Developing super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating on magnesium-lithium alloy via one-step hydrothermal processing

Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium alloys due to their high chemical reactivity.Herein,a one-step hydrothermal processing was developed using a stearic-acid-based precursor medium,which enables the hydrothermal conversion and the formation of low surface energy materials concurrently to produce the super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating.The multiscale microstructures with nanoscale stacks and microscale spheres on the surface,as well as the through-thickness stearates,lead to the super-hydrophobicity and excellent corrosion resistance of the obtained coating.

Effects of process parameters and annealing on microstructure and properties of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy coating prepared by plasma cladding

Plasma cladding was used to prepare a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy(HEA)coating under different conditions.The process parameters were optimized using an orthogonal experiment design based on surface morphology quality characteristics,dilution rate,and hardness.The optimal process parameters were determined through range and variance analysis to be a cladding current of 70 A,a cladding speed of 7 cm·min^(-1),and a powder gas flow rate of 8 L·s^(-1).During the optimized experiments,both the cladded and annealed CoCrFeMnNi HEA coatings exhibit some pores,micro-voids,and a small amount of aggregation.However,the aggregation in the annealed coating is more dispersed than that in the cladded coating.The cladded CoCrFeMnNi HEA coating consists of simple FCC phases,while a new Cr-rich phase precipitates from the FCC matrix after annealing the coating at a temperature range of 550°C-950°C.After annealing at 850°C,the proportion of the FCC phase decreases compared to the cladded coating,and the number of large-angle grain boundaries is significantly reduced.However,the proportion of grains with sizes below 50μm increases from 61.7%to 74.3%.The micro-hardness and wear resistance of the cladded coating initially increases but then decreases with an increase in annealing temperature,indicating that appropriate annealing can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the CoCrFeMnNi HEA coatings by plasma cladding.The micro-hardness of the CoCrFeMnNi HEA coatings after annealing at 650°C increases to 274.82 HV_(0.2),while the friction coefficient decreases to below 0.595.

Mitigating the negative catalytic effect of CuO by FAS-17 coated Al nanopowder:Isothermal ageing of Al/CuO nanothermite at 71°C and 60%relative humidity

The safety and reliability of weapon systems would be significantly affected by changes in the performance of energetic materials due to ambient temperature and humidity.Nanothermites have promising applications due to their excellent reactivity.Therefore it becomes extremely important to understand their aging and failure process in the environment before using them.Here,the aging and failure process of Al/CuO in 71°C/60%RH were investigated,and showed that CuO nanoparticles negatively catalyze Al nanopowders,resulting in rapid hydration.The anti-aging effect of FAS-17-coated Al nanopowder was also examined.The aging process of Al,Al/CuO,and Al@FAS-17/CuO in high humidity and heat environment were revealed by quasi-in situ SEM and TEM methods.Compared with the aging of pure Al,the Al nanopowder in the nanothermites strongly agglomerated with the CuO nanopowder and hydrated earlier.This may be caused by CuO catalyzed hydration of Al nanopowder.The energy release experiments showed that the performance of Al/CuO decreased rapidly and failed to ignite after 4 h of aging.In contrast,the Al@FAS-17/CuO thermite can achieve long-term stability of up to 60 h in the same environment by simple cladding of FAS-17.It is found that FAS-17 coated Al nanopowder can prevent both particle agglomeration and water erosion,which is an effective means to make nanothermites application in high humidity and heat environment.

Preparation of ultra-fine grain Ni-Al-WC coating with interlocking bonding on austenitic stainless steel by laser clad and friction stir processing

The ultra-fine structured Ni?Al?WC layer with interlocking bonding was fabricated on austenitic stainless steel by combination of laser clad and friction stir processing (FSP). Laser was initially applied to Ni?Al elemental powder preplaced on the austenitic stainless steel substrate to produce a coating for further processing. The as-received coating was subjected to FSP treatment, processed by a rotary tool rod made of WC?Co alloy, to obtain sample for inspection. Microstructure, phase constitutions, hardness and wear property were investigated by methods of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), hardness test alongside with dry sliding wear test. The results show that the severe deformation effect exerted on the specimen resulted in an ultra-fine grain layer of about 100μmin thickness and grain size of 1?2μm. Synergy between introduction of WC particles to the deformation layer and deformation strengthening contributes greatly to the increase in hardness and friction resistance. An interlocking bonding between the coating and matrix which significantly improves bonding strength was formed due to the severe deformation effect.

