Thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling damage model of brittle rock

Based on fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and damage mechanics, thermal-hydro-mechanical （THM） coupling damage model of brittle rock is established by analyzing THM coupling mechanism, where THM coupling damage variable DTHM is dominated by TH coupling damage variable DTH, TM coupling damage variable DTM and HM coupling damage variable DHM, and DTH is firstly expressed in term of dimensionless total thermal conductivity of the water Nu. Permeability test, uni-axial compression test and THM coupling test are conducted to measure the permeability, elastic modulus and THM coupling stress-strain curves of brittle rock. The tested values of THM coupling elastic modulus E＇HM are in good agreement with the predicted values of THM coupling elastic modulus ETHM, which can verify the newly established THM coupling damage model.

THM Coupled Modeling in Near Field of an Assumed HLW Deep Geological Disposal Repository

One of the most suitable ways under study for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is isolation in deep geological repositories. It is very important to research the thermo-hydro- mechanical (THM) coupled processes associated with an HLW disposal repository. Non-linear coupled equations, which are used to describe the THM coupled process and are suited to saturated-unsaturated porous media, are presented in this paper. A numerical method to solve these equations is put forward, and a finite element code is developed. This code is suited to the plane strain or axis-symmetry problem. Then this code is used to simulate the THM coupled process in the near field of an ideal disposal repository. The temperature vs. time, hydraulic head vs. time and stress vs. time results show that, in this assumed condition, the impact of temperature is very long (over 10 000 a) and the impact of the water head is short (about 90 d). Since the stress is induced by temperature and hydraulic head in this condition, the impact time of stress is the same as that of temperature. The results show that THM coupled processes are very important in the safety analysis of an HLW deep geological disposal repository.

A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated porous media

In examining potential host rocks for such purposes as the disposal of high-level radioactive wastes,it is important to understand the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical（THM） behavior of a porous medium.A rigorous and fully unified coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated porous media is required to simulate the complex coupling mechanisms involved.Based on modified Darcy＇s and Fourier＇s laws,equations of mechanical equilibrium,mass conservation and energy conservation are derived by introducing void ratio and volumetric liquid water content into the model.The newly derived model takes into account the effects of temperature on the dynamic viscosity of liquid water and void ratio,the influence of liquid flow on temperature gradient（thermo-osmosis）,the influence on mass and heat conservation equations,and the influence of heat flow on water pressure gradient and thermal convection.The new coupled THM constitutive model is constructed by a finite element program and is used to simulate the coupled behavior of a tunnel during excavation,ventilation and concrete lining stages.Oil and gas engineering,underground disposal of nuclear waste and tunnel engineering may be benefited from the development of the new model.

工程尺度缓冲材料热-水-力多场耦合数值模拟研究

缓冲材料作为填充在废物罐与地质体之间重要的人工屏障,对高放废物处置库的长期安全至关重要。以工程尺度缓冲材料热-水-力多场耦合大型模型试验系统(China-Mock-up)为研究对象,采用有限元数值模拟软件LAGAMINE,考虑试验过程中复杂的边界条件与材料属性,实现了近5 a试验数据的定量模拟。模拟结果可准确预测试验系统内部不同特征点温度随室温周期性波动及线性增长这一动态变化规律;能够较好反映不同特征点相对湿度随时间的行为演化趋势,在加热器附近区域呈现出先干燥后饱和的现象,远离加热器区域则逐渐增大;模拟的总应力与实测试验数据间表现较好地一致性,能够反映试验台架内部不同特征点的总应力随时间逐渐增大这一演化过程。揭示了多场耦合条件下缓冲材料(膨润土)温度、湿度及应力的相互作用关系,为深入认识处置库环境下缓冲材料行为演化特征提供了重要的参考依据。

Effects of fracture evolution and non-Darcy flow on the thermal performance of enhanced geothermal system in 3D complex fractured rock

In fractured geothermal reservoirs,the fracture networks and internal fluid flow behaviors can significantly impact the thermal performance.In this study,we proposed a non-Darcy rough discrete fracture network(NR-DFN)model that can simultaneously consider the fracture evolution and non-Darcy flow dynamics in studying the thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)coupling processes for heat extraction in geothermal reservoir.We further employed the model on the Habanero enhanced geothermal systems(EGS)project located in Australia.First,our findings illustrate a clear spatial-temporal variation in the thermal stress and pressure perturbations,as well as uneven spatial distribution of shear failure in 3D fracture networks.Activated shear failure is mainly concentrated in the first fracture cluster.Secondly,channeling flow have also been observed in DFNs during heat extraction and are further intensified by the expansion of fractures driven by thermal stresses.Moreover,the combined effect of non-Darcy flow and fracture evolution triggers a rapid decline in the resulting heat rate and temperature.The NR-DFN model framework and the Habanero EGS's results illustrate the importance of both fracture evolution and non-Darcy flow on the efficiency of EGS production and have the potential to promote the development of more sustainable and efficient EGS operations for stakeholders.

