Contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning:a non-equilibrium thermodynamic perspective

Ecosystem stays far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Through the interactions among biotic and abiotic components, and encompassing physical environments, ecosystem forms a dissipative struc- ture that allows it to dissipate energy continuously and thereby remains functional over time. Biotic regulation of energy and material fluxes in and out of the ecosystem allows it to maintain a homeostatic state which corresponds to a self-organized state emerged in a non-equilibrium thermodynamic system. While the associated self-organizational processes approach to homeostatic state, entropy （a measure of irre- versibility） degrades and dissipation of energy increases. We propose here that at a homeostatic state of ecosystem, biodiversity which includes both phenotypic and functional diversity, attains optimal values. As long as biodiversity remains within its optimal range, the corresponding homeostatic state is maintained. However, while embedded environmental conditions fluctuate along the gradient of accelerating changes, phenotypic diversity and functional diversity contribute inversely to the associated self-organizing proc- esses. Furthermore, an increase or decrease in biodiversity outside of its optimal range makes the eco- system vulnerable to transition into a different state.

Non-equilibrium thermodynamic analysis of coupled heat and moisture transfer across a membrane

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory is used to analyze the transmembrane heat and moisture transfer process,which can be observed in a membrane-type total heat exchanger(THX).A theoretical model is developed to simulate the coupled heat and mass transfer across a membrane,total coupling equations and the expressions for the four characteristic parameters including the heat transfer coefficient,molardriven heat transfer coefficient,thermal-driven mass transfer coefficient,and mass transfer coefficient are derived and provided,with the Onsager’s reciprocal relation being confirmed to verify the rationality of the model.Calculations are conducted to investigate the effects of the membrane property and air state on the coupling transport process.The results show that the four characteristic parameters directly affect the transmembrane heat and mass fluxes:the heat and mass transfer coefficients are both positive,meaning that the temperature difference has a positive contribution to the heat transfer and the humidity ratio difference has a positive contribution to the mass transfer.The molar-driven heat transfer and thermal-driven mass transfer coefficients are both negative,implying that the humidity ratio difference acts to reduce the heat transfer and the temperature difference works to diminish the mass transfer.The mass transfer affects the heat transfer by 1%–2%while the heat transfer influences the mass transfer by7%–14%.The entropy generation caused by the temperature difference-induced heat transfer is much larger than that by the humidity difference-induced mass transfer.

Non-equilibrium Thermodynamic Analysis of The Transport Properties of Formed-in-Place Zirconium (Ⅳ) Hydrous Oxide-Polyacylate Membranes in aqueous NaNO_3 solution

Nanofiltration of aqueous NaNO3 solution with a dynamically formed Zr(IV) hydrousoxide-PAA membrane is presented. The practical transpoft coefficients Lp, σ, ω were obtainedusing relationships of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics and were used to calculate thefrictional coefficients of a friction model.

Coherent Application of a Contact Structure to Formulate Classical Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

This contribution presents an outline of a new mathematical formulation for Classical Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (CNET) based on a contact structure in differential geometry. First a non-equilibrium state space is introduced as the third key element besides the first and second law of thermodynamics. This state space provides the mathematical structure to generalize the Gibbs fundamental relation to non-equilibrium thermodynamics. A unique formulation for the second law of thermodynamics is postulated and it showed how the complying concept for non-equilibrium entropy is retrieved. The foundation of this formulation is a physical quantity, which is in non-equilibrium thermodynamics nowhere equal to zero. This is another perspective compared to the inequality, which is used in most other formulations in the literature. Based on this mathematical framework, it is proven that the thermodynamic potential is defined by the Gibbs free energy. The set of conjugated coordinates in the mathematical structure for the Gibbs fundamental relation will be identified for single component, closed systems. Only in the final section of this contribution will the equilibrium constraint be introduced and applied to obtain some familiar formulations for classical (equilibrium) thermodynamics.

Predicting Ecosystem Response to Perturbation from Thermodynamic Criteria

The response of ecosystems to perturbations is considered from a thermodynamic perspective by acknowl-edging that, as for all macroscopic systems and processes, the dynamics and stability of ecosystems is sub-ject to definite thermodynamic law. For open ecosystems, exchanging energy, work, and mass with the en-vironment, the thermodynamic criteria come from non-equilibrium or irreversible thermodynamics. For ecosystems during periods in which the boundary conditions may be considered as being constant, it is shown that criteria from irreversible thermodynamic theory are sufficient to permit a quantitative prediction of ecosystem response to perturbation. This framework is shown to provide a new perspective on the popula-tion dynamics of real ecosystems.