Microstructure and high temperature oxidation resistance of Si-Y co-deposition coatings prepared on TiAl alloy by pack cementation process

In order to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of TiAl alloy, Y modified silicide coatings were prepared by pack cementation process at 1030, 1080 and 1130 °C, respectively, for 5 h. The microstructures, phase constitutions and oxidation behavior of these coatings were studied. The results show that the coating prepared by co-depositing Si?Y at 1080 °C for 5 h has a multiple layer structure: a superficial zone consisting of Al-rich (Ti,Nb)5Si4 and (Ti,Nb)5Si3, an out layer consisting of (Ti,Nb)Si2, a middle layer consisting of (Ti,Nb)5Si4 and (Ti,Nb)5Si3, and aγ-TiAl inner layer. Co-deposition temperature imposes strong influences on the coating structure. The coating prepared by Si?Y co-depositing at 1080 °C for 5 h shows relatively good oxidation resistance at 1000 °C in air, and the oxidation rate constant of the coating is about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the bare TiAl alloy.

Molecular Dynamic Simulation on the Absorbing Process of Isolating and Coating of α-olefin Drag Reducing Polymer

The absorbing process in isolating and coating process of α-olefin drag reducing polymer was studied by molecular dynamic simulation method, on basis of coating theory of α-olefin drag reducing polymer particles with polyurethane as coating material. The distributions of sodium laurate, sodium dodeeyl sulfate, and sodium dodeeyl benzene sulfonate on the surface of α-olefin drag reducing polymer particles were almost the same, but the bending degrees of them were obviously different. The bending degree of SLA molecules was greater than those of the other two surfactant molecules. Simulation results of absorbing and accumulating structure showed that, though hydrophobie properties of surfactant molecules were almost the same, water density around long chain sulfonate sodium was bigger than that around alkyl sulfate sodium. This property goes against useful absorbing and accumulating on the surface of α-olefin drag reducing polymer particles; simulation results of interactions of different surfactant and multiple hydroxyl compounds on surface of particles showed that, interactions of different surfaetant and one kind of multiple hydroxyl compound were similar to those of one kind of surfaetant and different multiple hydroxyl compounds. These two contrast types of interactions also exhibited the differences of absorbing distribution and closing degrees to surface of particles. The sequence of closing degrees was derived from simulation; control step of addition polymerization interaction in coating process was absorbing mass transfer process, so the more closed to surface of particle the multiple hydroxyl compounds were, the easier interactions With isoeyanate were. Simulation results represented the compatibility relationship between surfactant and multiple hydroxyl compounds. The isolating and coating processes of α-olefin drag reducing polymer were further understood on molecule and atom level through above simulation research, and based on the simulation, a referenced theoretical basis was provided for practical optimal selection and experimental preparation of α-olefin drag reducing polymer particles suspension isolation agent.

CATHODIC PROCESS AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF ELECTRO-DEPOSITED RE-Ni-W-P-SiC COMPOSITE COATING

Cathodic deposition current density of the composite coatings increases when SiC par-ticles and rare earth (RE) were added in the bath, which is profitable for Ni- W-P alloy to deposit in the cathod, forming Ni-W-P-SiC and RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coatings. On the contrary, the addition of PTFE in the bath decreases cathodic deposition current density of the coatings. The current density increases a little when the amount of RE is 7-9g/l; however, the current density increases greatly when the amount of RE is increased to 11-13g/l. Bui ij the amount of RE is raised further, the current density decreases. Hardness and wear resistance of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coating have been studied, and the results show that the hardness and wear resistance of RE-Ni-W-P-SiC composite coating increase with increasing heat treatment tempera-ture, which reach peak values at 400℃; while the hardness and wear resistance of the coating decrease with the rise of heat treated temperature continuously.

