Ground response and failure mechanism of gob-side entry by roof cutting with hard main roof

This study is the result of long-term efforts of the authors’team to assess ground response of gob-side entry by roof cutting(GSERC)with hard main roof,aiming at scientific control for GSERC deformation.A comprehensive field measurement program was conducted to determine entry deformation,roof fracture zone,and anchor bolt(cable)loading.The results indicate that GSERC deformation presents asymmetric characteristics.The maximum convergence near roof cutting side is 458 mm during the primary use process and 1120 mm during the secondary reuse process.The entry deformation is closely associated with the primary development stage,primary use stage,and secondary reuse stage.The key block movement of roof cutting structure,a complex stress environment,and a mismatch in the supporting design scheme are the failure mechanism of GSERC.A controlling ideology for mining states,including regional and stage divisions,was proposed.Both dynamic and permanent support schemes have been implemented in the field.Engineering practice results indicate that the new support scheme can efficiently ensure long-term entry safety and could be a reliable approach for other engineering practices.

Application of deep borehole blasting on fully mechanized hard top-coal pre-splitting and gas extraction in the special thick seam

In order to solve the problems of top-coal inadequate destruction and large amounts of gas emission in mining extra thick and hard coal seam,this study investigated the pre-splitting for deep borehole blasting and gas pre-draining technologies on top coal.The mechanism of the technologies was systematically expounded based on hard top-coal cracks development obtained by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis.The results show that explosive blasting in the hard rock results in a large number of cracks and large displacement in the rock mass due to the effect of explosion stress.Meanwhile,the thick top-coal caves,and desorbing gas flows along the cracks improve gas extraction.Finally,the pre-splitting for deep borehole blasting and gas pre-draining technologies was applied in No.3802 working face of Shui Liandong Coal Mine,which increases monthly output in the face to 67.34 kt and the drained gas concentration to 86.2%.The drained gas average concentration from each borehole reaches 40%,and the effect is remarkable.

Controlling mine pressure by subjecting high-level hard rock strata to ground fracturing

When mining extra-thick coal seams,the main cause of strong ground pressure are the high-level thick and hard strata,but as yet there is no active and effective control technology.This paper proposes the method of subjecting hard roofs to ground fracturing,and physical simulation is used to study the control effect of ground fracturing on the strata structure and energy release.The results show that ground fracturing changes the structural characteristics of the strata and reduces the energy release intensity and the spatial extent of overburden movement,thereby exerting significant control on the ground pressure.The Datong mining area in China is selected as the engineering background.An engineering test was conducted on site by ground horizontal well fracturing,and a 20-m-thick hard rock layer located 110 m vertically above the coal seam was targeted as the fracturing layer.On-site microseismic monitoring shows that the crack propagation length is up to 216 m and the height is up to 50 m.On-site mine pressure monitoring shows that(1)the roadway deformation is reduced to 100 mm,(2)the periodic weighting characteristics of the hydraulic supports are not obvious,and(3)the ground pressure in the working face is controlled significantly,thereby showing that the ground fracturing is successful.Ground fracturing changed the breaking characteristics of the high-level hard strata,thereby helping to ameliorate the stress concentration in the stope and providing an effective control approach for hard rock.

Failure analysis and control measures of deep roadway with composite roof:a case study

There is great variation in the lithology and lamination thickness of composite roof in coal-measure strata;thus,the roof is prone to delamination and falling,and it is difficult to control the surrounding rock when developing roadway in such rock strata.In deep mining,the stress environment of surrounding rock is complex,and the mechanical response of the rock mass is different from that of the shallow rock mass.For composite-roof roadway excavated in deep rock mass,the key to safe and efficient production of the mine is ensuring the stability of the roadway.The present paper obtains typical failure characteristics and deformation and failure mechanisms of composite-roof roadway with a buried depth of 650 m at Zhaozhuang Coal Mine(Shanxi Province,China).On the basis of determining a reasonable cross-section shape of the roadway and according to the failure characteristics of the composite roof in different regions,the roof is divided into an unstable layer,metastable layer,and stable layer.The controlled unstable layer and metastable layer are regarded as a small structure while the stable layer is regarded as a large structure.A superimposed coupling support technology of large and small structures with a multi-level prestressed bearing arch formed by strong rebar bolts and highly prestressed cable bolts is put forward.The support technology provides good application results in the field.The study thus provides theoretical support and technical guidance for ground control under similar geological conditions.

