修中应重点关注薄弱位置的实际状态并辅以补强措施。

Development status and research recommendations for thermal extraction technology in deep hot dry rock reservoirs

Based on a comprehensive review of domestic and foreign literature, this article discusses the technical difficulties and development status of enhanced geothermal system(EGS) concerning the thermal energy extraction of deep hot dry rock(HDR) reservoirs and proposes suggestions for the research focus of numerical simulation of HDR reservoir stimulation. Additionally, it summarizes the existing methods and mainstream working fluids for HDR reservoir stimulation. The article emphasizes the significance of factors such as well location, production well depth, artificial fracture orientation, and complexity in optimizing the thermal production efficiency of the EGS. Furthermore, this article delves into a detailed discussion on the influence of fracture spacing, fracture permeability,fracture length, fluid injection rate, and injected fluid temperature on the performance of the EGS. In light of the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling challenges associated with high-temperature reservoirs, it is suggested that future research efforts should focus on investigating the impact of thermo-induced stresses on the stability of the artificial fracture network within the EGS during long-term(>30 years) circulation of hot and cold fluids.

基于ABAQUS的薄膜主镜设计及压差实验研究

高分辨率空间成像技术是航天领域中获取空间信息的重要手段,具有非常广阔的应用前景。目前空间光学成像技术的发展方向集中在轻量化、高刚度、高分辨率等方面。从轻量化与高刚度角度出发,进行高空薄膜主镜的结构设计,在无限接近实际的工作环境下设计了更优的参数化模型;对模型进行了多场耦合力学仿真分析,并设计了薄膜主镜的力学实验,结合仿真与实验结果进行对比分析,验证了薄膜结构仿真数据的可靠性。该研究结果对薄膜仿真分析具有指导意义,可为高空薄膜相机的研制与应用提供理论依据。