Surface species of chalcopyrite during bioleaching by moderately thermophilic bacteria

X-ray diffraction （XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analyses were carried out to investigate the surface species and interfacial reactions during bioleaching of chalcopyrite by different strains of moderately thermophilic bacteria （45 °C）. Results show that monosulfide （CuS）, disulfide （S22？）, polysulfide （Sn2？）, elemental sulfur （S0） and sulfate （SO42？） are the main intermediate species on the surface of chalcopyrite during bioleaching byA. caldus,S. thermosulfidooxidans andL. ferriphilum. The low kinetics of dissolution of chalcopyrite inA. caldus can be mainly attributed to the incomplete dissolution of chalcopyrite and the passivation layer of polysulfide. Polysulfide and jarosite should be mainly responsible for the passivation of chalcopyrite in bioleaching byL. ferriphilumorS. thermosulfidooxidans. However, elemental sulfur should not be the main composition of passivation layer of chalcopyrite during bioleaching.

Effect of moderately thermophilic bacteria on metal extraction and electrochemical characteristics for zinc smelting slag in bioleaching system

The effects of moderately thermophilic bacteria on the extraction of metals from zinc smelting slag and electrochemical characteristics of zinc smelting slag carbon paste electrode in bioleaching process were studied. The results show that the extraction rates of Fe, Cu and Zn from the slag reach 86.7%, 90.3% and 66.7% after adsorbed bacteria sterilize, while those with adsorbed bacteria are 91.9%, 96.0% and 84.5% in conditions of pulp density 2%, pH 1.0, temperature 65 °C and stirring rate 120 r/min, respectively. Some stretching peaks of functional groups from bacterial secretes on the bioleached residue surface, such as 1007 cm-1 and 1193 cm-1, turn up through FI-IR analysis and indirectly reveal the presence of the adsorbed bacteria on the slag particles surface. Besides, the corrosion of zinc smelting slag is enhanced by bacteria according to the characteristics of cyclic voltametry and Tafel curves in bioleaching system.

Comparison of leaching of bornite from different regions mediated by mixed moderately thermophilic bacteria

Bioleaching experiments combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were conducted to investigate three kinds of bornites from different regions leached by moderately thermophilic mixed bacteria of Leptospirillum ferriphilum YSK,Acidithiobacillus caldus D1 and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans ST.The results of bioleaching experiments showed that the leaching efficiency and the redox potential were significantly increased.The copper extraction efficiencies of three kinds of bornite maintained rapid growth until around the 12th day and no longer increased after the 18th,reaching 83.7%,96.5%and 86.6%,respectively.The XRD results of the leaching residue indicated that three kinds of bornites all produced jarosite in the late stage of leaching,and the leaching residues from of Daye Museum and Yunnan Geological Museum contained a mass of elemental sulfur.XPS analysis and scanning electron microscopy experiments showed that the surface of mineral particles was jarosite and the copper in the leaching residue was almost dissolved.

Biodegradation of ethylthionocarbamates by a mixed culture of iron-reducing bacteria enriched from tailings dam sediments

Ethylthionocarbamates （ETC）, which is the most widely used as collectors in the flotation of sulfide, is known to cause serious pollution to soil and groundwater. The potential biodegradation of ETC was evaluated by applying a mixed culture of iron-reducing bacteria （IRB） enriched from tailings dam sediments. The results showed that ETC can be degraded by IRB coupled to Fe（III） reduction, both of which can be increased in the presence of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate （AQDS）. Moreover, Fe（III）-EDTA was found to be a more favorable terminal electron acceptor compared to α-Fe2O3, e.g., within 30 d, 72% of ETC was degraded when α-Fe2O3＋AQDS was applied, while it is 82.67% when Fe（III）-EDTA＋AQDS is added. The dynamic models indicated that the kETC degradation was decreased in the order of Fe（III）-EDTA＋AQDS〉α-Fe2O3＋AQDS〉Fe（III）-EDTA〉α-Fe2O3, with the corresponding maximum biodegradation rates being 2.6, 2.45, 2.4 and 2.0 mg/（L·d）, respectively, and positive parallel correlations could be observed between kFe（III） and kETC. These findings demonstrate that IRB has a good application prospect in flotation wastewater.