Comparison of large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway: A theoretical analysis and field investigation

Under the dual influence of the mining disturbance of the previous working face and the advanced mining of the working face,the roadway is prone to large deformation,failure,and rockburst.Roadway stabilization has always significantly influenced deep mining safety.In this article we used the research background of the large deformation failure roadway of Fa-er Coal Mine in Guizhou Province of China to propose two control methods:bolt-cable-mesh+concrete blocks+directional energy-gathering blasting(BCM-CBDE method)and 1st Generation-Negative Poisson’s Ratio(1G NPR)cable+directional energy-gathering blasting+dynamic pressure stage support(πgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel)(NPR-DEDP method).Meantime,we compared the validity of the large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway based on theoretical analysis,numerical simulations,and field experiments.The results show that directional energy-gathering blasting can weaken the pressure acting on the concrete blocks.However,the vertical stress of the surrounding rock of the roadway is still concentrated in the entity coal side and the concrete blocks,showing a’bimodal’distribution.BCM-CBDE method cannot effectively control the stability of the roadway.NPR-DEDP method removed the concrete blocks.It shows using the 1G NPR cable with periodic slipping-sticking characteristics can adapt to repeated mining disturbances.The peak value of the vertical stress of the roadway is reduced and transferred to the deep part of the surrounding rock mass,which promotes the collapse of the gangue in the goaf and fills the goaf.The pressure of the roadway roof is reduced,and the gob-side roadway is fundamentally protected.Meantime,the dynamic pressure stage support method withπgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel as the core effectively protects the roadway from dynamic pressure impact when the main roof is periodically broken.After the on-site implementation of NPR-DEDP method,the deformation of the roadway is reduced by more than 45%,and the deformation rate is reduced by more than 50%.

千米深井切顶卸压自成巷支护技术及应用

为了解决深部复杂条件下的切顶卸压自成巷难题,以红阳三矿703工作面运输巷道为研究对象,从恒阻大变形锚索超前支护、切顶巷内支护、切顶巷旁支护三个方面研究了切顶卸压沿空成巷支护技术,并对现场试验巷道顶板受力以及巷道围岩变形量进行了监测。结果表明:在超前工作面实施爆破切顶能够极大降低巷道所受应力,成巷区巷道顶板整体下沉量较小,巷中顶板最大下沉量约385 mm,平均下沉量约280 mm,巷中底鼓最大值545 mm,碎石巷帮无明显侧鼓现象,实体煤帮无明显片帮现象,满足安全和使用要求,巷道围岩变形在可控范围内,留巷效果良好。

基于组合赋权三维云评估技术的深部煤矿顶板事故风险分析

为了更好地对深部煤矿顶板事故展开风险评价,提出了组合赋权三维云评估技术。基于事故统计及事故致因理论,对深部煤矿顶板事故风险指标体系展开研究,采用博弈论对改进层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)和熵权法进行博弈分析,以实现风险指标的组合赋权,通过构建三维云模型,对深部煤矿顶板事故危险性进行可视化分析。结果表明:包括行为、技术、设备、环境、管理5大风险因素在内的一级指标并其下20个二级风险指标是深部煤矿顶板事故风险评价指标体系的主体内容,且以环境风险权重最大;由三维云评估技术分析可知,平煤九矿的顶板事故风险级别为Ⅲ级,即修复后可接受,与该矿生产实际情况相符。组合赋权三维云评估技术的提出有助于完善深部煤矿顶板事故风险评价方法,可应用于工程实践。