Liquid vaporization under thermodynamic phase non-equilibrium condition at the gas-liquid interface

Liquid vaporization under thermodynamic phase non-equilibrium condition at the gas-liquid interface is investigated over a wide range of fluid state typical of many liquid-fueled energy conversion systems. The validity of the phase-equilibrium assumption commonly used in the existing study of liquid vaporization is examined using molecular dynamics theories. The interfacial mass flow rates on both sides of the liquid surface are compared to the net vaporization rate through an order-of-magnitude analysis.Results indicated that the phase-equilibrium assumption holds valid at relatively high pressures and low temperatures,and for droplets with relatively large initial diameters(for example,larger than 10 μm for vaporizing oxygen droplets in gaseous hydrogen in the pressure range from 10 atm to the oxygen critical state). Droplet vaporization under superheated conditions is also explored using classical binary homogeneous nucleation theory,in conjunction with a real-fluid equation of state. It is found that the bubble nucleation rate is very sensitive to changes in saturation ratio and pressure;it increases by several orders of magnitude when either the saturation ratio or the pressure is slightly increased. The kinetic limit of saturation ratio decreases with increasing pressure,leading to reduced difference between saturation and superheat conditions. As a result,the influence of nonequilibrium conditions on droplet vaporization is lower at a higher pressure.

基于析气现象的锂电池系统建模

基于析气现象和热力学原理对锂电池系统在临界和非临界情况下的动力学特性进行了较为细致的研究,建立了以荷电状态(SOC,State of Charge)、温度、开路电压和内阻为状态变量的系统动力学模型并应用Matlab/Simulink软件实现了相应的动态仿真。仿真结果表明,该模型不仅能反映锂电池在非临界情况下的动力学特性,而且在一定程度上还能较为准确地描述临界情况的非线性动力学特性。

正渗透膜的非平衡热力学膜特征参数解析

基于非平衡热力学用3个独立的膜特征参数(纯水渗透系数,反射系数和溶质渗透系数)分析在水力学压力驱动和渗透压驱动膜过程中溶剂水和溶质的传递现象.为了考察这些膜特征参数在两种不同驱动力驱动的膜过程中的一致性,用不同的方法确定同一张正渗透膜分离层的膜特征参数.首先,通过几种中性溶质在水力学压力驱动膜过程中的截留率确定膜特征参数.其次,使用相同的中性溶质作为渗透压驱动膜过程中的驱动溶质,通过实验得到溶剂水的体积通量和溶质的摩尔通量,结合通量数据和非平衡热力学模型,再次得出这几种溶质的膜特征参数.结果表明,两种方法得到的膜特征参数一致性较好.这有助于进一步理解渗透压驱动膜过程中的传递现象,以及它与水力学压力驱动膜过程的差别.

热力学第二定律的统计解释

本文利用统计的方法解释热力学第二定律的普遍规律性,从气体膨胀的力学和化学角度,以及功变热和热传导的不可逆等方面分别研究,得到了一切与热现象有关的实际宏观过程都是不可逆的结论。并进一步证实从大量实验事实总结出来的热力学第二定律的重要物理意义。

两种不同类型FCI的机理对比研究

高温熔融物质和冷却剂之间相互作用(FCI现象)时,会引起蒸汽爆炸。反应堆中经常使用的冷却剂是水和钠。为了解决反应堆安全性问题,国外分别对不同堆型做了一系列FCI的实验,但对水和钠在FCI中起的不同作用并未见到系统研究的报道。我国尚没有条件做这种耗资大、难度高的实验,对FCI的研究也几近空白。本文试图通过冷却剂为水和冷却剂为钠的FCI现象的机理分析,提取实验数据并建立数值模型,为快堆安全分析提供可靠的判断依据。

MM5模式水平扩散项的改进及其对陕西“8.28”暴雨模拟的影响

在数值预报发展的过程中,我们通常把水平扩散项当作滤波器用来光滑或是过滤掉模式积分过程中所产生的毫无天气意义的并会引起非线性计算不稳定的所谓计算噪音或"超短波",从而达到阻尼虚假短波以及抑制非线性计算不稳定的目的,但这仅仅只是从计算数学或计算物理的角度来考虑,并不能真正反映扩散的物理本质。本文尝试运用热力学第二定律的思想对MM5模式中的水平扩散项进行改造,以便更好地消除原模式中的扩散项所导致的Gibbs振荡现象。通过对陕西2003年8月28日暴雨的数值模拟表明,改进后的MM5模式的输出量(如相对湿度、温度、速度)的相关系数以及均方根误差均有明显的改进。