Isolation and Characterization of a Thermophilic Oil-Degrading Bacterial Consortium

In this study, a thermophilic oil-degrading bacterial consortium KO8-2 growing within the temperature range of 45--65℃ （with 55℃ being the optimum temperature） was isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Karamay in Xinjiang, China. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） showed that there were nine strains included in KO8-2, which originated from the genera of Bacillus, Geobacillus and Clostridium. They all belonged to thermophilic bacteria, and had been previously proved as degraders of at least one petroleum fraction. The crude oil degraded by KO8-2 was analyzed by infrared spectrophotometry, hydrocarbon group type analysis and gas chromatography. The results indicated that the bacterial consortium KO8-2 was able to utilize 64.33% of saturates, 27.06% of aromatics, 13.24% of resins and the oil removal efficiency reached up to 58.73% at 55 ~C when the oil concentration was 10 g/L. Detailed analysis showed that KO8-2 was able to utilize the hydrocarbon components before C19, and the n-alkanes ranging from C20--C33 were signifi- cantly degraded. The ratios of nC17/Pr and nC18/Ph were 3.12 and 3.87, respectively, before degradation, whereas after degradation the ratios reduced to 0.21 and 0.38, respectively. Compared with the control sample, the oil removal efficiency in KO8-2 composting reactor reached 50.12% after a degradation duration of 60 days.

Dynamics and Activity of Iron-Reducing Bacterial Populations in a West African Rice Paddy Soil under Subsurface Drainage: Case Study of Kamboinse in Burkina Faso

Iron toxicity is one of the main edaphic constraints that hamper rice production in West African savanna and forest lowlands. Although chemical reduction processes of various types of pedogenic iron oxides could not be underestimated, the bulk of these processes can be ascribed to the specific activity of Iron-Reducing Bacteria (IRB). The reducing conditions of waterlogged lowland soils boost iron toxicity through the reduction of almost all iron into ferrous form (Fe2+), which can cause disorder in rice plant and crop yield losses. Aiming to contribute at the improvement of rice yield in Africa, an experiment was developed to evaluate the impact of subsurface drainage on IRB dynamics and activity during rice cultivation. Twelve concrete microplots with a clay-loam soil and a rice variety susceptible to iron toxicity (FKR 19) were used for the experiment. Soil in microplots was drained for 7 days (P1), 14 days (P2), and 21 days (P3), respectively. Control (T) microplots without drainage were prepared similarly. The evolution of IRB populations and the content of ferrous iron in the paddy soil and in soil near rice root were monitored throughout the cultural cycle using MPN and colorimetric methods, respectively. Data obtained were analyzed in relation to drainage frequency, rice growth stage, and rice yield using the Student t test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, the subsurface drainage reduced significantly IRB populations (p = 0.024). However, the drainage did not affect significantly ferrous iron concentration in the soil near rice roots (p = 0.708). The concentration of ferrous iron (p < 0.0001) in soil near rice roots and the number of IRB (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher during the rice tillering and maturity stages. Although no significant difference was observed for rice yield among treatments (p = 0.209), the P2 subsurface drainage showed the highest yield and the lowest concentration of ferrous iron in soil near rice roots.

The Survival of Cefazolin Resistant Bacteria in Thermophilic Co-digestion of Dairy Manure and Waste Milk