切顶沿空留巷充填体—矸石协同承载机理及控制技术研究

针对深部沿空留巷顶底板移近量大、充填体大变形破坏失稳等问题,采用数值模拟和现场实践相结合的方法,分析了传统沿空留巷和切顶卸压协同承载沿空留巷围岩应力演化规律和变形特征,揭示了切顶沿空留巷充填体—矸石协同承载机理。在此基础上,以朱庄煤矿Ⅲ635工作面沿空留巷为工程背景,提出了一种巷旁充填体—矸石组合结构体协同承载的切顶卸压沿空留巷技术,建立充填体—矸石协同支撑顶板力学模型、推导出顶板挠度方程,并进行工程应用。数值模拟结果表明:采用切顶卸压协同承载沿空留巷技术后,实体煤帮和充填体的垂直应力峰值分别降低了28.3%、44.4%,巷道顶底板移近量降低了58.2%。现场应用结果表明:采用该技术后,顶底板和两帮移近量分别为382.9、253.6 mm,工作面支架平均支撑力下降了45.3%,有效控制了巷道变形。可为类似条件下沿空留巷围岩控制提供参考。

综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危控制技术

工程实践表明,顶板事故在煤矿各类事故中占首要位置,已严重制约了我国现代化矿井安全高效开采。为了实现煤矿综采面坚硬顶板的安全治理,亟需形成综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危控制技术以有效解决因工作面大空间坚硬顶板垮落而影响安全生产的重大难题。基于此,通过自主创新和联合攻关,面向深部矿井坚硬顶板,开展了综采面坚硬顶板超深孔预裂爆破远场解危技术研究;研发了高威力三级煤矿许用水胶炸药、填塞材料等技术与装备,形成了成熟的深孔爆破工艺,突破了厚硬顶板爆破中煤矿许用炸药威力与安全度的矛盾,解决了超深孔爆破中炸药可靠起爆等技术瓶颈问题;通过构建大空间采场覆岩-支架-围岩系统力学模型,揭示了采场大小周期来压及强矿压作用机理,提出了大空间采场厚硬覆岩多层位精准定位爆破弱化控制原理和基于爆破损伤的综采工作面厚硬顶板深孔爆破参数设计方法,形成了综采工作面厚硬顶板超前深孔卸压控制技术。研究成果在全国近百个综采面进行工程应用,未发生一起顶板事故,避免了综采面厚硬顶板发生压架、形成飓风、矿震等重大安全事故的风险,保障了综采面的安全高效生产,为综采面坚硬顶板远场解危的设计提供了理论依据并为现场施工提供了指导作用。

冲击地压矿井充填工作面超前采动应力对充填体充实率的反馈机制

高应力是深部矿井冲击地压灾变频率走高的主要原因,充填开采则是控制岩层运动,缓解采动应力集中程度,降低围岩破坏和冲击风险的有效手段。为研究采空区充填体对超前采动应力的控制能力,以山东古城煤矿1123充填工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、室内试验、现场实测手段探究充填开采工作面采动应力分布规律,揭示超前采动应力对充填体充实率的反馈机制,指导冲击地压矿井充实率确定。结果表明:工作面开采初期充填体充实率低于80%,坚硬顶板下沉量大,超前采动影响范围大于30 m,应力集中系数达到1.5,断层影响区采动应力影响范围和集中系数分别增至60 m和1.65,片帮冒顶等围岩失稳现象增多;实测了采空区充填体承载应力全程动态演化特征,承载应力分布曲线划分为“快速降低—短暂稳定—快速升高—缓慢降低—二次稳定”5个阶段,低充实率条件下采空区上、中、下3个区域承载应力稳定值分别为1.9、5.2、2.8 MPa;将采空区充填体划分为非充分压实区和充分压实区,构建了充填体支撑作用下坚硬顶板连续沉降模型,得到了坚硬顶板“ʅ”型沉降曲线,非充分压实区范围随充实率近似呈线性减小;试验得到充填体弹性模量和单轴抗压强度随凝固时间的演化曲线,结合顶板沉降曲线和推进速度得到工作面前后采动应力全区域分布曲线;建立了超前采动应力集中程度与充填体承载能力的负指数函数关系,揭示了超前采动应力对充填体充实率的负向反馈机制,实现充填开采降载防冲效果的定量评价;提出了充填体充实率“三位一体”协同提升措施,将1123工作面充实率升高至90%,增强了充填体承载能力,超前采动应力集中系数降至1.3,厚顶煤膨胀变形量减少至50 mm,坚硬顶板破断致冲风险显著降低。

