A thermal-mechanical and micro-macro coupled finite element(FE) model for the hot extrusion process of large-scale thick-walled Inconel 625 pipe was developed based on the DEFORM-2D platform.Then,the influence rules...A thermal-mechanical and micro-macro coupled finite element(FE) model for the hot extrusion process of large-scale thick-walled Inconel 625 pipe was developed based on the DEFORM-2D platform.Then,the influence rules of the key extrusion parameters on the average grain size and grain uniformity of the extruded pipe were revealed.The results show that with the increase of initial billet temperature,extrusion speed and friction coefficient,the grain uniformity is firstly improved and then deteriorated.Larger extrusion ratio leads to more uniform grain distribution.With the increase of initial billet temperature,the average grain size of the pipe first decreases and then increases.Additionally,larger extrusion ratio can bring smaller average grain size.The extrusion speed and friction coefficient have slight effects on the average grain size of the extruded pipe.展开更多
Compact hot extrusion(CHE) process of heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is a new material-saving production process. In order to reveal the optimum hot extrusion parameters in CHE process, the e ects of the extrusion para...Compact hot extrusion(CHE) process of heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is a new material-saving production process. In order to reveal the optimum hot extrusion parameters in CHE process, the e ects of the extrusion parameters on the microstructural evolution are investigated systematically. The metadynamic recrystallization(MDRX) kinetic models and grain size models of as-cast P91 steel are established for the first time according to the hot compression tests performed on the Gleeble-3500 thermal-simulation machine. Then a thermal-mechanical and micro-macro coupled hot extrusion finite element(FE) model is established and further developed in DEFORM software. The results indicated that the grain size of the extruded pipe increases with the increasing of initial temperature and extrusion speed, decreases when extrusion ratio increases. Moreover, the grain size is more sensitive to the initial temperature and the extrusion ratio. The optimum hot extrusion parameters are including that, the initial extrusion temperature of 1250 °C, the extrusion ratio of 9 and the extrusion speed of 50 mm/s. Furthermore, in order to verify the simulation precisions, hot extrusion experiment verification on the heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is carried out on the 500 MN vertical hot extrusion equipment. The load–displacement curve of the extrusion process and the grain sizes of the middle part extruded pipe are in good accuracy with the simulation results, which confirms that the hot extrusion FE models of as-cast P91 steel could estimate the hot extrusion behaviors. The proposed hot extrusion FE model can be used to guide the industrial production research of CHE process.展开更多
The stress state around circular openings,such as boreholes,shafts,and tunnels,is usually needed to be evaluated.Solutions for stresses,strains and ultimate bearing capacities of pressurized hollow cylinder are common...The stress state around circular openings,such as boreholes,shafts,and tunnels,is usually needed to be evaluated.Solutions for stresses,strains and ultimate bearing capacities of pressurized hollow cylinder are common cases.Stress analytical method for plane problem of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder subjected to a type of non-uniform pressure on the outer surface and uniform radial pressure on the inner surface is given.The power series method of complex function is used.The stress analytical solution is obtained with the assumption that two layers of a cylinder are fully contacted.The distributions of normal and tangential contact stress along the interface,tangential stress on the inner boundary and stresses in the radial direction at θ=0°,45° and 90°,are obtained.An example indicates that,when the elastic modulus of the inner layer of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder is smaller than that of the outer layer,the tangential stress is smaller than that in the corresponding point for a traditional cylinder composed of homogeneous materials.In that way,stress concentration at the inner surface can be alleviated and the stress distribution is more uniform.This is a capable way to enhance the elastic ultimate bearing capacity of thick-walled cylinder.展开更多
This study presents an analytical solution of thermal and mechanical displacements, strains, and stresses for a thick-walled rotating spherical pressure vessel made of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The pressur...This study presents an analytical solution of thermal and mechanical displacements, strains, and stresses for a thick-walled rotating spherical pressure vessel made of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The pressure vessel is subject to axisymmetric mechanical and thermal loadings within a uniform magnetic field. The material properties of the FGM are considered as the power-law distribution along the thickness. Navier’s equation, which is a second-order ordinary differential equation, is derived from the mechanical equilibrium equation with the consideration of the thermal stresses and the Lorentz force resulting from the magnetic field. The distributions of the displacement, strains, and stresses are determined by the exact solution to Navier’s equation. Numerical results clarify the influence of the thermal loading, magnetic field, non-homogeneity constant, internal pressure, and angular velocity on the magneto-thermo-elastic response of the functionally graded spherical vessel. It is observed that these parameters have remarkable effects on the distributions of radial displacement, radial and circumferential strains, and radial and circumferential stresses.展开更多