Recent studies have suggested that there may be a link between the use of in-feed antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human infections. It is believed that anaerobic digestion is a potent method to reduce the antibiotic resistant bacteria present in waste from concentrated animal feeding operations. Cefazolin is a β-1actam antibiotic that is frequently used to treat the cows with mastitis in the Obihiro University herd. Disposal of untreated milk containing cefazolin residues promotes the occurrence of cefazolin resistant bacteria in the vicinity of farm, thus the objective of this study was to investigate the survival of antibiotic resistant bacteria in co-digestion of dairy manure and waste milk obtained from cows treated for mastitis with cefazolin under thermophilic conditions （55 ~C）. Cow manure, digested slurry and waste milk （cefazolin residue concentration 2.17 mg/L） were used as the materials in order to have three digester contents; 100% slurry, 50% slurry ＋ 50% manure and 50% slurry ＋ 45% manure ＋ 5% waste milk. The experiment was carried out using batch digesters （1 L） with active volume of 800 mL at 55 ℃ for 20 days to determine the survival of cefazolin resistant bacteria and to observe the digester performance by determining the bio gas and methane yield using gas chromatpgrapby. Dilution plate method was used to determine the population densities of total and cefazolin resistant bacteria at 0, 10th and 20th day of digestion. Total and cefazolin resistant bacterial counts were reduced with time by several orders until 10th day of digestion and those were almost similar at day 20th. Highest daily biogas and methane yield were observed in the digester contained slurry, manure and waste milk during early digestion period （until 5th day）. The results suggest that thermophilic co-digestion of dairy manure and waste milk would be a suitable technology for reducing antibiotic （cefazolin） resistant bacteria while obtaining better digester performance.

Effect of Fertilization on the Dynamics and Activity of Iron-Reducing Bacterial Populations in a West African Rice Paddy Soil Planted with Two Rice Varieties: Case Study of Kou Valley in Burkina Faso

Iron toxicity is a major stress to rice caused by a high concentration of reduced iron, in the soil in many lowlands worldwide. To reduce iron toxicity in the West African lowlands, an investigation was performed at the site of the University of Ouagadougou, in pots containing an iron toxic soil from the Kou Valley (West of Burkina Faso). The experiment objective was to study the effect of mineral fertilizer on Iron Reducing Bacteria (IRB) dynamics and activity during rice cultivation, iron accumulation in rice plant and rice biomass yield under iron toxicity conditions. BOUAKE-189 and ROK-5 rice varieties, sensitive and tolerant to iron toxicity, respectively, were used for the experiment. The pots were amended with chemical fertilizers (NPK + Urea and NPK + Urea + Ca + Mg + Zn complex). Control pots without fertilization were prepared similarly. The kinetics of IRB and ferrous iron content in soil near rice roots were monitored throughout the cultural cycle using MPN and colorimetric methods, respectively. The total iron content was evaluated in rice plant using spectrometric method. Data obtained were analyzed in relation to fertilization mode, rice growth stage and rice yield using the student’s t-test and XLSTAT 2014 statistical software. The experiment revealed that NPK + Urea and NPK + Urea + Ca + Mg + Zn fertilization, decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) the number of IRB in the soil for BOUAKE-189 rice varieties. In most pots, highest IRB densities and ferrous iron content in soil were recorded from rice tillering and flowering to maturity stages, indicating that rice plants promoted microbial processes and iron reduction in soil. From the study, the NPK + Urea amendment decreased significantly ferrous iron content (p < 0.0001) in soil near BOUAKE-189 and ROK-5 rice varieties roots relatively to control pots. However, NPK + Urea + Ca + Zn + Mg amendment increased significantly ferrous iron content (p < 0.0001) in the soil near roots, Fe accumulation in plant biomass and rice yield for the two rice varieties.

Chemical behaviors of different arsenic-bearing sulphides bio-oxidated by thermophilic bacteria

The study on arsenopyrite and realgar of bacterial oxidation shows that the chemical behaviors of different arsenic-bearing sulphides oxidated by thermophilic bacteria are quite distinct. Arsenopyrite is active and quickly eroded in bacteria-bearing solution. With a high leaching rate over 95%, the arsenopyrite phase cannot be detected by X-ray diffraction(XRD). Arsenopyrite is highly toxic to bacteria that at the initial stage of bio-oxidation, bacterial growth is inhibited and the number of bacterium cell drops from 2.26 × 108/mL to the lowest 2.01 × 105/mL. At the later stages of bio-oxidation, bacteria grow fast and reach 2.23 × 108/mL. Comparably, realgar is inertial and resistive to bacterial corrosion and oxidation. Arsenic in realgar crystal is hard to be leached and the residue is still realgar phase, as indicated by XRD. The cell number of bacteria varies a little, decreasing from 2.26 × 108/mL to 2.01 × 107/mL, during the bacterial oxidation. The results show that the crystal structure and arsenic valency of arsenic-bearing sulphides play a vital role during the leaching process of bacterial oxidation.

