Interaction of RuO₂and Lead-Silicate Glass in Thick-Film Resistors

Results of investigation of X-ray diffraction, infrared and optical spectra of powders of the ruthenium dioxide, lead-silicate glass as well as their mixture before and after sintering are reported. Sintering conditions typical for thick film resistors were used. Intensity of main lines of RuO2 in X-ray diffraction patterns of sintered mixtures decreases and they slightly shift towards small angles. No new reflexes appear in these patterns. Absorbance of RuO2 in the range of 2.5-100 μm is proportional to and featureless. Infrared spectrum of lead-silicate glass has absorption bands of [SiO4]4- tetrahedra and Pb-O bonds only. Optical spectrum of RuO2 has wide absorption bands at 950 and 370 nm. Spectra of the mixture of RuO2 and glass powders before and after sintering are different indicating that there is interaction between them during the sintering process. Concentration of free charge carriers estimated from the optical spectra is about 1021 cm-3.

Preparation of Lead-free Thick-film Resistor Pastes

The preparation of lead-free thick-film resistors are reported:using RuO 2 and ruthenates as conductive particles,glass powders composed of B 2 O 3,SiO 2,CaO and Al2 O 3 as insulating phase,adding organic matter which mainly consists of ethyl cellulose and terpineol to form printable pastes.Resistors were fabricated and sintered by conventional screen-printing on 96%Al 2 O 3 substrates,and then sintering in a belt furnace.X-ray diffraction(XRD) and electron scanning microscopy(SEM) have been used to characterize the conductive particles.The resistors exhibit good refiring stability and low temperature coefficient of resistance.Sheet resistance spans from about 80Ω/□ to 600Ω/□.The resistors prepared are qualified for common use.

Analysis of Quenching Resistor Effect to Improve Stability of TIA Circuit for APD-A Secondary Publication

In this paper,since the Avalanche Photo Diode(APD)for Light-to-Voltage LTV conversion uses a high voltage in the operating range unlike other Photo Diodes(PD),the quenching resistor must be connected in series to prevent overcurrent when using the Transimpedance Amplifier(TIA).In such a case,quenching resistance may affect the transfer function of the TIA circuit,resulting in serious stability.Therefore,in this paper,by analyzing the effect of APD quenching resistance on the voltage and current loop transfer function of TIA,we proposed a loop analysis and a method for determining the quenching resistance value to improve stability.A TIA circuit with quenching resistance was designed by the proposed method and its operational stability was verified through simulation and chip fabrication.

3D_Multi Resistor Electric Circuit

This report addresses the issues concerning the analysis of an electric circuit composed of multiple resistors configured in a 3-Dimension structure. Noting, all the standard textbooks of physics and engineering irrespective of the used components are circuits assembled in two dimensions. Here, by deviating from the “norm” we consider a case where the resistors are arranged in a 3D structure;e.g., a cube. Although, independent of the dimension of the design the same physics principles apply, transitioning from a 2D to a 3D makes the corresponding analysis considerably challenging. In general, with no exception, depending on the used components the analysis faces with solving a set of either algebraic or differential-algebraic equations. Practically, this interfaces with a Computer Algebra System (CAS). The main objective is symbolically to identify the current distributions and the equivalent resistor (s) of cubically assembled resistors.

Three Dimensional Electric Circuits with Multiple Capacitors and Resistors

Two cubical 3D electric circuits with single and double capacitors and twelve ohmic resistors are considered. The resistors are the sides of the cube. The circuit is fed with a single internal emf. The charge on the capacitor(s) and the current distributions of all twelve sides of the circuit(s) vs. time are evaluated. The analysis requires solving twelve differential-algebraic intertwined symbolic equations. This is accomplished by applying a Computer Algebra System (CAS), specifically Mathematica. The needed codes are included. For a set of values assigned to the elements, the numeric results are depicted.