Cooling strength is one of the important factors affecting microstructure and properties of gas cylinders during quenching process,and reasonable water spray volume can effectively improve the quality of gas cylinders...Cooling strength is one of the important factors affecting microstructure and properties of gas cylinders during quenching process,and reasonable water spray volume can effectively improve the quality of gas cylinders and reduce production costs.To find the optimal water spray parameters,a fluid-solid coupling model with three-phase flow was established in consideration of water-vapor conversion.The inner and outer walls of gas cylinder with the dimensions of d914 mm×38 mm×12000 mm were quenched using multi-nozzle water spray system.The internal pressure,average heat transfer coefficient(have)and stress of the gas cylinder under different water spray volumes during quenching process were studied.Finally,the mathematical model was experimentally verified.The results show that both the internal pressure and have increase along with the increase of spray volume.The internal pressure increases slowly first and then rapidly,but have increases rapidly first and then slowly.To satisfy hardenability of gas cylinders,the minimum spray volume should not be less than 40 m^3/(h·m).The results of stress indicate that water spray quenching will not cause deformation of bottle body in the range of water volume from 40 to 290 m^3/(h·m).展开更多
Plastic limit load of viscoplastic thick-walled cylinder and spherical shell subjected to internal pressure is investigated analytically using a strain gradient plasticity theory. As a result, the current solutions ca...Plastic limit load of viscoplastic thick-walled cylinder and spherical shell subjected to internal pressure is investigated analytically using a strain gradient plasticity theory. As a result, the current solutions can capture the size effect at the micron scale. Numerical results show that the smaller the inner radius of the cylinder or spherical shell, the more significant the scale effects. Results also show that the size effect is more evident with increasing strain or strain-rate sensitivity index. The classical plastic-based solutions of the same problems are shown to be a special case of the present solution.展开更多
We suppose that in order to maintain high accuracy of holes and to lower residual stresses after cold expansion of thick-walled cylinders, which undergo cross-section plastic deformation, it is necessary to perform ax...We suppose that in order to maintain high accuracy of holes and to lower residual stresses after cold expansion of thick-walled cylinders, which undergo cross-section plastic deformation, it is necessary to perform axial plastic compression and subsequent cold expansion with small interferences. To test this hypothesis, we studied hoop, radial and axial residual stresses in cylinders made of carbon steel AISI 1050 with hole diameter of 5 mm, outer diameter of 15 mm and length of 30 mm by Sachs method as well as accuracy of expanded holes. It is found that double cold expansion with total interference equal to 5.1% generates hoop residual stresses with largest absolute value equal to 284 MPa and ensures high holes accuracy(IT7). After plastic compression with strain equal to 0.5 and 1% the mentioned stresses reduced to 120 and 75 MPa respectively,and accuracy of the holes reduced as well. Subsequent cold expansion with small interference equal to 0.9% helps to restore holes accuracy(IT7)gained by double cold expansion and ensure that absolute value of hoop residual stresses(177 MPa) is lower compared to double cold expansion.展开更多
In this paper,the stresses and buckling behaviors of a thick-walled mi-cro sandwich panel with a flexible foam core and carbon nanotube reinforced composite(CNTRC)face sheets are considered based on the high-order she...In this paper,the stresses and buckling behaviors of a thick-walled mi-cro sandwich panel with a flexible foam core and carbon nanotube reinforced composite(CNTRC)face sheets are considered based on the high-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)and the modified couple stress theory(MCST).The governing equations of equi-librium are obtained based on the total potential energy principle.The effects of various parameters such as the aspect ratio,elastic foundation,temperature changes,and volume fraction of the canbon nanotubes(CNTs)on the critical buckling loads,normal stress,shear stress,and deflection of the thick-walled micro cylindrical sandwich panel consider-ing different distributions of CNTs are examined.The results are compared and validated with other studies,and showing an excellent compatibility.CNTs have become very use-ful and common candidates in sandwich structures,and they have been extensively used in many applications including nanotechnology,aerospace,and micro-structures.This paper also extends further applications of reinforced sandwich panels by providing the modified equations and formulae.展开更多