Effect of mixed moderately thermophilic adaptation on leachability and mechanism of high arsenic gold concentrate in an airlift bioreactor

A refractory gold concentrate with 19% arsenic was treated by a mixed moderately thermophiles in an airlift bioreactor through an adaptation protocol. The moderately thermophiles could respond well to 20%(w/v) pulp density with less than 10% loss of productivity, and resist arsenic up to 15 g/L. There were a lot of jarosite, arsenolite and sulfur, but not scorodite and ferric arsenate in the bioleached residue. Jarosite passivation and lower sulfur-oxidizing activity of the cells due to the toxicity of the high concentrations of soluble arsenic and iron ions at low p H value should mainly response for the incomplete extraction at high pulp density. The initial bacterial community did not change in nature except for new found P aeruginosa ANSC, but sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms have been dominant microorganisms after a long time of adaptation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa originating from the gold concentrate should be closely relative to the metabolism of the organic matters contained in the refractory gold concentrate.

中度嗜热菌Leptospirillum ferrooxidans和Acidithiobacillus caldus对砷的耐受性研究

以难处理金矿生物预氧化过程中使用的L.ferrooxidans(Leptospirillum ferrooxidans,氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌)和A.caldus(Acidithiobacillus caldus,喜温嗜酸硫杆菌)这2种中度嗜热菌为主要研究对象,通过摇瓶实验研究不同价态的砷[As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)]对2种中度嗜热菌生物氧化处理金矿效果的影响,并与A.ferrooxidans(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌)和T.thiooxidans(Thiobacillus thiooxidans,氧化硫硫杆菌)这2种嗜中温菌进行比较。结果表明,中度嗜热菌对As(Ⅲ)的耐受性明显弱于嗜中温菌,但对As(Ⅴ)的耐受性与嗜中温菌接近。同时,As(Ⅲ)对铁氧化细菌生长的影响大于硫氧化细菌。实验发现,提高菌种接种量并对细菌进行驯化有利于中度嗜热菌对砷毒性的适应,在实际矿浆体系中通过提高接种量可以使中度嗜热菌最终适应高砷环境,最高质量浓度可达约1.54 g/L,获得较好的矿物氧化浸出效果,砷浸出率达到70%以上仅需10 d。

在酵母粉或Cu^(2+)胁迫下古菌Ferroplasma thermophilum与两种中度嗜热细菌的协同作用

本研究目的为考察在酵母粉或Cu2+胁迫下,古菌Ferroplasma thermophilum在分别与其他两种中度嗜热细菌(Leptospirillum ferriphilum和Acidithiobacillus caldus)混合培养体系中的生态功能。实验在250 mL摇瓶中进行,采用纯培养与混合培养对照的方法,结合荧光定量PCR(Quantitive PCR,Q-PCR)技术考察F.thermophilum分别与其他两种中度嗜热菌之间的协同作用。结果表明:在0.04%(w/v)酵母粉胁迫下,L.ferriphilum YSK纯培养物的生长受到完全抑制,而At.caldus s2纯培养物的生长不受抑制。F.thermophilum L1与L.ferriphilum YSK混合培养减轻了酵母粉对L.ferriphilum YSK的抑制作用且促进其生长;F.thermophilum L1/At.caldus s2混合培养体系中,F.thermophilum L1的加入能够促进平稳期At.caldus s2的生长。在5 g/L Cu2+胁迫下,F.thermophilum L1与L.ferriphilum YSK混合培养时,F.thermophilum L1生长被促进,而L.ferriphilum YSK的生长受到抑制;F.thermophilumL1与At.caldus s2混合培养能够有效地促进彼此生长,且协同促进铁/硫氧化代谢。