非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层动静载作用机制

巨厚关键层破裂运动是诱发矿山动力灾害的重要因素,探究其厚度变化对采动应力分布及破裂动载的影响,对明确巨厚关键层采场动、静载来源及冲击矿压孕育机制具有重要意义,是冲击矿压风险预测及灾害防控的理论基础。以陕西彬长矿区某矿非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层为研究对象,综合理论分析与数值仿真计算,剖析了巨厚关键层“弓形”形态下伏煤岩体采动应力异常集中的力学原理,探明了“弓形”形态对巨厚关键层破裂特征的影响规律,揭示了“弓形”形态下伏区域动静载叠加致灾机制,据此提出了“弓形”巨厚关键层破裂致灾风险预测方法。结果表明,“弓形”巨厚关键层底部凸起导致下伏煤岩体垂直应力异常集中,相较于均匀厚度巨厚关键层,该区域煤岩体垂直应力额外增加22.1 MPa,增幅比例高达56%,此为下伏煤岩体高静载形成的根本原因。同时,伴随着开采范围的扩大以及非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层运动,造成其底部内凹拐角区出现显著的高应力集中现象,导致该区域岩石发生破裂及弹性能快速释放,此为强动载形成主要原因。在上述非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层动静载叠加作用下,煤柱大巷区域极易出现冲击矿压。基于此,准确识别并定位了非均厚“弓形”巨厚关键层影响下采动覆岩动载形成来源及发生区位,结合巨厚关键层分布式光纤原位监测结果,以光纤断裂高度为监测指标,验证了巨厚关键层破裂及动载荷形成之间的内在联系。

深部沿空掘巷含软弱夹层顶板离层破坏特征及控制研究

含软弱夹层顶板对深部沿空掘巷稳定性具有重要影响,为有效控制深部高偏应力沿空掘巷含软弱夹层顶板离层破坏,基于含软弱夹层组合体试件力学试验及受采动影响下沿空掘巷数值模拟试验,获得了软弱夹层层厚、层数和层位对顶板的影响以及偏应力条件下含软弱夹层顶板离层演化规律,阐释了含软弱夹层顶板沿空掘巷失稳主要原因,结合顶板支护载荷和煤柱支撑载荷下的悬臂梁力学模型,对含软弱夹层顶板控制要点进行分析,进而提出离层控制方法。结果表明:随着软弱夹层厚度和层数增加,对组合体力学特性劣化影响逐渐变大,软弱夹层位于低位时对组合体试件的劣化影响强于高位,组合体试件破裂均由软弱夹层产生,并随着层厚、层数和层位的不同呈现差异化破裂发育特征。沿空掘巷后主剪切破裂带由顶板左肩角产生并与软弱夹层邻近岩层破裂区相互连接,导致软弱夹层离层严重,主剪切破裂带发育形态和顶板非协调变形程度随主应力偏转角度以及软弱夹层层厚、层数和层位变化,揭示了含软弱夹层顶板沿空掘巷失稳机理。推导了顶板支护载荷和煤柱支撑载荷下的巷道顶板离层解析式,发现软弱夹层在锚固区内的离层量比在锚固区外减少79%,离层大小各主控因素影响程度及其控制优化顺序依次为煤柱支撑载荷—顶板支护载荷—顶板弹性模量。针对深部沿空掘巷含软弱夹层顶板的离层规律和控制要点,提出了“提高煤柱承载能力、减少顶板裂隙发育、增加软弱夹层顶板变形协调性”的离层联合控制方法。现场离层监测显示顶板最大离层量为10 mm,表明该方法能有效控制含软弱夹层顶板离层。

