A Correction Algorithm for Atmospheric Visibility Based on Fog Droplet Size Data Obtained on a Moving Ship During 2016 Arctic Cruise

In this study, we measured the droplet size distribution(DSD) and visibility of sea fog using a fog droplet spectrometer and visibility meter, respectively, during the July 23-August 3 and August 22-September 13 periods of the 2016 Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. We calculated the visibility using the Mie theory and the DSD data and then compared the calculated with the observed visibility. The comparison shows that the deviations in the calculated visibility caused by DSD data sampling errors cannot be ignored. During navigation, wind and ship speeds tended to push or pull the sampled air and cause turbulence pulsation, which influenced the sampling of the fog droplet spectrometer. This influence is weak when the liquid water content(LWC) is high but becomes stronger as the LWC decreases. Taking the sailing speed and heading into consideration, the wind speed component parallel and perpendicular to the air inlet of the fog droplet spectrometer exhibit different laws in the deviation. By performing a fitting analysis of the calculated and observed visibilities under different wind speeds and wind directions, here, we present two sets of correction coefficients for the two wind-speed components and a method for correcting the calculated visibility. This correction method shows excellent results.

Applying Anomaly-based Weather Analysis to the Prediction of Low Visibility Associated with the Coastal Fog at Ningbo-Zhoushan Port in East China

Low visibility episodes (visibility < 1000 m) were studied by applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method. A regional episode of low visibility associated with a coastal fog that occurred from 27 to 28 January 2016 over Ningbo- Zhoushan Port, Zhejiang Province, East China, was first examined. Some basic features from the anomalous weather analysis for this case were identified:(1) the process of low visibility mainly caused by coastal fog was a direct response to anomalous temperature inversion in the lower troposphere, with a warm center around the 925 hPa level, which was formed by a positive geopotential height (GPH) anomaly in the upper troposphere and a negative GPH anomaly near the surface;(2) the positive humidity anomaly was conducive to the formation of coastal fog and rain;(3) regional coastal fog formed at the moment when the southwesterly wind anomalies transferred to northeasterly wind anomalies. Other cases confirmed that the low visibility associated with coastal fog depends upon low-level inversion, a positive humidity anomaly, and a change of wind anomalies from southwesterly to northeasterly, rain and stratus cloud amount. The correlation coefficients of six-hourly inversion, 850?925-hPa-averaged temperature, GPH and humidity anomalies against visibility are ?0.31, 0.40 and ?0.48, respectively, reaching the 99% confidence level in the first half-years of 2015 and 2016. By applying the anomaly-based weather analysis method to medium-range model output products, such as ensemble prediction systems, the anomalous temperature?pressure pattern and humidity?wind pattern can be used to predict the process of low visibility associated with coastal fog at several days in advance.

Analysis of the Low Visibility and Air Pollution Process in Shanghai during December 14-15,2006

A process of continuous heavy fog and air pollution occurred in the eastern China including Shanghai,Nanjing,Hefei,etc.during December 14-15,2006.Based on the GTS synoptic data,sounding data and NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed dataset,from the aspects of the weather situation,vapor condition,dynamic factor,temperature stratification,and air quality the contribution of foggy conditions and air pollution in the fog process to continuous heavy fog were analyzed.The results showed that 1 000 hPa fluid flux divergence (FD),vertical velocity (ω) and divergence difference(△DIV) between 1 000 hPa and 500 hPa had not significantly correlative with visibility,while relative humidity (RH) near ground had significant negative correlative,temperature lapse rate (γ) near ground had significant positive correlation,therefore,RH≥85%,γ<0.2 ℃/100m could be regarded as the necessary conditions of fog formation.In addition,the lowest air visibility had intense negative correlation with daily averaged API in the meantime,'API rising up to 150' could be an important criterion of fog formation in Shanghai Hongqiao international airport.