Review on Sol-Gel Derived Coatings: Process, Techniques and Optical Applications

Sol-gel process is one of the simplest techniques to manufacture thin films. The quality of the prepared films depends on the parameters of the sol-gel process and the used technique for deposition. A great variety of the sol-gel derived films have been prepared for different applications. We present a review on the sol-gel derived coatings. The description of the process is introduced in details. Different sol-gel deposition techniques are mentioned. The optical applications of the sol-gel derived coatings are reviewed.

Coating process of multi-material composite sand mold 3D printing

Sand mold 3 D printing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology which has great flexible manufacturing ability. A multi-material composite sand mold can control the temperature field of metallic parts during the pouring process, while the current sand mold 3 D printing technology can only fabricate a single material sand mold. The casting temperature field can not be adjusted by using single sand mold material with isotropous heat exchange ability during the pouring process. In this work, a kind of novel coating device was designed. Multi-material composite sand molds could be manufactured using the coating device according to the casting process demands of the final parts. The influences of curing agent content, coating velocity and scraper shape on compactness and surface roughness of the sand layer(silica sand and zircon sand) were studied. The shapes and sizes of transition intervals of two kinds of sand granules were also tested. The results show that, with the increase of the added volume of curing agent, the compactness of sand layer reduces and the surface roughness value rises. With the increase of the velocity of the coating device, the compactness of sand layer reduces and the surface roughness value rises similarly. In addition, the scraper with a dip angle of 72 degrees could increase the compactness value of the sand layer. The criteria of quality parmeters of the coating procedure are obtained. That is, the surface roughness(δ) of sand layer should be equal to or lesser than half of main size of the sand particles(Dm). The parameter H of the coating device which is the distance between the base of hopper and the surface of sand layer impacts the size of transition zone. The width of the transition zone is in direct proportion to the parameter H, qualitatively. Through the optimization of the coating device, high quality of multi-material sand layers can be obtained. This will provide a solution in manufacturing the multi-material composite sand mold.

Effects of process parameters on microstructure and wear resistance of TiN coatings deposited on TC11 titanium alloy by electrospark deposition

In the present study,the effects of process parameters(output voltage x,nitrogen flux l and specific strengthening time s)on the microstructure and wear resistance properties of TiN coatings prepared by electrospark deposition(ESD)were investigatedsystematically.The microstructure of the coatings was characterized for thickness(TOC),content of TiN(CON)and porosity(POC).A statistical model was developed to identify the significant factors affecting the microstructure and wear resistance of the coatings.The results show that the output voltage x and nitrogen flux l present significant effects on majority of the evaluation indexes such asTOC,friction coefficient(COF)and wear mass loss(Id),while the specific strengthening time s has a significant effect on POC and asmall effect on the other indexes.The optimal process parameters were obtained as follows:output voltage(x,60V),nitrogen flux(l,15L/min)and specific strengthening time(s,3min/cm2).The variation of wear mass loss(Id)by the variation of the outputvoltage(x)and nitrogen flux(l)is attributed to the change of wear mechanisms of TiN coatings.The main wear mechanism of TiNcoating prepared under optimal process parameters is micro-cutting wear accompanied by micro-fracture wear.

The Surface Morphologies and Spectroscopy Analysis of VC Coatings on the Substrate of Cr12MoV Prepared by TD Process after Salt Spray

The normal temperature corrosion of VC coating on the substrate of Cr12MoV prepared by TD process was tested in 5% NaCl aqueous solution, its surface morphologies and corrosion components after salt spray were observed with SEM and EDS, respectively, and the effects of salt spray on micro-structures of VC coating were analyzed. Moreover, the invalidation mechanism of VC coating after salt spray and its effect on substrate material were discussed. The experimental results shown that the uniformity and integrity of VC coating surface are destroyed by salt spray for 120 h, a large number of the pits are produced on the coating surface, and the coating falls off, which speeds corrosion breakage of its substrate; the oxidated film on its surface becomes rougher, broken and discontinuous, and falls off easily, which reduce the ability of resistance salt spray; the failure modes of VC coating after salt spray are expressed with falling off of oxidated film, stress concentration and pore effect and so on, the corrosion breakage of oxidated film is the corrosion result of deoxidization corrosion from oxygen and HCl produced by NaCl and vapor.