In this paper, the mechanical responses of a thick-walled functionally graded hollow cylinder subject to a uniform magnetic field and inner-pressurized loads are studied. Rather than directly assume the material const...In this paper, the mechanical responses of a thick-walled functionally graded hollow cylinder subject to a uniform magnetic field and inner-pressurized loads are studied. Rather than directly assume the material constants as some specific function forms displayed in pre-studies, we firstly give the volume fractions of different constituents of the functionally graded material(FGM) cylinder and then determine the expressions of the material constants. With the use of the Voigt method, the corresponding analytical solutions of displacements in the radial direction, the strain and stress components, and the perturbation magnetic field vector are derived. In the numerical part, the effects of the volume fraction on the displacement, strain and stress components, and the magnetic perturbation field vector are investigated. Moreover, by some appropriate choices of the material constants, we find that the obtained results in this paper can reduce to some special cases given in the previous studies.展开更多
At several mineral exploration drilling sites in Australia, weakly consolidated formations mainly consistof sand particles that are poorly bonded by cementing agents such as clay, iron oxide cement or calcite.These fo...At several mineral exploration drilling sites in Australia, weakly consolidated formations mainly consistof sand particles that are poorly bonded by cementing agents such as clay, iron oxide cement or calcite.These formations are being encountered when drilling boreholes to the depth of up to 2 0 0 m. To studythe behaviour of these materials, thick-walled hollow cylinder (TWHC) and solid cylindrical syntheticspecimens were designed and prepared by adding Portland cement and water to sand grains. The effectsof different parameters such as water and cement contents, grain size distribution and mixture curingtime on the characteristics of the samples were studied to identify the mixture closely resembling theformation at the drilling site. The Hoek triaxia! cell was modified to allow the visual monitoring of graindebonding and borehole breakout processes during the laboratory tests. The results showed the significanceof real-time visual monitoring in determining the initiation of the borehole breakout. The sizescaleeffect study on TWHC specimens revealed that with the increasing borehole size, the ductility ofthe specimen decreases, however, the axial and lateral stiffnesses of the TWHC specimen remain unchanged.Under different confining pressures the lateral strain at the initiation point of boreholebreakout is considerably lower in a larger size borehole (2 0 mm) compared to that in a smaller one(10 mm). Also, it was observed that the level of peak strength increment in TWHC specimens decreaseswith the increasing confining pressure.展开更多
Dynamic stress intensity factors are evaluated for thick-walled cylinder with a radial edge crack under internal impulsive pressure. Firstly, the equation for stress intensity factors under static uniform pressure is ...Dynamic stress intensity factors are evaluated for thick-walled cylinder with a radial edge crack under internal impulsive pressure. Firstly, the equation for stress intensity factors under static uniform pressure is used as the reference case, and then the weight function for a thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack can be worked out. Secondly, the dynamic stresses in uncracked thick-walled cylinders are solved under internal impulsive pressure by using mode shape function method. The solution consists of a quasi-static solution satisfying inhomogeneous boundary conditions and a dynamic solution satisfying homogeneous boundary condi- tions, and the history and distribution of dynamic stresses in thick-walled cylinders are derived in terms of Fourier-Bessel series. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factor equations for thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack sub- jected to internal impulsive pressure are given by dynamic weight function method. The finite element method is utilized to verify the results of numerical examples, showing the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.展开更多
In order to study the failure of surrounding rock under high in situ stress in deep underground engineering projects, disturbed by excavation unloading, we carried out triaxial unloading experiments using thickwalled ...In order to study the failure of surrounding rock under high in situ stress in deep underground engineering projects, disturbed by excavation unloading, we carried out triaxial unloading experiments using thickwalled cylinder specimens on a TATW-2000 rock servo-controlled triaxial testing machine in a laboratory. The specimens were made of limestone material, taken from Tongshan county, Xuzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. In our experiments, rock deformation and failure behavior was studied through loading and unloading of inner hole pressure of thick-walled cylinder specimens. At first, the axial stress, confining pressure and inner pressure were increased simultaneously to a specified designed state of stress. Then, keeping the axial stress and confining pressure stable, the pressure on the inner hole was decreased until the specimen was fractured. When the inner pressure was released completely but the specimen did not fracture, the confining pressure was decreased subsequently until complete failure occurred. Our experimental results suggest that traces of major circular ringlike fractures with a number of radial cracks often appear in thick cylinder walls. This type of ringlike failure phenomenon, similar to intermittent zonal fracturing characteristics of deep exploitation, has, so far, not been published. Our experimental results show that rock deformation and failure behavior of thick-walled limestone cylinders vary under different stress paths between loading and unloading. Tensile failure and orderly failure surfaces occur under unloading conditions while irregular damaged rock blocks are produced during loading failure. This type of triaxial unloading experiment provides for new research methodology and approach for thorough investigations on intermittent zonal fracturing in deep underground excavations.展开更多