Features of visibility variation at Great Wall Station,Antarctica

The variation of visibility at Great Wall Station （GWS） was analyzed using manual observational data for the period of 1986 to 2012. Results show that the frequencies of occurrence of high （≥ 10 km） and low visibility （0-1 km） are 61.0% and 8.0%, respectively. Visibility at GWS shows an evident seasonal variation： The highest visibility between November and March, and the lowest visibility from June to October. Sea fog and precipitation are the main factors for low visibility during summer, whereas frequent adverse weather, such as falling snow, blowing snow, or blizzards, are responsible for low visibility in winter. The frequency of occurrence of low visibility has decreased significantly from 1986 to 2012. Conversely, the frequency of occurrence of high visibility has shown a significant increasing trend, especially during winter. The decreasing tendencies of fog, blowing snow, and snowfall have contributed to the increasing trend of high visibility during winter. Visibility at GWS exhibits significant synoptic-scale （2.1 to 8.3 d）, annual, and inter-annual periods （2 a, 4.1 a, and 6.9 a to 8.2 a）, among which the most significant period is 4.1 a. The visibility observed during 2012 indicates that instrumental observation can be applied in the continuous monitoring of visibility at GWS.

A novel method for distinguishing fog and haze based on PM2.5, visibility, and relative humidity

Haze and fog are both low visibility events, but with different physical properties. Haze is caused by the increase of aerosol loading or the hygroscopic growth of aerosol at high relative humidity, whereas visibility degradation in fog is due to the light scattering of fog droplets, which are transited from aerosols via activation. Based on the difference of physical properties between haze and fog, this study presents a novel method to distinguish haze and fog using real time measurements of PM2.5, visibility, and relative humidity. In this method, a criterion can be developed based on the local historical data of particle number size distributions and aerosol hygroscopicity. Low visibility events can be classified into haze and fog according to this criterion.

Macro-and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate, the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May. There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month. Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway （the longest expressway in China） that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts., where the road rises from 200 m to more than 800 m above sea level （ASL）. For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts., two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out, which measured visibility by the naked eyes, visibility by instrument, spectrum of fogdrops, liquid water content （LWC） of fog, tethered sounding, dual-parameter low-level sounding, turbulence diffusion within fog layers, aerosol spectra of size and composition, sampled fog water compositions, and sampled rainwater compositions. Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics, micro- and macro-structures and microphysics. It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences. Being typical advection and upslope fogs, they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes, which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes, especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts, and reflect on the role of local terrain as well. The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration, extremely low visibility, well-organized lumpshaped structure, large-size fog-drops, moderate concentration, high LWC, and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky. They differ much from radiation fogs, which are better documented in previous study in China. It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range. It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is, in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself, the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind, irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog. The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent. The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher. The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts. are actually good nuclei for condensation, which are favorable for the formation of fog. The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements. In the meantime, compared to cloud droplets, fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface, such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kind of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts., this kind of cleansing may be quite important. Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.

复合绝缘子交流盐雾闪络的可见光判据研究

绝缘子闪络事故一旦发生,严重危害电网安全运行。为探索放电检测和电弧发展成闪络预警的新方法,采用图像处理技术研究复合绝缘子交流盐雾闪络过程中不同阶段的电弧演化特性,提出复合绝缘子表面放电和电弧发展成闪络的可见光判据。首先进行10 kV复合绝缘子交流盐雾闪络试验,拍摄黑暗背景和明亮背景下的电弧演化视频,接着分析并发现局部电弧发展阶段和临闪阶段的电弧熄灭重燃特征差异,最后提出用放电像素数作为可见光图像放电程度评估参数,并通过图像处理技术提取不同背景下各阶段电弧演化过程的放电像素数时间序列。结果表明,放电像素数能准确反映绝缘子表面放电状态,放电像素数时间序列与各阶段电弧熄灭重燃规律高度匹配,可将放电像素数不为0和放电像素数时间序列谷值不为0分别作为复合绝缘子表面放电和盐雾闪络的可见光判据。

投弃式雾能见度剖面仪的设计原理与应用

精准观测大气能见度是研究雾的重要基础,我们将雾引起的大气能见度变化简称为雾能见度。现有的大气能见度仪较重,无法由探空气球携带升空;由于观测手段的限制,迄今对雾的垂向结构研究很少,本文提出利用自然光探测雾能见度的方案。为获取大气的垂向衰减系数,研制了一种体积小、重量轻、传输距离远的投弃式微型辐照度计,由探空气球携带升空,实现雾能见度的垂向剖面探测,我们将该仪器系统命名为“投弃式雾能见度剖面仪”。投弃式雾能见度剖面仪既能实现对大气辐照度的精确测量,又具有重量轻、造价低的特点,成为探测雾能见度垂向特征的一种新手段。本文还提出精确测量大气辐照度所涉及的两个创新性算法——谱辐照度的反演算法和仪器摆动的校正算法。在此基础上利用获取的太阳辐射在垂向的漫衰减系数,成功反演出雾能见度的垂向分布。实际观测结果表明,雾在垂直方向上有丰富的信息,也有空间上的明显差异,需要深入研究。雾能见度剖面仪可为深入研究雾的垂向结构提供宝贵数据,有重要的应用价值。