城市污水厂脱水污泥好氧发酵强化技术及效果

以市政污水厂脱水污泥为主要原料,采用温度反馈控制的污泥好氧发酵设备,研究了翻抛模式、菌种以及活性炭辅料对污泥好氧发酵强化工艺的影响效果。试验结果表明:堆体翻抛模式在升温期采用时间控制,而在高温期温度控制,能缩短升温期延长高温期;添加耐高温菌种和活性炭能提升堆体升温速率,12 h内快速升温至60℃以上,高温期温度可提升至70℃以上,促进发酵产物快速腐熟;添加活性炭能增加堆体孔隙率,促进堆体内部充氧,提升好氧反应效率,同时实现水厂的废弃活性炭资源化利用。发酵产物参考有机肥料要求,用于种植油菜和波斯菊,通过对比试验看出,发酵产物明显增加植物生长速度,提升密度,强壮茎叶。发酵产物可用于园林绿化,提升土壤肥力,实现污泥资源化利用。

5株外源嗜热固氮菌对堆肥碳氮损失及其细菌群落的影响

【目的】减少堆肥过程中碳氮损失,提高堆肥质量。【方法】本研究通过添加5株外源嗜热固氮菌株,设置6个处理分别为:CK(不添加外源固氮菌)、A1(根癌异根瘤菌)、A2(亮杆菌)、A3(头状葡萄菌)、B1(液化沙雷菌)和B2(蜡样芽孢杆菌)进行堆肥,研究外源嗜热固氮菌对堆肥碳氮损失、养分含量和细菌微生物群落的影响。【结果】5株外源嗜热固氮菌均减少了堆肥中碳氮损失,提高了养分含量。A1、A2、A3、B1、B2与CK相比碳氮损失分别减少了38.74%、26.99%、33.09%、28.75%、34.35%和25.23%、11.20%、22.58%、20.77%、20.51%,氮含量增加了279.15%、42.74%、344.31%、277.51%、1.42%;磷含量增加了49.21%、16.19%、51.33%、24.26%、58.90%;全钾含量增加了27.76%、17.41%、16.35%、11.80%、29.12%;有机质增加了31.41%、20.56%、27.15%、30.19%、26.61%,总体上A1>A3>B1>A2>B2。细菌群落结构演替表明,A1和B1菌株的丰度在堆肥过程中始终高于对照处理。外源固氮菌均显著提高了堆肥中土著固氮细菌Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属),Sphingobacterium(鞘氨醇杆菌属)、Saccharomonospora(糖单孢菌属)、Planifilum(直丝菌属)和Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)等的相对丰度,降低具有反硝化能力的Acinetobacter(不动杆菌属)、Corynebacterium(棒状杆菌属)和Halomonas(盐单胞菌属)等的丰度。KEGG分析表明,外源固氮菌剂影响氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和次生代谢产物的生物合成功能基因。【结论】A1和B1菌株能够较好地在堆肥中定殖,具有开发固氮菌生物有机肥的潜力;添加外源固氮菌均可通过影响优势微生物群落及氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢等功能基因抑制堆肥过程中的碳氮代谢,提高养分含量,减少堆肥过程中碳氮损失。

嗜热厌氧菌共培养发酵玉米秸秆产氢的研究

氢能是对环境无害且可以替代化石燃料的可持续性能源。利用嗜热厌氧菌暗发酵木质纤维素生产氢气是一种极具潜力的生物制氢技术,具有清洁、高效和可再生的优势。构建解糖热解纤维素菌和热解糖厌氧杆菌共培养体系,考察两株菌株接种比例、总接种量和底物浓度对玉米秸秆发酵产氢的影响。实验结果表明,在发酵体系初始pH值7.0,培养温度60℃条件下,当解糖热解纤维素菌和热解糖厌氧杆菌接种比例为3∶2,菌种总接种量为6%,秸秆浓度为15 g·L^(-1)时,体系产氢能力最强。此时,发酵体系产氢量累积达到65.6 mL·g-1-秸秆,氢气含量为46.9%,最大产氢速率为1.47 mL·g^(-1)h^(-1)。