深埋复合顶板煤巷离层失稳机理及控制研究

为探究深埋复合顶板煤巷离层失稳及控制机理,以淮南某矿1692(1)运输顺槽为工程背景,原位观测并分析巷道顶板变形破坏特征及原支护效果,基于材料力学原理建立复合顶板岩层力学模型,解析复合顶板各分层挠度表达式,揭示复合顶板离层失稳机理,并探究全长锚固和锚索对复合顶板离层控制机理,提出全锚改性-长锚索组合联合支护技术。研究结果表明:联合支护利用全长锚固增加复合顶板底层的弹性模量,使复合顶板底层挠度下降,通过锚索将复合顶板各分层组合成整体,形成组合梁结构,使复合顶板整体挠度降低,现场监测表明顶底板移近量下降64%,顶板未发现离层现象,最大裂隙深度由8.1 m降低至3.8 m,降低53.80%,煤巷的稳定性得到显著提升。研究结果可为深埋复合顶板离层垮落失稳控制提供借鉴。

金属矿山深部硬岩矿床非爆连续采矿技术及应用

随着我国矿产资源需求的不断攀升及浅层矿产资源的日益枯竭,向深部拓展开采新的矿产资源已成为必然的趋势。首先,针对传统的凿岩爆破工艺在深部开采中面临的诸多挑战,阐述了深部硬岩矿床非爆连续采矿技术及装备。然后,以某深部硬岩矿山为例,详细介绍了非爆连续采矿技术的应用实践,并展示了所带来的积极成效,为深部硬岩矿床非爆连续开采提供案例借鉴;最后,基于实践经验,结合人工智能等前沿技术,提出了矿石制浆与水力输送技术,有望为深井矿石的提升提供一种更为高效、环保的解决方案,进一步优化和提升深部矿山的开采效率和安全性。

上覆坚硬厚顶板煤岩卸压增透数值模拟及应用研究

基于榆树田煤矿上保护层开采时被保护煤层上覆岩层为坚硬厚岩层的实际情况,采用物理实验、数值模拟和现场应用等方法,研究上保护层开采推进时被保护区域的应力变化尤其是垂直应力演化规律和原岩应力区、应力增高区和降低区的演化规律,继而设计保护层开采方案并选定高位定向长钻孔进行瓦斯抽采。结果表明,被保护层上覆的坚硬厚岩层会形成关键层直接影响保护层效果;上保护层开采后被保护层的卸压程度为50%,膨胀变形量为0.391%,被保护层工作面回风瓦斯浓度降低至0.35%。现场应用结果表明,被保护煤层上覆坚硬厚岩层时,采用上保护层开采配合高位定向长钻孔抽采能够取得理想的卸压增透和瓦斯抽采效果。

近浅埋多层厚硬顶板大采高综放工作面矿压显现规律研究

针对榆神矿区近浅埋多层厚硬顶板条件下,“大周期”来压支架立柱下缩量大、煤柱应力集中系数高、稳定性差等强矿压问题,采用了数值计算、微震和煤体应力监测等技术手段,对覆岩破断运动及工作面来压规律进行了分析研究,结果表明:覆岩破断运动上,多层厚硬顶板较大的“垂向离层空间”和“自下而上”的顺次交替垮落孕育了顶板“高+低层位组合破断”的时空基础;“高低层位顶板组合破断”是“大周期”来压增强的关键诱因;同时,煤柱应力的时空演化受控于多层厚硬顶板的破断垮落。矿压显现上,工作面“大周期”立柱下缩量平均可达945 mm,持续距离12.10 m,并可由2~5次连续强来压组成;巷道煤柱应力集中系数达到1.80~2.30,影响范围为工作面前方126 m至后方471.3 m,具有明显的“高强度、大范围、长上升期”特点。针对该条件下的强矿压防治,分别提出了“弱化低位顶板、优化破断结构”和“弱化高位顶板、改变破断次序”的技术思路,并取得的了较好的应用效果。