Energy model based sensorless estimation method for operational temperature of braking resistor onboard metro vehicles

Purpose–This study aims to improve the availability of regenerative braking for urban metro vehicles by introducing a sensorless operational temperature estimation method for the braking resistor(BR)onboard the vehicle,which overcomes the vulnerability of having conventional temperature sensor.Design/methodology/approach–In this study,the energy model based sensorless estimation method is developed.By analyzing the structure and the convection dissipation process of the BR onboard the vehicle,the energy-based operational temperature model of the BR and its cooling domain is established.By adopting Newton’s law of cooling and the law of conservation of energy,the energy and temperature dynamic of the BR can be stated.To minimize the use of all kinds of sensors(including both thermal and electrical),a novel regenerative braking power calculation method is proposed,which involves only the voltage of DC traction network and the duty cycle of the chopping circuit;both of them are available for the traction control unit(TCU)of the vehicle.By utilizing a real-time iterative calculation and updating the parameter of the energy model,the operational temperature of the BR can be obtained and monitored in a sensorless manner.Findings–In this study,a sensorless estimation/monitoring method of the operational temperature of BR is proposed.The results show that it is possible to utilize the existing electrical sensors that is mandatory for the traction unit’s operation to estimate the operational temperature of BR,instead of adding dedicated thermal sensors.The results also validate the effectiveness of the proposal is acceptable for the engineering practical.Originality/value–The proposal of this study provides novel concepts for the sensorless operational temperature monitoring of BR onboard rolling stocks.The proposed method only involves quasi-global electrical variable and the internal control signal within the TCU.

计及杂散参数的柔性直流启动电阻冲击电压分布特性研究

针对柔性直流输电系统中启动电阻异常放电问题。首先,从启动电阻温升、绝缘水平、电流应力及冲击能量几方面进行校核分析;然后,对现场启动电阻进行拆解,定量分析启动电阻放电原因;最后,利用Ansys搭建电阻器杂散电容求解模型,根据分布电容求解结果,基于PSCAD搭建电阻塔的宽频等效模型,仿真分析启动电阻在冲击电压下的电位分布规律,验证启动电阻异常放电机理并提出优化改进措施。研究结果可为今后柔性直流输电系统启动电阻的选型设计提供参考。

旋转部件温度参数同步无线测量技术研究

针对旋转部件温度参数原位同步测量和数据无线传输应用需求,研究了电能无线传输技术和空间光通信技术,设计了一套8通道小型温度参数遥测系统。该系统通过热电偶和铂电阻传感器实现8路温度参数的高精度准确测量,采用电磁感应和红外光通信技术实现电能和采集数据的同步无线传输。系统分析软件完成数据的实时存储、解析和可视化显示。搭建了20000 r/min的模拟旋转环境测试平台,进行系统功能和性能验证。系统温度采集精度优于0.15%,无线传输距离为15 mm,电能传输输出峰值功率可达5 V/400 mA,实测通信速率为10 Mbit/s,8通道同步采样速率为56 kHz。该系统实现了温度参数的分布式、高精度获取,为旋转部件的研制和维护提供了准确的温度依据。

基于MMC的分布式储能系统及其快速SOC均衡控制策略

提高基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的分布式储能系统(distributed energy storage systems,DESS)的能量利用率,解决储能子模块(energy sub-module,ESM)荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)均衡问题至关重要。针对现有的SOC均衡控制策略的不足,提出内外分层的快速SOC均衡控制策略。外层针对桥臂间或相间的SOC差异,通过改进MMC模型预测控制(model predictive predictive control,MPC),配合自适应均衡系数,快速调整功率差额。内层引入自适应虚拟电阻法,根据ESM的SOC情况确定主导ESM,自适应调节各单元的虚拟电阻,产生相应的电压梯度,结合MMC排序算法使ESM按照各自SOC进行功率分配,从而实现ESM的SOC快速均衡,提高DESS能量利用率。通过在Matlab/Simulink构建仿真模型,证明了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。