浅谈果汁加工中嗜酸耐热菌的控制及检测方法

近年来,随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对食品安全和营养的要求也逐步升级,纯天然、富含营养、高品质、安全绿色食品受到了广大消费者的青睐。调查显示,果蔬汁饮料是饮料中最受欢迎的品类之一,占比为25%。为适应市场需求,满足客户对果蔬汁风味的要求,本文对果汁中嗜酸耐热菌的种类、特性、产生的原因等进行分析研究,阐明了嗜酸耐热菌对果汁风味产生的影响,提出了有效的控制措施;同时对嗜酸耐热菌的多种检测方法进行了汇总比较,通过检测手段更好地控制果汁中的耐热菌,最终达到去除的目的。

Isolation and molecular identification of cellulolytic bacteria from Dig Rostam hot spring and study of their cellulase activity

Cellulose is the main structural component of lignocellulosic wastes that can be converted to sugars and biofuels by cellulase.Due to wide applications of this enzyme in various industries around the world,cellulase is considered as the third industrial enzyme.The ability of thermophilic bacteria in the production of heat-stable cellulases has made them valuable tools in biotechnology.The aim of this study was isolation and molecular identification of cellulolytic thermophile bacteria from Dig Rostam hot spring and investigating their cellulase activity.Samples were taken from water and sediments of this hot spring,and cellulolytic bacteria were enriched in media containing cellulose as the only carbon source.The bacteria were incubated at 60℃,and single colonies were then isolated on solid media.Congo red assay was used as a quick test for the qualitative screening of cellulase activity.According to these qualitative results,four colonies named CDB1,CDB2,CDB3,and CDB4 were isolated,and their growth curve and some other characteristics were determined by biochemical assays.Moreover,endoglucanase,exoglucanase,and FPase activities of the isolates were investigated quantitatively.Results indicated that CDB1 exhibited the highest endoglucanase(0.096 U/mL)and exoglucanase(0.156 U/mL)activities among other isolates.16S rDNA partial sequencing indicated that CDB1 had 99%similarity to the genus Anoxybacillus,and the other isolates showed the highest similarity to the genus Geobacillus.The cellulase gene of CDB1 isolate with the highest cellulase activity was also cloned,and its sequence is reported for the first time.Further studies on this thermophilic enzyme might be useful for industrial applications.

嗜热复合菌对堆肥品质及微生物群落演替的影响

【目的】研究嗜热复合菌对畜禽粪污堆肥理化特性和腐熟度的影响,探讨嗜热菌影响堆肥过程的微生物机制。【方法】堆料由75%羊粪和25%养鸡发酵床垫料构成,初始原料C/N为28,堆料量1.2 t,高度70~90 cm,开放条垛式堆沤。处理组为堆肥添加0.1%嗜热菌B.fordii FJAT-51578和U.thermosphaericus FJAT-51579等比混合的发酵液,对照组为添加1%市售枯草芽孢杆菌堆肥菌剂(Bacillus subtilis)。堆肥时间为2021年9月18日—10月14日,每两天检测1次温度。堆肥前15天,每两天进行一次翻抛,后期每5天进行一次翻抛,保持堆肥含水量50%~60%,直至高温期结束。在堆肥开始后第1、9和26天取堆肥样品,分析氮磷含量、硝化指数和种子发芽指数。结合扩增子测序,分析堆肥细菌群落结构变化,并揭示其主要环境影响因子。采用PICRUSt分析堆肥有效氮和有效磷代谢的微生物机制。【结果】嗜热复合菌添加促进堆肥硝化指数的降低和种子发芽指数的升高,促进堆肥腐熟;堆肥产物碱解氮和有效磷的含量分别比市售菌剂组高11.8%和7.7%。同时,嗜热复合菌的添加改变了细菌群落的分布,降低了堆肥细菌的多样性和丰富度,提高了糖单胞菌、链霉菌和嗜热葡萄孢菌等降解菌的丰度。RDA分析表明,pH和C/N是影响堆肥微生物群落多样性的主要因素,碱解氮与芽孢杆菌和糖单胞菌属丰度正相关,有效磷与嗜热裂孢菌、直丝菌属和马杜拉放线菌属丰度正相关。氮、磷代谢相关京都基因和基因组百科全书同源基因(KO)的PICRUSt分析显示,微生物氮磷循环相关KO的丰度随着堆肥进程均有所增加。添加嗜热菌剂提高了氨化、铵同化、硝酸盐同化、同化/异化硝酸盐还原等氮循环相关KO,及无机磷溶解、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶等磷循环相关KO。【结论】在畜禽粪污堆肥中添加嗜热复合菌剂加快并延长了高温期,降低了C/N,提高了堆肥中碱解氮和有效磷含量,其中C/N、硝化指数和GI指数等指标在堆肥中期达腐熟程度标准,促进堆肥腐熟。堆肥中添加嗜热复合菌剂增加了细菌氮磷代谢相关KO的表达,提高了腐熟中期堆肥中嗜热菌的丰度和种类,碱解氮与芽孢杆菌和糖单胞菌属丰度呈正相关,有效磷与嗜热裂孢菌、直丝菌属和马杜拉放线菌属丰度正相关。因此,添加嗜热复合菌促进了堆肥有效氮磷的含量。