Analysis of the Microphysical Structure of Heavy Fog Using a Droplet Spectrometer:A Case Study

The microphysical properties of a long-lasting heavy fog event are examined based on the results from a comprehensive field campaign conducted during the winter of 2006 at Pancheng （32.2°N, 118.7°E）, Jiangsu Province, China. It is demonstrated that the key microphysical properties （liquid water content, fog droplet concentration, mean radius and standard deviation） exhibited positive correlations with one another in general, and that the 5-min-average maximum value of fog liquid water content was sometimes greater than 0.5 g m-3. Further analysis shows that the unique combination of positive correlations likely arose from the simultaneous supply of moist air and fog condensation nuclei associated with the advection of warm air, which further led to high liquid water content. High values of liquid water content and droplet concentration conspired to cause low visibility （〈50 m） for a prolonged period of about 40 h. Examination of the microphysical relationships conditioned by the corresponding autoconversion threshold functions shows that the collision-coalescence process was sometimes likely to occur, weakening the positive correlations induced by droplet activation and condensational growth. Statistical analysis shows that the observed droplet size distribution can be described well by the Gamma distribution.

An Analysis and Modeling Study of a Sea Fog Event over the Yellow and Bohai Seas

In this study, a sea fog event which occurred on 27 March 2005 over the Yellow and Bohai Seas was investigated observationally and numerically. Almost all available observational data were used, including satellite imagery of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite （GOES）-9, three data sets from station observations at Dandong, Dalian and Qingdao, objectively reanalyzed data of final run analysis （FNL） issued by the National Center for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） and Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RANIS） results. Synoptic conditions and fog characteristics were analyzed. The fog formed when warm, moist air was advected northwards over the cool water of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, and dissipated when a cold front brought northerly winds and cool, dry air. In order to better understand the fog formation mechanism, a high-resolution RAMS modeling with a 6km×6km grid, initialized and validated by FNL data, was designed. A 48h modeling that started from 12 UTC 26 March 2005 reproduced the main characteristics of this sea fog event. The simulated lower visibility area agreed reasonably well with the sea fog region identified from the satellite imagery. Advection cooling effect seemed to play a significant role in the fog formation.

测风激光雷达在青岛低能见度天气下的适用性

利用2021年4月—2022年12月青岛国家基本气象站多普勒测风激光雷达和L波段探空系统低空风场观测数据,对比非降水时低能见度天气下测风激光雷达的探测高度和精度。结果表明:测风激光雷达在青岛地区具有良好的适用性,在能见度大于10000 m的非降水天气,其平均最大探测高度稳定在约1200 m,水平风速均方根误差约为1.2 m·s^(-1),水平风向均方根误差约为25°。在能见度小于10000 m的低能见度天气下,测风激光雷达在不同能见度和相对湿度范围内的探测高度和精度受干扰程度存在差异。在能见度为1000~10000 m、相对湿度小于90%的霾天,此时大气能见度降低主要是气溶胶粒子含量增加所致,测风激光雷达的探测能力与高能见度天气下相当。当相对湿度高于95%时,此时大气能见度降低是空气中水汽含量的增加所致,严重干扰了激光在大气中的传输,测风激光雷达的探测高度和精度均有所降低,尤其在能见度小于1000 m的雾天,需谨慎使用其风速和风向数据。

河南省春季一次大范围强浓雾特征分析

利用国家气象观测站资料对2021年3月11日夜间至12日白天河南省一次大范围强浓雾天气过程进行研究,重点分析了这次强浓雾过程的时间特征、爆发性增强特征及其成因。研究结果表明:这次强浓雾过程具有爆发性增强特征,统计40个典型强浓雾站点的爆发性增强作用时间在30 min以内,平均仅为9.5 min。雾前降水造成的高湿环境和夜间晴空辐射降温为强浓雾过程提供了重要的触发和加强条件;近地面大范围微风甚至静风是这次强浓雾过程爆发的另一个有利条件,近地面暖平流输送也是这次强浓雾过程爆发性发展和维持的重要原因。根据能见度变化划分了两种强浓雾爆发性增强类型,即跳跃爆发型和直接爆发型。风在两种类型中起到不同作用:在跳跃爆发型中,风会造成一定的湍流扩散,使得能见度剧烈波动;而在直接爆发型中,在风的作用下有暖平流输送,有利于强浓雾的发展和维持。