Fabrication of in-situ synthesized ceramic reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coatings by reactive braze coating processing

In-situ synthesized ceramic such as TiC,Cr7C3 and Cr5B3 reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coating was fabricated on the surface of mild steel substrate by reactive braze coating processing with colloidal graphite,Cr,Ni,ferro-boron,Si and titanium powders as the raw materials at low temperature of 1000℃,and a new kind of coating materials was developed.By means of SEM,EDS,XRD and surface hardness tester,the microstructures,phases,hardness and wear-resistance of the coating were analyzed,respectively.The results revealed that the coating was mainly composed of the ceramic in-situ synthesized reinforcement phases of TiC,Cr7C3 and Cr5B3 and the binder phases in-situ synthesized of Ni31Si12 and(Ni,Fe)solid solution;The ceramic reinforcement phases of TiC,Cr7C3 and Cr5B3 were randomly distributed in the binder phases of Ni31Si12 and(Ni,Fe)solid solution;The coating had about 15vol%pores and can possibly be applied as a self-lubrication coating;The coating and the substrate were integrated together by metallurgical bonding;The coating had a hardness up to 91-94HR15N.

Influence of process parameters on microstructure of reactive plasma cladding TiC-Fe-Cr coating

A certain amount of Ti was added to the plasma cladding Fe-Cr-C coating in the early stage in order to improve the quality and properties of the coating.Ti-Fe-Cr-C composite powder was prepared by precursor carbonization-composition process.In situ synthesized TiC-Fe-Cr coatings were fabricated on substrate of Q235 steel by plasma cladding process with the composite powder.Microstructures of the coatings with different process parameters,including cladding current,cladding speed,number of overlapping cladding layers,were analyzed by scanning electron microscope.The results show that the structure of the TiC-Fe-Cr coating is greatly affected by the cladding current,the cladding speed and the overlapping cladding process.In this test,when the cladding current of 300 A and the cladding process parameter of the cladding speed of 50 mm/min are clad with three layers,a well-formed and well-structured TiC-Fe-Cr coating can be obtained in this test.TiC-Fe-Cr coating has good wear resistance and good load characteristics under dry sliding wear test conditions.

Investigation on a Non-cyanide Plating Process of Ni-P Coating on Magnesium Alloy AZ91D

In this research we presented a non-cyanide plating process of Ni-P alloy coating on Mg alloy AZ91D. By applying a new process flow of electroless nickel plating in which zinc coating is used as transition of Ni-P coating on Mg alloy AZ91D, the process of copper transition coating plated in the cyanides bath can be replaced. A new bath composed of NiSO4 was established by orthogonal test. The results show that zinc transition coating can increase the adhesion and protect the Mg alloy substrate from the bath corrosion. The optimal plating bath composition is NiSO4·6H2O 20 g/L, NaH2PO2·H2O20g/L and C6H8O7·H2O 2.5 g/L, and optimal bath acidity and optimal plating temperature are pH 4.0 and 95℃, respectively. The present process flow is composed of ultrasonic cleaning→alkaline cleaning→acid pickling→activation→double immersing zinc→electroplating zinc→electroless nickel plating→passivation treatment. The present non-cyanide process of electroless nickel plating is harmless to our surroundings and Ni-P coating on Mg alloy AZ91D produced by present process possesses good adhesion and corrosion resistance.

Influence of processing parameters and heat treatment on phase composition and microstructure of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings

Air plasma spraying process was employed to fabricate various hydroxyapatite(HA)coatings on titanium substrates.The influence of processing parameters on the phase composition and the microstructure of the obtained coatings was investigated.The effect of heat treatment on as-sprayed coating in terms of the crystallinity and microstructure was also studied.The phase composition of coatings was analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and FTIR.The surface and cross-section morphologies and microstructure of coatings as well as the morphology of feedstock were evaluated using scanning electron microscope(SEM).The crystallization temperature of amorphous HA phase in as-sprayed coating was examined by using differential thermal analysis(DTA). The results suggest that phase composition and microstructure of as-sprayed HA coatings strongly depend on the spraying parameters,and heat treatment at 760 ℃for 2 h is one of effective means for increasing the crystallinity and improvement in microstructure of as-sprayed HA coatings.