The microstructure and tensile properties were investigated in a thick-walled section (approximately 45 mm×43 mm) of a rheocast component produced by the RheoMetalTM process. Due to the long solidification peri...The microstructure and tensile properties were investigated in a thick-walled section (approximately 45 mm×43 mm) of a rheocast component produced by the RheoMetalTM process. Due to the long solidification period of such components, it is expected that the A1-Si eutectic formed will be coarse. Therefore, sodium (Na) was used as a modifying agent to reduce the coarseness of the eutectic. Tensile test bars were machined from three different sets of materials: 1) non-modified melt, 2) modified melt cast directly after Na addition, and 3) modified melt cast 30 min after Na addition. The alloy used was a secondary AlSi6Cu2.5 alloy (STENAL Rheol), specially developed for rheocasting. The material was studied in the as-cast condition as well as after a T6 heat treatment. The results show that the Al-Si eutectic is significantly refined by the Na addition, even after a fading time of 30 min. However, it is observed that the Na modification generally has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties, despite the structure refinement. This is especially true in the T6 heat treated condition, where the yield strength is reduced by more than 30%. Some possible mechanisms for the degradation of mechanical performance are discussed.展开更多
Impermeable bentonite or its mixtures have been proposed as candidate materials to be used in the geotechnical disposal of radioactive nuclear waste. These materials are filled in the space between a canister containi...Impermeable bentonite or its mixtures have been proposed as candidate materials to be used in the geotechnical disposal of radioactive nuclear waste. These materials are filled in the space between a canister containing radioactive nuclear waste and an underground chamber to absorb the radionuclide emitting from the canister and simultaneously retard its migration accompanying the perrneation of underground water to prevent the surrounding environment from po1lution. On the basis of the established elastoplastic strain-hardening mechanical model considering the material’s dilatancy character,the authors carry out the stress-strain analysis of a thick-wa1l cylinder in a plane strain state subJected to a pressure difference between internal and external pressures. The analysis may be expected to be a theoretical basis for developing a coupled shear and permeability test apparatus for conducting a permeability test along a sheared plane in a specimen. The apparatus will be used to study the effects of shear strain on the variation of geotechnical materials’ permeability coefficient in order to evaluate the influence of shear strain caused by nonuniform deformation and/or earthquake on the long-term safety of the disposal system of radioactive nuclear waste. The theoretlcal analysls methods in this paper can be directly spread to the analysis of the deformation and stability of tunnels or roadways driven in soft soils or high moisture-bearing soft rocks.展开更多
In this paper, a theory of thick-walled shells is established by means of Hellinger-Reissner's variational principle, with displacement and stress assumptions. The displacements are expanded into power series of t...In this paper, a theory of thick-walled shells is established by means of Hellinger-Reissner's variational principle, with displacement and stress assumptions. The displacements are expanded into power series of the thickness coordinate. Only the first four and the first three terms are used for the displacements parallel and normal to the middle surface respectively. The normal extruding and transverse shear stresses are assumed to be cubic polynomials and to satisfy the boundary stress conditions on the outer and inner surfaces of the shell. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived by means of variational principle. As an example, a thick-walled cylindrical shell is disscussed with the theory proposed. Furthermore, a photoelastic experiment has been carried out, and the results are in fair agreement with the computations.展开更多
Understanding the dynamic response of composite material cartridges during the firing process is of great significance for improving their reliability and safety.A theoretical model describing the dynamic response of ...Understanding the dynamic response of composite material cartridges during the firing process is of great significance for improving their reliability and safety.A theoretical model describing the dynamic response of composite material cartridges is established based on the thick-walled cylinder theory and rate-dependent constitutive model of composite materials.The correctness of the theoretical model is validated through finite element simulations of cartridge deformation.The influence of chamber pressure and cartridge wall thickness on the cartridge's deformation process and stress distribution is analyzed.The results indicate that the primary deformation of composite material cartridges inside the chamber is elastic deformation.Compared to metal cartridges,composite material cartridges require higher pressure for touching-chamber and are more prone to developing gaps after unloading to ensure smooth extraction.During the deformation process,the touching-chamber behavior of the cartridge can improve the stress distribution.Under the same chamber pressure,the touching-chamber behavior can reduce the circumferential stress by approximately 30%.The inner wall surface of the cartridge is a critical area that requires attention.The touching-chamber behavior can be facilitated by appropriately reducing the cartridge wall thickness while ensuring overall strength.This study can provide guidance for the optimization design of composite material cartridges.展开更多