单向冻结时开放条件下饱和砂岩冻胀试验及THM耦合冻胀模型

为研究寒区岩石在梯度温度场中补水条件下的冻胀变形规律,进行了单向冻结时开放条件下饱和砂岩冻胀试验。试验结果表明,单向冻结时开放条件下饱和岩石冻胀过程中,沿冻结方向的冻胀位移变化过程可分为冷缩阶段、原位冻胀阶段、分凝冻胀阶段3个阶段。分凝冻胀阶段冻结锋面趋于稳定,冻胀变形持续增长,与时间基本呈线性关系。此外,分凝冻胀阶段补水量换算的迁移水分凝冻胀位移与冻结方向冻胀位移比较接近。随着平均温度梯度增大,分凝冻胀变形速率增大,且分凝冰位置与平均温度梯度线性相关。然后,建立了考虑孔隙水原位冻胀与迁移水分凝冻胀的THM耦合冻胀模型。模型中,孔隙水原位冻胀计算基于未冻水含量,并引入约束系数表征岩石骨架对孔隙水冻胀约束程度;迁移水分凝冻胀计算基于分凝势理论,水分迁移速率与冻结缘处的温度梯度成正比。模型计算结果与试验结果对比表明,建立的THM耦合冻胀模型能够比较准确地计算单向冻结时开放条件下饱和岩石冻胀位移,并能够模拟出分凝冻胀时分凝冰层引起的位移突变及分凝冰位置,可用于寒区冻胀敏感性岩石开放条件下冻胀变形计算。

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation of CO2 enhanced gas recovery with an extended equation of state module for TOUGH2MP-FLAC3D

As one of the most important ways to reduce the greenhouse gas emission,carbon dioxide（CO2）enhanced gas recovery（CO2-EGR） is attractive since the gas recovery can be enhanced simultaneously with CO2sequestration.Based on the existing equation of state（EOS） module of TOUGH2 MP,extEOS7C is developed to calculate the phase partition of H2O-CO2-CH4-NaCl mixtures accurately with consideration of dissolved NaCI and brine properties at high pressure and temperature conditions.Verifications show that it can be applied up to the pressure of 100 MPa and temperature of 150℃.The module was implemented in the linked simulator TOUGH2MP-FLAC3 D for the coupled hydro-mechanical simulations.A simplified three-dimensional（3D）1/4 model（2.2 km×1 km×1 km） which consists of the whole reservoir,caprock and baserock was generated based on the geological conditions of a gas field in the North German Basin.The simulation results show that,under an injection rate of 200,000 t/yr and production rate of 200,000 sm3/d,CO2breakthrough occurred in the case with the initial reservoir pressure of 5 MPa but did not occur in the case of 42 MPa.Under low pressure conditions,the pressure driven horizontal transport is the dominant process;while under high pressure conditions,the density driven vertical flow is dominant.Under the considered conditions,the CO2-EGR caused only small pressure changes.The largest pore pressure increase（2 MPa） and uplift（7 mm） occurred at the caprock bottom induced by only CO2injection.The caprock had still the primary stress state and its integrity was not affected.The formation water salinity and temperature variations of ±20℃ had small influences on the CO2-EGR process.In order to slow down the breakthrough,it is suggested that CO2-EGR should be carried out before the reservoir pressure drops below the critical pressure of CO2.

A new numerical model of ring shear tester for shear band soil considering friction-induced thermal pressurization

In this study,a new numerical model of ring shear tester for shear band soil of landslide was established.The special feature of this model is that it considers the mechanism of friction-induced thermal pressurization,which is potentially an important cause of high-speed catastrophic landslides.The key to the construction of this numerical ring shear model is to realize the THM(thermo-hydro-mechanical)dynamic coupling of soil particles,which includes the processes of frictional heating,thermal pressurization,and strength softening during shearing of solid particles.All of these are completed by using discrete element method.Based on this new model,the characteristics of shear stress change with shear displacement,as well as the variation of temperature and pore pressure in the specimen,are studied at shear rates of 0.055 m/s,0.06 m/s,0.109 m/s and 1.09 m/s,respectively.The results show that the peak strength and residual strength of specimen are significantly reduced when the mechanism of frictioninduced thermal pressurization is considered.The greater the shear rate is,the higher the temperature as well as the pore pressure is.The effect of shear rate on the shear strength is bidirectional.The simulation results demonstrate that this model can effectively simulate the mechanism of friction-induced thermal pressurization of shear band soil during ring shear process,and the shear strength softening in the process.The new numerical ring shear model established in this study is of great significance for studying the dynamic mechanism of high-speed catastrophic landslides.