一种新型可移动TEM喇叭辐射波模拟器的模拟优化

为改善基于TEM喇叭的辐射波模拟器的低频辐射特性从而展宽其辐射近场半高宽,首次提出了在指数型TEM喇叭上/下两个极板的端口加上2个金属直板、并通过倾斜金属板和并联电阻相连的新型可移动模拟器的设计方案。基于FDTD方法模拟分析了该新型模拟器的特性参数对其近场辐射性能的影响,并给出了优化后的模拟器及其阵列的辐射特性。计算结果表明:尺寸为6 m×6 m×6.24 m的优化后的新型模拟器在距离口面3 m的中心位置的辐射近场脉宽能达到18.95 ns,而达到相同低频辐射性能的常规模拟器尺寸为9 m×12 m×6.8 m。且与常规模拟器相比,优化后的模拟器的场峰值更大。与前人的研究相比,优化后的模拟器场在保持高峰值的同时,时域波形后延震荡的幅度与主峰的比值明显减小。优化后的模拟器2×2阵列模型的测试平面中心点场峰值最大,且在测试平面上满足6 dB均匀性要求的有效测试区最大;有效测试区在横向上范围最大的是2×2阵列模型,其次是2×1阵列模型;在纵向上范围最大的是2×2阵列模型及1×2阵列模型。

某电源模块厚膜电阻硫化机理及防护对策

针对本单位某型电子产品内主板的电源模块上的厚膜电阻首次出现硫化的问题,开展了行业现状调研,研究了厚膜电阻硫化机理,分析了电源模块上厚膜电阻硫化的原因。从器件选型、设计优化、工艺改进三个方面提出了提升电源模块抗硫化能力的防护措施。重点论述了涂覆三防漆的改善措施,且经工艺验证可行,能够起到提升电源模块防硫化能力的作用。

基于运放的受控源实现方法

探讨四种受控源模型的实现方法及其应用,并利用Multisim软件验证电路实现结果的正确性。首先利用运放同相放大器实现电压控制电压源,在此基础上给出了负电阻实现电路设计的一种解释方法。利用电压控制电压源和负电阻实现电路,通过电路的等效变换给出了其他三种受控源的实现电路。所讨论的方法为实现一般二端口电路提供了一种设计思路。

一种基于PIN二极管的可切换吸透一体超材料设计

设计并验证了一种基于集总电阻和PIN二极管的可切换吸透一体超材料结构,以实现宽带透波和通带可开关特性。该超材料单元结构由连接集总电阻的交指谐振器、带通频率选择表面层以及加载PIN二极管的开关控制层组成。通过等效电路理论对单元结构与谐振频率之间的关系进行了分析。通过对单元结构的表面电流和电场分布的分析,揭示了其吸波机理。研究结果表明:当PIN二极管处于导通状态时,设计的结构在9.48~10.31GHz透波频段内插入损耗低于1d B,在5.34~8.08GHz和11.89~15.14GHz频段内具有90%以上的吸波率,并且在5.21~15.37GHz频带内整体反射系数低于-10d B,展现出良好的宽频隐身效果;而当PIN二极管处于截止状态时,原本的通带变为全反射带,反射系数大于-1d B。这一设计在隐身领域具有潜在应用价值。

基于FSR嵌入的智能泡沫在气动夹爪的应用

如何控制工业夹爪对易损物体的夹持力是一件具有挑战的任务,通常是利用有着力传感器的电动夹爪进行反馈控制,但这种方法昂贵且额外增加了夹爪的复杂程度。基于直书写3D打印,设计了一种内嵌力敏电阻器(FSR)的智能硅橡胶泡沫,安装在气动夹爪的指尖,不仅能监测夹持状态,还能在气压超过阈值后一定范围内,保持夹持力的恒定,以保护物体。实验结果表明:智能泡沫在4~12 N的工作范围内,误差不超过1.5N。当气压在450~560kPa范围内,能维持夹持力约14.6N。

船舶无刷相复励同步发电机励磁系统设计

以船舶无刷相复励同步发电机为研究对象。首先,介绍了其工作原理与励磁特性,推导了相复励输出电流计算式;然后,针对发电机调节特性无法全补偿励磁装置输出特性的问题,设计了合适的励磁电流过补偿系数,通过与分流电阻独特的工作机制相配合来实现端口电压的稳定;其次,根据该设计方案给出了主要元件参数的计算方法,并建立仿真模型,在稳态和动态两种负载工况下进行仿真验证;最后,根据已有电机参数与所提设计方案制造了一台25 kVA试验样机,试验结果表明所设计的可控励磁系统能够通过控制分流电阻的通断调整励磁电流大小,随着负载的波动仍能实现端口电压的稳定。将计算和仿真结果与试验测量结果进行对比分析,计算误差小于1%,验证了推导计算式的有效性;仿真误差小于3.5%,表明模型能够较好地反映样机的稳态与动态特性,验证了过补偿设计方案的合理性。