基金Project(2009ZX04005-031-11)supported by the Major National Science and Technology Special Project of ChinaProject(KP200911)supported by the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing of ChinaProject(B08040)supported by the"111"Project of China
文摘A thermal-mechanical and micro-macro coupled finite element(FE) model for the hot extrusion process of large-scale thick-walled Inconel 625 pipe was developed based on the DEFORM-2D platform.Then,the influence rules of the key extrusion parameters on the average grain size and grain uniformity of the extruded pipe were revealed.The results show that with the increase of initial billet temperature,extrusion speed and friction coefficient,the grain uniformity is firstly improved and then deteriorated.Larger extrusion ratio leads to more uniform grain distribution.With the increase of initial billet temperature,the average grain size of the pipe first decreases and then increases.Additionally,larger extrusion ratio can bring smaller average grain size.The extrusion speed and friction coefficient have slight effects on the average grain size of the extruded pipe.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51675361,51135007)Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(Grant Nos.2015-086,2016-096)Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.03012015004)
文摘Compact hot extrusion(CHE) process of heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is a new material-saving production process. In order to reveal the optimum hot extrusion parameters in CHE process, the e ects of the extrusion parameters on the microstructural evolution are investigated systematically. The metadynamic recrystallization(MDRX) kinetic models and grain size models of as-cast P91 steel are established for the first time according to the hot compression tests performed on the Gleeble-3500 thermal-simulation machine. Then a thermal-mechanical and micro-macro coupled hot extrusion finite element(FE) model is established and further developed in DEFORM software. The results indicated that the grain size of the extruded pipe increases with the increasing of initial temperature and extrusion speed, decreases when extrusion ratio increases. Moreover, the grain size is more sensitive to the initial temperature and the extrusion ratio. The optimum hot extrusion parameters are including that, the initial extrusion temperature of 1250 °C, the extrusion ratio of 9 and the extrusion speed of 50 mm/s. Furthermore, in order to verify the simulation precisions, hot extrusion experiment verification on the heavy caliber thick-wall pipe is carried out on the 500 MN vertical hot extrusion equipment. The load–displacement curve of the extrusion process and the grain sizes of the middle part extruded pipe are in good accuracy with the simulation results, which confirms that the hot extrusion FE models of as-cast P91 steel could estimate the hot extrusion behaviors. The proposed hot extrusion FE model can be used to guide the industrial production research of CHE process.
基金Projects(50874047,51074014,51174014)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The stress state around circular openings,such as boreholes,shafts,and tunnels,is usually needed to be evaluated.Solutions for stresses,strains and ultimate bearing capacities of pressurized hollow cylinder are common cases.Stress analytical method for plane problem of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder subjected to a type of non-uniform pressure on the outer surface and uniform radial pressure on the inner surface is given.The power series method of complex function is used.The stress analytical solution is obtained with the assumption that two layers of a cylinder are fully contacted.The distributions of normal and tangential contact stress along the interface,tangential stress on the inner boundary and stresses in the radial direction at θ=0°,45° and 90°,are obtained.An example indicates that,when the elastic modulus of the inner layer of a double-layered thick-walled cylinder is smaller than that of the outer layer,the tangential stress is smaller than that in the corresponding point for a traditional cylinder composed of homogeneous materials.In that way,stress concentration at the inner surface can be alleviated and the stress distribution is more uniform.This is a capable way to enhance the elastic ultimate bearing capacity of thick-walled cylinder.
文摘This study presents an analytical solution of thermal and mechanical displacements, strains, and stresses for a thick-walled rotating spherical pressure vessel made of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The pressure vessel is subject to axisymmetric mechanical and thermal loadings within a uniform magnetic field. The material properties of the FGM are considered as the power-law distribution along the thickness. Navier’s equation, which is a second-order ordinary differential equation, is derived from the mechanical equilibrium equation with the consideration of the thermal stresses and the Lorentz force resulting from the magnetic field. The distributions of the displacement, strains, and stresses are determined by the exact solution to Navier’s equation. Numerical results clarify the influence of the thermal loading, magnetic field, non-homogeneity constant, internal pressure, and angular velocity on the magneto-thermo-elastic response of the functionally graded spherical vessel. It is observed that these parameters have remarkable effects on the distributions of radial displacement, radial and circumferential strains, and radial and circumferential stresses.