Thermal-hydro-mechanical coupled analysis of unsaturated frostsusceptible soils

Damage caused by frost heave leads to costly maintenance in cold regions, like Hokkaido, Japan. Therefore, thestudy of the frost mechanism with experimental and numerical methods has been of great interest. Numerousmodels have been developed to describe the freezing process of saturated soil, which differs from the partiallysaturated conditions in the field. In fact, most subsurface soils are unsaturated. The freezing process of partiallysaturated soils is more complex than saturated soils, as the governing equations show strongly nonlinear characteristics. This study proposes a thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled model considering the heat transfer, waterinfiltration, and deformation of partially saturated soil to reproduce the freezing process of partially saturatedfrost susceptible soils distributed in Hokkaido. This model better considers the water-ice phase change and soilfreezing characteristic curve (SFCC) during freezing under field conditions. The results from the multiphysicssimulations agree well with the frost heave and water migration data from frost heave tests of Touryo soil andFujinomori soil. In addition, this study discussed the influence of the various factors on frost heave amount,including temperature gradients, overburden pressures, water supply conditions, cooling rates, and initial saturation. The simulation results indicate that the frost heave ratio is proportional to the initial degree of saturationand is inversely proportional to the cooling rate and overburden pressure.Moreover, simulation under the open system generates much more frost heave than under the closed system.Finally, the main features of the proposed model are revealed by simulating a closed-system frost heave test. Thesimulation results indicate that the proposed model adequately captures the coupling characteristics of water andice redistribution, temperature development, hydraulic conductivity, and suction in the freezing process. Togetherwith the decreased hydraulic conductivity, the increased suction controls the water flow in the freezing zone. Theinflow water driven by cryogenic suction gradient feeds the ice formation, leads to a rapid increase in total watercontent, expanding the voids that exceed the initial porosity and contributing to the frost heave.

工质密度和储层渗透率演化对EGS系统传热效能的影响

工质进入地热储层后的流动和采热问题是典型的热流固(THM)耦合问题。工质的密度、地热储层的渗透率在热开采过程中受THM耦合作用影响,导致地热储层传热效能的变化。为了探究这一变化,基于等效多孔介质模型建立了THM完全耦合的二维有限元模型和计算程序,模拟了增强地热系统(EGS)长期热开采过程,分析了岩石温度、孔压、储层变形的演化规律,研究了密度、渗透率演化对EGS采热性能的影响。结果表明:在温度、地应力、孔压等因素中,温度是稳定开采阶段对流体密度演化和渗透率演化影响最大的因素。但对于最终储层的传热效能而言,密度演化延缓了储层出口温度的冷却速度,提高了净热提取率;而渗透率演化虽然加速了出口温度的冷却,也提高了净热提取率。研究丰富了斜压流体THM耦合模型的应用,为EGS地热开采和储层管理提供了重要参考。

岩石损伤过程中的热-流-力耦合模型及其应用初探

岩石损伤过程热-流-力(THM)耦合问题的研究对于深部采矿等许多工程领域都具有重要的理论意义。以岩石的损伤为主线,在多场耦合分析方程中引入损伤变量,基于质量守恒和能量守恒原理,提出岩体损伤过程中的THM耦合模型。通过把均匀弹性介质THM耦合响应的模拟结果与理论分析结果进行对比,验证了程序及有限元实施的正确性。然后,用该耦合模型进行了不同地应力条件下流固耦合过程的数值模拟,探讨了水压力对于岩石损伤过程的作用机制。数值模拟表明,水压力导致了拉伸损伤范围的扩大和损伤程度的加剧,同时亦对剪切损伤具有抑制作用。