高速公路团雾驾驶员视错觉特性与行车安全研究综述

高速公路团雾路段行车安全问题一直是中国交通行业面临的难题。为提高团雾环境下的行车安全,明确团雾环境行车安全研究中的关键问题。综述中外团雾环境行车安全影响因素及研究进展。首先,阐述驾驶员的视觉特性,论述团雾感知下降会造成视错觉的原因,分析团雾出现前的“象鼻形”曲线,阐明团雾环境下人车路与交通安全之间的关系,最后归纳现阶段确保团雾路段行车安全采取的管控措施。结果表明:团雾环境下能见度的急剧下降,会严重影响驾驶员的感知,干扰驾驶员的视觉,并造成距离和速度错觉。为了提高团雾环境下的驾驶安全性,通过监控和预警系统提前使驾驶员提高警惕,并开发各种诱导设施,以加强视觉诱导。未来需从减少视错觉影响的角度研究复杂因素影响下的驾驶视觉需求。

吸湿性催化剂人工消暖雾大型雾室试验及机理研究

雾给现代交通和人类身体健康造成严重影响,人工消雾对于防灾减灾具有重要价值。但目前关于消雾机理仍存在一定争议,关于催化剂粒径的选择也具有较大不确定性。本研究基于15 000 m3大型雾室,开展了不同粒径催化剂颗粒对暖雾清除效果的研究。结果表明:A催化剂(粒径为75μm)具有良好的消雾能力,消雾时间约为自然沉降的20%;B催化剂(粒径为100μm)消雾时间约为自然沉降的40%,消雾效果相比A催化剂偏差。为验证和计算最优催化剂粒径,本研究利用重力连续碰并增长模型,从理论上分析了消雾催化剂的最优粒径。结果表明:催化剂颗粒过小,捕获的雾滴少,碰并耗水少,消雾时间长;催化剂颗粒过大,下降速度快,消雾时间短,但捕获的雾滴少,碰并耗水少。综合来看,最优的催化剂颗粒直径为40~80μm。本研究结果可为外场消雾试验提供科学参考。

高速公路雾图像能见度的监测与识别方法研究

基于高速公路雾图像能见度识别的方法,对采集到的高速公路雾天气图像进行预处理,选出与能见度相关性较高的图像特征、监测因子、兴趣窗格,采用机器学习方法,探索图像特征与雾天气能见度之间的关系,构建雾天气能见度二元线性回归模型,并对监测模型输出结果进行验证。结果表明:(1)饱和度的均值、色度的方差与能见度相关性较高。饱和度和色度是能见度监测的关键性因素,而不是颜色。(2)通过划分不同的能见度等级,基于随机森林算法对图像能见度进行判定,该模型分类准确率达到90%,对图像的能见度区间判定具有较强的分类能力;(3)构建不同能见度等级的二元线性回归模型,对能见度预测准确率较高,预测值均在正确范围内,其中70%的预测值很接近真实值。

On Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Sea Fog Occurrence over the Northern Atlantic from 1909 to 2008

In this paper, the International Comprehensive Ocean and Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) is utilized to investigate the horizontal distribution of sea fog occurrence frequency over the Northern Atlantic as well as the meteorological and oceanic conditions for sea fog formation. Sea fog over the Northern Atlantic mainly occurs over middle and high latitudes. Sea fog occurrence frequency over the western region of the Northern Atlantic is higher than that over the eastern region. The season for sea fog occurrence over the Northern Atlantic is generally from April to August. When sea fogs occur, the prevailing wind direction in the study area is from southerly to southwesterly and the favorable wind speed is around 8 m s-1. It is most favorable for the formation of sea fogs when sea surface temperature(SST) is 5℃ to 15℃. When SST is higher than 25℃, it is difficult for the air to get saturated, and there is almost no report of sea fog. When sea fogs form, the difference between sea surface temperature and air temperature is mainly-1 to 3℃, and the difference of 0℃ to 2℃ is the most favorable conditions for fog formation. There are two types of sea fogs prevailing in this region: advection cooling fog and advection evaporating fog.