Recent progress in thermodynamics of radiation——exergy of radiation, effective temperature of photon and entropy constant of photon

The recent progress on thermodynamic properties of spectral radiant energy in the field of thermodynamics of radiation is reviewed. The effective temperature of photon Tλ representing the energy quality of photon is introduced. The relation between Tλ and the wavelength λ is given as λTλ =c3=5.33016×10?3 m·K. The en- tropy constant of photon is given as sλ=3.72680×10?23 J/K. The exergy, entropy and enthalpy of the spectral blackbody radiation, the equilibrium cavity radiation, the radiation flux in open system are discussed by using Tλ and sλ, as well as the en- tropy change in the process of the state transformation of photon gas. By analyzing the exergy of spectral radiation, the exergy efficiency of spectral radiant energy available for photosynthesis is proved to be higher than that of light energy. The method for the irreversible loss of exergy calculation in radiant energy converters is also discussed.

氨合成反应中的热交叉现象及其热力学耦合机制

为了从全新的角度给出氨的工业合成反应的热力学解释,基于对传热过程与广义做功过程构成的准孤立系统所满足的全相位熵产率方程进行熵产分析,揭示了氨合成反应中蕴含了自发传热过程与非自发化学反应过程之间的热力学耦合,并以此为基础建立了氨合成反应中广义功(即吉布斯自由能)与温度、放热强度之间相互关系的数学模型.对该理论模型的分析表明,在氨的工业合成中,无论是加大反应系统与外部环境之间的温差,或者增加反应系统的冷却换热强度,均可以提高氨的工业合成效率.

On the Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Interface Conditions for Numerical Simulation of Violent Separated Flows

Numerous models have been proposed in the literature to include phase change into numerical simulations of two-phase flows.This review paper presents the modeling options that have been taken in order to obtain a model for violent separated flows with application to sloshing wave impacts.A relaxation model based on linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been chosen to compute the rate of phase change.The integration in the system of partial differential equations is done through a non-conservative advection term.For each of these modelling choices,some alternative models from the literature are presented and discussed.The theoretical framework for all phase change model(conservation equations and entropy growth)is also summarized.

Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Research of Water-Cooled Small Space Thermoelectric Air-Conditioner

This paper aims to find a more general analysis method for the refrigeration performance,and to design a high efficiency modular cooling structure of water-cooled plate.A new analysis method,namely current and refrigeration rate density analysis,is proposed.The general refrigeration performance calculation equations are obtained.A finite-time thermodynamic model of the thermoelectric device is established considering Thomson effect.The basic structure of water-cooled thermoelectric air-conditioner is designed and the specific calculation method is given.The influences of input current density,filling factor and heat transfer conditions on refrigeration performance of the thermoelectric air-conditioner are analyzed,which is compared with refrigeration performance of air-cooled thermoelectric air-conditioner.The results show that the maximum refrigeration rate density of the water-cooled thermoelectric air-conditioner is 8.65 k W/m^(2),and the maximum coefficient of performance(COP)is 2.27 in the case of the cooling temperature differenceΔT=5 K.Compared withΔT=5 K,the maximum refrigeration rate density and the maximum COP ofΔT=15 K decreases by 27.98%and 76.65%,respectively.At the filling factorθ=0.43,the refrigeration rate density and COP are 2.57 k W/m~2 and 1.24,respectively.The experimental device of thermoelectric air-conditioner is established to verify the model.The experimental results show that the maximum value of input current and COP is 4 A and 0.95 with the efficient water-cooling method,respectively.The experimental data coincides with the theoretical calculation,which shows the validity of the analysis method and cooling method.

Gas-kinetic unified algorithm for computable modeling of Boltzmann equation and application to aerothermodynamics for falling disintegration of uncontrolled Tiangong-No.1 spacecraft