双重介质温度场-渗流场-应力场耦合模型及三维数值研究

在建立双重介质温度场-渗流场-应力场耦合微分控制方程基础上,提出研究裂隙岩体温度场-渗流场-应力场耦合的双重介质模型,对不同介质分别建立以节点位移、水压力和温度为求解量的三维有限元格式,提出该数学模型的求解策略与方法,开发双重介质流固热耦合分析的计算程序,通过模拟地下2200m的高温岩体地热开发系统的算例发现,注入井附近温度场-渗流场-应力场三场耦合作用十分明显的,主干裂隙对渗流场、温度场和应力场的整体分布具显著影响。与渗流场-应力场耦合,应力场-温度场耦合进行比较,探讨各场耦合效应的强弱,可以得出,在一定空间、时间域内,往往存在着起主导控制作用的双场耦合系统,变温条件下温度场对裂隙渗流场具显著耦合作用,从而论证了存在温度变化梯度的岩土工程中进行三场耦合分析的重要性。

非饱和岩石温度-渗流-应力耦合模型研究

以研究岩石孔隙比和含水量两个基本量为出发点,考虑温度对渗流黏滞系数和孔隙比的影响、温度梯度引起的流体流动以及流体流动引起的热对流的影响,应用修正的Darcy定律、Fourier定律等,推导出非饱和岩石在温度–渗流–应力耦合作用下的平衡方程、流体物质守恒方程、气体质量守恒方程和能量方程。并将建立的多场耦合力学模型应用于一泥岩竖井的开挖、支护过程,重点分析围岩和衬砌内温度场、渗流场的变化规律,以及泥岩竖井在开挖、支护和运行过程中饱和度的变化规律。研究成果对我国地下石油、核废料储存以及高寒地区的隧道工程设计与施工具有重要的指导意义。

高放废料地质处置中多场耦合作用下的岩石破裂问题

综述岩石力学中热-水-力耦合模型的研究进展,认为在热-水-力耦合作用下的岩石(岩体)破裂过程演化将直接影响高放射性废料地质处置库周围围岩的热力学特性、渗流特性和力学稳定性,进而影响高放射性核素在围岩中的迁移规律。通过建立一种描述热-水-力耦合条件下岩石破裂演化过程的细观力学模型,来揭示热-水-力耦合条件下宏观岩体结构破坏行为。计算分析结果表明,这种模型对于高放废料地质处置的可靠性分析具有重要的科学价值及现实意义。

基于水-热-力耦合模型的钻孔灌注桩承载力影响因素分析

针对广大寒区普遍存在的冻胀-融沉影响桩基承载力问题,以清水河大桥灌注桩为例,基于建立的饱和冻土水-热-力三场耦合模型及研发的3G2012软件系统,深入研究了温度变幅、桩和地基土的传导系数、导水系数、回冻时间等因素对其承载力的影响,揭示了其承载的内在热力学机理.结果表明:钻孔灌注桩承载力随温度发生波动变化,冬季桩基的极限承载力近似为夏季的1.2倍;地基的导水系数提高一个数量级,加剧了地基土中的水分迁移及冻胀融沉变形,进而影响桩基承载力;冻土回冻时间对桩基承载力也有较大影响.以上结论为寒区岩土工程的设计与施工提供量化的科学依据.

DECOVALEX_IV TASK_D项目的热–水–力耦合过程的数值模拟(英文)

核废料地下处置系统研究的国际合作项目 DECOVALEX(development of coupled models and their validation against experiments) 致力于高放射性核废料地质处置系统围岩中多个物理场的耦合过程研究和工程屏障的可行性评估。中国研究小组第一次参加 DECOVALEX 计划。介绍了其子课题 Task_D 的情况和阶段性研究结果,包括 2种处置方式——瑞士 FEBEX 和美国 Yucca Mountain 类型的 1×104 a 以上的预测模拟及其比较分析。建立一套复杂的非饱和多孔介质中热液力(THM)耦合过程的非等温流动和形变控制方程,涉及到固、液、气三相和四种组分(固体骨架,水,干空气和水蒸汽)。其表现为相对独立同时又相互交叠的 4 类模型:(1) 考虑有效应力、热膨胀应力和膨润土的水膨胀应力变形模型;(2) 考虑水与蒸汽在蒸发凝结时物质交换的流动模型;(3) 包含蒸汽/干空气相对运动的蒸汽分子扩散和对流模型;(4) 三相局部非等温过程的热交换模型。在此基础上根据 Task_D 的设定要求简化为较为实用的方程,并发展了相应的程序对 1×106 a THM 耦合行为进行了预测模拟,其结果在 2005 年 2 月Task_D 讨论会和 DECOVALEX 工作会议与多个国家相互独立的研究结果进行对比,吻合程度很高,这给模型的建立和程序发展都带来了信心。