Effects of intermixing process on bonding strength of IBED CrN coatings

The coating substrate bonding strengths under different intermixing processes were evaluated by scratch and spherical rolling contact fatigue methods. The results show that for low bombarding energy of N ions dynamic recoiling at 10 keV and 20 keV, the coating layers are of excellent bonding strengths. The bonding strength of CrN coating with 40 keV static recoiling is higher than that of low energy(20 keV). On the other hand, the bonding strength of coating with 40 keV dynamic recoiling is much lower than that of static recoiling at the same energy and even less than that of dynamic recoiling intermixings at 10 keV and 20 keV energy. The results of scratch and spherical rolling contact fatigue methods exhibit the same trend for each group of recoiling methods, yet the results of the scratch and fatigue tests for two groups do not agree with each other.

On-line temperature monitoring and process diagnosis of plasma sprayed coatings

On-line temperature monitoring of plasma sprayed coating is presented, which is based on IR pyrometery combined to robot trajectories. Temperature fields of the substrate before spraying and the deposited coating when the damage happens are taken to investigate the temperature fluctuation information. Experimental results demonstrate that coating damage always occurs in the temperature transition area of the substrate from the higher to the lower, as well as the higher temperature area. The temperature difference between the peak and the mean of the relevant regions is beyond 30 - 50℃ or even higher. This case provides the omen of coating damage and the focusing scopes for the process control of coating temperature in plasma spraying

Preparation and Properties of TiN_x-SiO_2 Antireflective Coatings with Print Process

This paper describes the preparation and properties of TiN_x-SiO_2 double-layered antireflective(AR) coatings that were applied with print process. The coating material was analyzed and TiN_x was used instead of TiO_2 as high refractive material. The influence of solution concentration on AR property was studied. The testing result shows that the coatings using print process are featured with excellent mechanical property and the AR property is comparable to American Southwall AR product. It is expected that the study would promote the industrialization progress in AR coatings.

Preparation and characterization of BaMgAl_(10)O_(17)∶Eu phosphor coated with MgF_2 by sol-gel process

In order to prevent BaMgAl10O17∶Eu （BAM） phosphor from thermal degradation, MgF2-coatings on the surface of BAM were prepared by a sol-gel process. The coatings were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that BAM is successfully coated with homogenous, close MgF2 coatings. The photoluminescence and anti-thermal degradation properties of coated BAM were investigated under 254 and 147 nm excitations. The optimum anti-thermal degradation properties are obtained at the mass ratio of MgF2 to BAM 0.2% under 254 nm excitation and 0.5% under 147 nm excitation, respectively. It is considered that trace MgO formed after baked would cause different optimum coating thicknesses under 254 and 147 nm excitations.

Coating processes towards selective laser sintering of energetic material composites

This research aims to contribute to the safe methodology for additive manufacturing(AM)of energetic materials.Coating formulation processes were investigated and evaluated to find a suitable method that may enable selective laser sintering(SLS)as the safe method for fabrication of high explosive(HE)compositions.For safety and co nvenie nce reasons,the co ncept demonstration was conducted using inert explosive simulants with properties quasi-similar to the real HE.Coating processes for simulant RDXbased microparticles by means of PCL and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde(as TNT simulant)are reported.These processes were evaluated for uniformity of coating the HE inert simulant particles with binder materials to facilitate the SLS as the adequate binding and fabrication method.Suspension system and single emulsion methods gave required particle near spherical morphology,size and uniform coating.The suspension process appears to be suitable for the SLS of HE mocks and potential formulation methods for active HE composites.The density is estimated to be comparable with the current HE compositions and plastic bonded explosives(PBXs)such as C4 and PE4,produced from traditional methods.The formulation method developed and understanding of the science behind the processes paves the way toward safe SLS of the active HE compositions and may open avenues for further research and development of munitions of the future.