How to solve the hypersonic aerothermodynamics around large-scale uncontrolled spacecraft during falling disintegrated process from outer space to earth,is the key to resolve the problems of the uncontrolled Tiangong-No.1 spacecraft reentry crash.To study aerodynamics of spacecraft reentry covering various flow regimes,a Gas-Kinetic Unified Algorithm(GKUA)has been presented by computable modeling of the collision integral of the Boltzmann equation over tens of years.On this basis,the rotational and vibrational energy modes are considered as the independent variables of the gas molecular velocity distribution function,a kind of Boltzmann model equation involving in internal energy excitation is presented by decomposing the collision term of the Boltzmann equation into elastic and inelastic collision terms.Then,the gas-kinetic numerical scheme is constructed to capture the time evolution of the discretized velocity distribution functions by developing the discrete velocity ordinate method and numerical quadrature technique.The unified algorithm of the Boltzmann model equation involving thermodynamics non-equilibrium effect is presented for the whole range of flow regimes.The gas-kinetic massive parallel computing strategy is developed to solve the hypersonic aerothermodynamics with the processor cores 500~45,000 at least 80%parallel efficiency.To validate the accuracy of the GKUA,the hypersonic flows are simulated including the reentry Tiangong-1 spacecraft shape with the wide range of Knudsen numbers of 220~0.00005 by the comparison of the related results from the DSMC and N-S coupled methods,and the low-density tunnel experiment etc.For uncontrolling spacecraft falling problem,the finite-element algorithm for dynamic thermalforce coupling response is presented,and the unified simulation of the thermal structural response and the hypersonic flow field is tested on the Tiangong-1 shape under reentry aerodynamic environment.Then,the forecasting analysis platform of end-of-life largescale spacecraft flying track is established on the basis of ballistic computation combined with reentry aerothermodynamics and deformation failure/disintegration.

Comparative analysis of the arc characteristics inside the convergingdiverging and cylindrical plasma torches

A two-temperature thermal non-equilibrium model is used to simulate and compare the arc characteristics within the converging-diverging and traditional cylindrical plasma torches.The modeling results show that the presence of the constrictor within the converging-diverging torch makes the evolution characteristics of the arc significantly different from that of cylindrical torch.Compared with a cylindrical geometrical torch,a much higher plasma flow velocity and relatively longer high temperature region can be generated and maintained inside the converging-diverging torch.In the constrictor of converging-diverging torch,the normalized radius of arc column increases and the degree of thermodynamic equilibrium of the plasma is significantly improved with the increase of axial distance.The radial momentum balance analysis shows that for the cylindrical torch,the pressure gradient that drives the arc expansion and the Lorentz force that drives the arc contraction dominate the radial evolution of the arc.While at the converging and constrictor region of a converging-diverging plasma torch,the radial gas dynamic forces in arc fringes pointing toward the arc center enhance the mixing of the cold gas of boundary layer with the high temperature gas of the arc center,increasing the average gas temperature and decreasing the thickness of cold boundary layer,thereby facilitating the formation of diffusion type arc anode attachment at the diverging section of torch.

Effective temperature and fluctuation-dissipation theorem in athermal granular systems:A review

The definition and the previous measurements of a dynamics-relevant temperature-like quantity in granular media are reviewed for slow and fast particle systems. Especially, the validity of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in such an athermal system is explored. Experimental evidences for the fluctuation-dissipation theorem relevant effect temperature support the athermal statistical mechanics, which has been widely explored in recent years by physicists. Difficulties encountered in defining temperature or establishing thermodynamics or statistical mechanics in non-equilibrium situations are discussed.

微喷管中稀薄流动时热力学非平衡现象研究

微喷管作为微推进系统中的重要部件,其工作性能的研究对于微推进系统的设计有着重要理论指导意义。采用求解带滑移边界条件的N-S方程和直接模拟蒙特卡洛(DSMC)方法,研究微喷管中的稀薄流动,通过设定气体分子转动松弛所需要的松弛碰撞数Zrot研究微喷管中的热力学非平衡现象。结果表明:Kn>0.1时,微喷管中流动开始变得稀薄,连续性假设失效,N-S方程求解结果出现误差;随着微喷管中流动稀薄程度增加,热力学非平衡现象逐渐明显;热力学非平衡现象使微喷管内气体内能转化为平动能的量减少,微喷管内速度和推力整体减小;热力学非平衡现象对微喷管流场影响大于对其工作性能的影响,考虑转动松弛对微喷管内温度场的影响大于速度场。

物理化学教学实践中的一些尝试和体会

物理化学作为一门实验科学,它的理论体系完全建立在实验研究的基础之上,有着非常严谨完整的知识体系。我们在教学课程中,注重从专业自身的特色着手,帮助学生学习和掌握物理化学的理论框架,掌握科学的学习方法,以物理化学的理论框架为基础结合专业特色合理筛选教学内容,优化课堂教学效果。物理化学课程教学中注意培养学生的科学文化修养,提升教学境界,培养学生尊重科学事实、严密完整的科学思维能力,这样必然对培养创新性思维这样一个宏观教学目标提出一个很好的培养模式。