基于大气散射模型的机场雾图定量化模拟方法

雾天低能见度给机场运行安全和运行效率带来了极大威胁,低能见度下的目标识别在监控机场运行并确保其安全和效率方面发挥着至关重要的作用,然而机场低能见度图像的获取具有随机性。论文提出了一种基于大气散射模型的机场雾图定量化模拟方法,通过曲线拟合建立大气散射模型中大气散射系数与机场图像能见度的函数映射关系,实现基于能见度对机场雾图进行定量化模拟,利用机场实测数据训练了一个用于机场雾图能见度检测的神经网络来验证该方法的准确性。实验和仿真结果表明,该方法模拟的机场雾图能见度与能见度检测值的平均相对误差小于3%,可实现对机场雾图进行定量化模拟,为解决定量能见度的机场雾图获取问题提供参考方案。

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MACRO-AND MICRO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DENSE FOG IN THE AREA SOUTH OF THE NANLING MOUNTAINS

Using the composite field observational data collected in the area south of the Nanling Mts. and numerical modeling, the seasonal features of dense fog and visibility, fog drop spectrum and physical concept of fog forming have been analyzed. The occurring frequency of low visibility(≤200 m) is very high with a mean of 24.7%, a maximum of 41.8% from the end of autumn to winter and next spring. The fog processes that occur in the area south of the Nanling Mts. in spring and winter result from the interactions of complicated micro-physical processes, the local terrain, water vapor transportation and the influencing weather system. The fog processes are arisen from advection or windward slope, which is much different from the radiation fog. Cooling condensation due to the air lifted by the local mountain plays an important role in fog formation. Windward slope of the mountain is favorable to the fog formation. Dense fog can occur at lower altitudes in the windward slope of mountain, resulting in the lower visibility. The fog is mainly of small-drop spectrum with smaller number-density than that of urban fog, and its drop spectrum has descending trend in the section of smaller diameter. The inverse relationship between fog water content and visibility is the best among several relationships of micro-variables. In addition to micro-physical processes of fog body itself, the motion of irregular climbing and crossing over hillside while the fog body is being transported by the wind are also important reasons for the fluctuation of micro-physical parameters such as fog water content.

气象观测场在汽车试验场中的应用研究

汽车试验场作为汽车开展道路测试的重要场所,用于验证汽车产品的品质以及可靠性。除了场地道路外,气象条件作为汽车道路测试的重要一环,在《GB/T12534-1990汽车道路试验方法通则》中也有明确要求,如:试验时应是无雨无雾天气,相对湿度小于95%,气温0-40℃,风速不大于3m/s。同时气象条件也作为试验场道路管控的重要依据,实时风速、雨量、能见度等信息为场地管理者发布限速、限行、封场等通知提供必要参考依据,直接影响道路测试安全管控的及时性。因此,文章从气象观测场的建设、气象服务、异常天气道路管控等方面开展气象观测场在汽车试验场中的应用研究。

Review on the Analysis and Research of Fog Physicochemical Characteristic Observation

[Objective] The research aimed to review the analysis and research on the physicochemical characteristic observation aspect of fog. [Method] To understand the roles of fog microphysical characteristic and chemical reaction on the formation, dissipation, development of fog, the interaction between the microphysical structure, chemical characteristic of fog and the aerosol in the environment, the analysis and research on the micro-physicochemical observation aspect of fog were mainly introduced here. We also put forward that the field still needed the deep research content. [Result] The observation and research on the micro-physicochemical characteristics of fog could reveal the mechanisms of fog formation, dissipation, development from the microphysical components and the reaction of chemical composition. The previous researches focused on the concentration of micro-fog droplet, the particle size of fog droplet, the liquid water content in the fog, the particle concentration, size, chemical component and reaction of aerosol. It included the evolution and interaction between the microscopic quantities in the fog, the relationship between the microscopic quantity and the visibility. As the improvements of observation experiment instruments and sampling method, it recognized that the fog in the polluted environment condition and the clean air had the obvious difference whether in the microphysical characteristic or the chemical component. The particle concentration, chemical component and liquid water content of fog were all depended on the fog particle size. The interaction between the radiation, turbulent flux and the micro-physical characteristics of fog, the vertical structure of microphysics in the fog, the interaction between the chemical components, the relationship between the microphysical quantity and the macro-physical quantity (such as the visibility), the precision of experimental instrument, etc. needed the further research. [Conclusion] The research provided the comprehensive knowledge for the characteristic analysis and forecast of fog.