塑性扩容梯度对孔隙介质岩体中T-H-M耦合作用的二维有限元分析

由双重孔隙-裂隙介质热-水-应力耦合模型退化为单一孔隙介质模型,将其与岩体扩容梯度引入笔者所研制的二维有限元程序中,使用Mohr-Coulomb准则,计入塑性扩容对岩体孔隙率及渗透系数的影响,针对一个假设的实验室尺度且位于饱和孔隙介质岩体中的高放废物地质处置库模型,拟定不同扩容梯度值的5种工况,进行4年处置时段的数值模拟,考察了岩体中的温度、正应力、塑性区、孔隙率及渗透系数、孔隙水压力和地下水流速的变化、分布情况。结果主要显示,相比于不考虑扩容梯度的工况,考虑扩容梯度工况的正应力、孔隙率及渗透系数、孔隙水压力和地下水流速等的分布与塑性区的分布有明显的对应关系,呈现了某种"剪切带效应";正应力量值、塑性区面积、孔隙率及渗透系数、孔隙水压力、地下水流速等均随所取扩容梯度值的变大而增加。

高压实膨润土砌块接缝组合热−水−力耦合效应试验装置研制及应用

评估高放废物地下处置库缓冲材料的阻滞性能需要了解热−水−力(THM)耦合条件下高压实膨润土砌块与拼装接缝组合体的性能。为此,研制了一台膨润土砌块及接缝THM耦合特性试验仪,该装置由模型试验箱、砌块与接缝、温度控制、水力控制、数据测量与采集共5个系统构成。采用两块高庙子(GMZ)膨润土砌块和一条填有砂和膨润土颗粒的接缝制作砌块−接缝组合试样,在90℃的热边界和0.1 MPa的水力边界条件下进行了为期266 d的试验以检测试验装置设计的可行性。基于温度、体积含水率和膨胀力实测数据,获得了试样内部热、水和力三场的时空演化过程及规律。根据试样内部的干密度变化规律,建立了新的接缝愈合度定义式,并利用接缝变形观测数据计算了接缝愈合度。通过对接缝厚度与温度、体积含水率和膨胀力之间的关系进行回归分析,建立了相应的回归关系式。试验结果表明,该试验仪可用于核废物深地质处置缓冲材料的室内物理模拟试验。

Performance of free gases during the recovery enhancement of shale gas by CO_(2) injection:a case study on the depleted Wufeng–Longmaxi shale in northeastern Sichuan Basin,China

In this work, a novel thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) coupling model is developed, where the real geological parameters of the reservoir properties are embedded. Accordingly, nine schemes of CO_(2) injection well (IW) and CH_(4) production well (PW) are established, aiming to explore the behavior of free gases after CO_(2) is injected into the depleted Wufeng–Longmaxi shale. The results indicate the free CH4 or CO2 content in the shale fractures/matrix is invariably heterogeneous. The CO_(2) involvement facilitates the ratio of free CH_(4)/CO_(2) in the matrix to that in the fractures declines and tends to be stable with time. Different combinations of IW–PWs induce a difference in the ratio of the free CH4 to the free CO_(2), in the ratio of the free CH_(4)/CO_(2) in the matrix to that in the fractures, in the content of the recovered free CH_(4), and in the content of the trapped free CO_(2). Basically, when the IW locates at the bottom Wufeng–Longmaxi shale, a farther IW–PWs distance allows more CO2 in the free phase to be trapped;furthermore, no matter where the IW is, a shorter IW–PWs distance benefits by getting more CH_(4) in the free phase recovered from the depleted Wufeng–Longmaxi shale. Hopefully, this work is helpful in gaining knowledge about the shale-based CO_(2) injection technique.

断层突水温度-非线性渗流-应力耦合模型研究

为了研究深部矿井高地应力、高承压水压及高地温条件下断层突水过程中的底板承压水运移规律和地温变化规律,运用COMSOL建立温度场(T)-非线性渗流场(H)-应力场(M)耦合模型,其中非线性渗流方程耦合Darcy定律, Brinkman方程和Navier-Stokes方程。结果表明:模型能够很好地描述温度场、渗流场和采动应力场之间的相互作用关系以及底板承压水从含水层经过断层破碎带到达巷道的非线性运移过程;采动应力场和渗流速度对断层带温度场的影响很大,通过监测断层带的温度变化,可以预测断层带渗流场的变化,从而预测断层突水。