超宽带薄型频率选择表面吸波体设计

设计了一种新型集总电阻加载超宽带薄型频率选择表面(FSS)吸波体。该吸波体使用单层单谐振FSS损耗层结构,具有厚度薄、宽带吸波且极化稳定的特点。FSS损耗层单元结构采用非单元中心对称轴集总电阻加载方法,并结合非均匀金属导带宽度和圆顶枝节加载设计有效拓宽了吸波带宽。该吸波体的等效电路分析及全波仿真结果均表明该结构在6.0~26.77 GHz频段内对电磁波吸波率能够达到90%,相对带宽达到126.8%。该吸波体总厚度为0.086λ_(L)(λ_(L)为吸波频段最低频率对应波长),仅为Rozanov理论极限厚度的1.09倍。对该吸波体进行加工与测试,实测结果与仿真结果一致,验证了设计的有效性。

曲面电路中喷墨打印薄层电阻的可靠性

针对曲面电路中无法采用片式贴片电阻回流焊接的难题,创新地采用喷墨打印技术打印曲面薄层电阻,开展了高温环境对薄层电阻阻值变化的影响研究。经测试,喷墨打印曲面电路中薄层电阻在经过高温可靠性测试后,薄层电阻结合力和阻值变化均能达到设计要求,电阻阻值精度为±20%。论证了曲面电路中喷墨打印薄层电阻的可靠性,可有效用于射频曲面电路的快速制造和快速验证,并缩短了研发周期。

大容量发电机断路器TRV开断特性及抑制措施研究

发电机断路器(GCB)位于发电机组和升压变压器之间,针对负荷电流高达50 kA、故障电流高达200 kA以上的大容量机组,GCB传导和开断电流远高于线路断路器,在开断过程中,GCB两端会产生非常严重的瞬态恢复过电压,威胁GCB的可靠性。文中基于某大型核电站的实际接线,单机容量为1 722.2 MVA,利用EMTP-RV仿真计算研究了GCB在各种故障下开断时的TRV的电磁暂态特性,分析配置不同容量电容器对TRV幅值和陡度的影响效果。提出了采用辅助断口装设非线性阻尼电阻抑制TRV的方法,并给出了非线性阻尼电阻参数选取原则,并通过仿真验证了其可行性,针对失步故障非线性阻尼电阻可使TRV幅值降低29.2%,具有更高的灵活性与经济性。

临近空间电子设备低温启动与加热方案设计

从临近空间电子设备低温启动的实际需要出发,基于半导体低温物理学基础理论,分析了常见半导体器件在-80℃低温下的物理特性和电学特性,设计了一种-80℃低温启动与加热方案,讨论了保证-80℃低温启动设计裕量的方法,以及采用尽可能少的元件构成完整温度闭环控制系统的设计方法。

断路器碳陶瓷合闸电阻能量耐受及失效特性

合闸电阻在大能量注入下的热电耐受及性能稳定是超/特高压交流系统断路器安全稳定运行的关键因素。为此通过开展合闸电阻模拟能量注入实验,并建立碳陶瓷复合材料微观结构热电耦合仿真模型,研究碳陶瓷电阻在不同强度能量注入下的材料温升、动态导电、性能劣化及结构破坏行为,分析碳陶瓷合闸电阻的能量耐受及失效机理。研究发现,碳陶瓷电阻具有随温度变化的动态导电特性,导通电阻及恢复电阻随能量注入强度的增加而减小;在大能量注入下,碳陶瓷电阻劣化及损伤模式包含恢复电阻下降、侧面绝缘击穿及电阻体碎裂。根据大能量注入下电阻内部多物理场分布仿真结果,结合碳陶瓷复合材料微观结构观察及电接触导电机制分析,揭示来源于碳陶瓷电阻内部电流密度、温度及热应力不均匀分布的性能劣化及结构破坏电热正反馈物理机制。