梁北矿松软大采高工作面高水充填沿空留巷技术研究

以高水材料适应性研究为基础,通过分析梁北煤矿厚硬顶板大采高工作面沿空留巷围岩控制难点,提出“预裂切顶-高水充填-超前加固”沿空留巷技术。通过室内试验确定了高水充填材料最佳水灰比、早强剂掺量和用水温度;采用理论分析和工程类比确定了预裂切顶、超前加固和高水充填支护方案;采用数值模拟分析了沿空留巷方案的可行性。工程实践效果表明,围岩变形滞后工作面100~150 m趋于稳定,变形整体可控,留巷效果较好。

双厚组合坚硬顶板定向长钻水力压裂评价体系研究

针对双厚组合坚硬顶板厚煤层工作面开采过程中的强矿压显现问题,本文提出了定向长钻水力压裂方案,并基于压力实测、瞬变电磁及钻孔窥视方法从孔内、孔外、动态、静态四个方面对定向长钻水力压裂裂缝扩展进行可视化监测评价。研究成果表明:压裂过程包括钻孔周围微裂隙发育扩展,出现宏观裂缝,宏观裂缝周围微裂隙发育,出现新的宏观裂缝,直至压裂完成;钻孔径向20m范围内岩层电阻率较低,大裂缝较为发育;设计的3个钻孔压裂后影响范围基本可以覆盖整个顶板治理区域;长钻孔内各压裂段裂隙可以实现贯通,钻孔内纵裂隙、横裂隙交替发育形成三维裂隙网络;压裂后顶板微震事件总能量和总次数都显著降低,压裂层位顶板能量提前释放,表现为“高频低能”显现,工作面来压强度明显改善。

深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压机理与应用

为解决悬顶导致的煤柱及邻近巷道高应力和大变形问题,结合工作面顶板地质条件,提出深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压专项方案,采用数值模拟及现场试验对卸压效果开展综合研究。研究结果表明,煤层顶板在切顶后垂直应力减幅为21.62%,预裂切顶措施可显著降低煤柱及邻近巷道围岩应力水平。试验发现,炮孔内轴向贯穿裂缝明显,可实现采空区顶板及时垮落。顶底板在切顶后累计位移量减幅达59.27%,巷道两帮及顶底板移近变形得到有效控制,煤柱垂直应力增量显著降低。实践证明,采用深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压效果显著,可大幅提高作业效率,为类似矿压防治工程提供借鉴。

深井直覆硬厚顶板侧向破断模式及采动应力响应特征研究

针对深井“三巷布置”工作面临空巷强烈矿压显现现象,以煤层直覆硬厚顶板为工程背景,运用理论分析、相似模拟、现场实测等研究手段,分析直覆硬厚顶板侧向破断模式,揭示临空巷强矿压显现机制,明晰工作面采动应力响应特征。研究结果表明:直覆硬厚顶板破断后,在工作面侧向形成长悬臂-铰接结构,破断线位于采空区内。直覆硬厚顶板岩性特征和几何特征决定着临空巷矿压显现程度,顶板越硬或者越厚,采空区煤体周围越容易产生较高的应力集中。直覆硬厚顶板下巷道围岩应力集中程度高,且临空侧超前支承压力影响范围更广,应力集中程度更高,巷道矿压显现更为剧烈;煤柱上侧向支承压力呈“同步受力、同步增长”变化特征,进入采空区稳定阶段后支承压力表现L+W型应力特征,相邻待采工作面煤柱侧出现非对称的应力峰值,煤柱中部出现应力双峰。受侧向高应力影响,下一区段巷道围岩主要表现为两帮中下部剧烈变形。基于工作面直覆硬厚顶板侧向破断特征和强动载矿压显现机制,提出了顶板灾害超前治理、“浅部强力支护+深部多层次卸压”的防控技术体系,为采场岩层控制提供有益指导。