可降解材料生物降解率的检测方法比较

基于现行的材料降解率测定标准及特定微生物的降解性能,设计了4种材料降解率的检测方法,即++两种标准方法(接种物:腐熟堆肥、蛭石腐熟堆肥浸提液)和两种实验方法(接种物:蛭石芽孢杆菌、+蛭石嗜热菌).采用生产环保胶带所用的原纸、塑料薄膜(主要成分为polylactic acid,PLA)和胶带成品作为受测材料,对比不同处理方法下材料降解性能的效率.结果表明,在60 d的实验周期中,原纸和+PLA薄膜在4种方法处理下均呈现快速降解.然而,胶带成品降解率在腐熟堆肥、蛭石腐熟堆肥浸提液++处理下上升缓慢;在蛭石芽孢杆菌处理下略高;在蛭石嗜热菌处理下上升速率显著高于其他处理方法(约1.7~7.5倍).添加微生物菌剂尤其是嗜热菌,能有效提升产品降解率的测定效率.因此,优化降解接种物的方法可提高材料降解率的测试效率,有利于企业缩短可降解材料的研发及生产周期.

高温持续时间对鸡粪堆肥中多重耐药菌、接合型质粒及耐药基因消减特征的影响

为研究堆肥过程中高温持续时间对多重耐药大肠杆菌及其携带的接合型质粒和抗生素耐药基因(Antibiotic resistance gene,ARGs)消减规律的影响,本研究在鸡粪堆肥初始物料中外源添加多重耐药大肠杆菌菌液,并设置延长高温时间组(CT组)和常规堆肥组(NT组)两种堆肥条件处理,利用选择性培养及16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术检测多重耐药菌群变化规律,同时利用数字PCR定量检测大肠杆菌16S rRNA基因、接合型质粒转移酶基因(MOBP)、氨基糖苷类耐药基因[APH(3)-Ib]及磺胺类耐药基因(sul2)和Ⅰ类整合子-整合酶基因(intl1)等污染物相对丰度变化,对比获得了延长高温时间对多重耐药菌及其ARGs消减速率的影响。结果表明,高温堆肥能够明显抑制堆肥中多重耐药菌的生长,并且CT组对其的抑制效果明显好于NT组。堆肥结束后,五种基因在CT组的相对丰度消减率为79.82%~99.99%,但NT组中腐熟期结束后APH(3)-Ib、sul2、intl1等基因相对丰度均高于初始物料。多重耐药大肠杆菌及其接合型质粒的消减规律均符合一级动力学方程,但APH(3)-Ib、sul2和intl1等基因在NT组的消减动力学却呈现明显的两段化特征,延长高温时间(CT组)能够抑制腐熟期出现的反弹。细菌群落结构分析表明,NT组中ARGs丰度再次增加与Moheibacter、Halomonas等菌属的富集相关。本研究表明,在堆肥过程中,延长高温持续时间,可降低堆体中部分ARGs潜在宿主菌的丰度,阻断其垂直传播的作用,最终减少成品肥中ARGs的丰度。