基金Project(51674096)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(E2016203119)supported by Hebei Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(18211045)supported by the Key Research and Development Foundation in Hebei Province of China
文摘Cooling strength is one of the important factors affecting microstructure and properties of gas cylinders during quenching process,and reasonable water spray volume can effectively improve the quality of gas cylinders and reduce production costs.To find the optimal water spray parameters,a fluid-solid coupling model with three-phase flow was established in consideration of water-vapor conversion.The inner and outer walls of gas cylinder with the dimensions of d914 mm×38 mm×12000 mm were quenched using multi-nozzle water spray system.The internal pressure,average heat transfer coefficient(have)and stress of the gas cylinder under different water spray volumes during quenching process were studied.Finally,the mathematical model was experimentally verified.The results show that both the internal pressure and have increase along with the increase of spray volume.The internal pressure increases slowly first and then rapidly,but have increases rapidly first and then slowly.To satisfy hardenability of gas cylinders,the minimum spray volume should not be less than 40 m^3/(h·m).The results of stress indicate that water spray quenching will not cause deformation of bottle body in the range of water volume from 40 to 290 m^3/(h·m).
基金supported by the Ph. D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No. 20050403002)
文摘Plastic limit load of viscoplastic thick-walled cylinder and spherical shell subjected to internal pressure is investigated analytically using a strain gradient plasticity theory. As a result, the current solutions can capture the size effect at the micron scale. Numerical results show that the smaller the inner radius of the cylinder or spherical shell, the more significant the scale effects. Results also show that the size effect is more evident with increasing strain or strain-rate sensitivity index. The classical plastic-based solutions of the same problems are shown to be a special case of the present solution.
基金Lyudmila Petrova for invaluable metrological support. A.I.D. also thanks RFBR grant no. 15-08-01511a
文摘We suppose that in order to maintain high accuracy of holes and to lower residual stresses after cold expansion of thick-walled cylinders, which undergo cross-section plastic deformation, it is necessary to perform axial plastic compression and subsequent cold expansion with small interferences. To test this hypothesis, we studied hoop, radial and axial residual stresses in cylinders made of carbon steel AISI 1050 with hole diameter of 5 mm, outer diameter of 15 mm and length of 30 mm by Sachs method as well as accuracy of expanded holes. It is found that double cold expansion with total interference equal to 5.1% generates hoop residual stresses with largest absolute value equal to 284 MPa and ensures high holes accuracy(IT7). After plastic compression with strain equal to 0.5 and 1% the mentioned stresses reduced to 120 and 75 MPa respectively,and accuracy of the holes reduced as well. Subsequent cold expansion with small interference equal to 0.9% helps to restore holes accuracy(IT7)gained by double cold expansion and ensure that absolute value of hoop residual stresses(177 MPa) is lower compared to double cold expansion.
基金the Iranian Nanotechnology Development Committee for their financial supportthe University of Kashan for supporting this work (No. 891238/11)。
文摘In this paper,the stresses and buckling behaviors of a thick-walled mi-cro sandwich panel with a flexible foam core and carbon nanotube reinforced composite(CNTRC)face sheets are considered based on the high-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)and the modified couple stress theory(MCST).The governing equations of equi-librium are obtained based on the total potential energy principle.The effects of various parameters such as the aspect ratio,elastic foundation,temperature changes,and volume fraction of the canbon nanotubes(CNTs)on the critical buckling loads,normal stress,shear stress,and deflection of the thick-walled micro cylindrical sandwich panel consider-ing different distributions of CNTs are examined.The results are compared and validated with other studies,and showing an excellent compatibility.CNTs have become very use-ful and common candidates in sandwich structures,and they have been extensively used in many applications including nanotechnology,aerospace,and micro-structures.This paper also extends further applications of reinforced sandwich panels by providing the modified equations and formulae.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11772041)
文摘In this paper, the mechanical responses of a thick-walled functionally graded hollow cylinder subject to a uniform magnetic field and inner-pressurized loads are studied. Rather than directly assume the material constants as some specific function forms displayed in pre-studies, we firstly give the volume fractions of different constituents of the functionally graded material(FGM) cylinder and then determine the expressions of the material constants. With the use of the Voigt method, the corresponding analytical solutions of displacements in the radial direction, the strain and stress components, and the perturbation magnetic field vector are derived. In the numerical part, the effects of the volume fraction on the displacement, strain and stress components, and the magnetic perturbation field vector are investigated. Moreover, by some appropriate choices of the material constants, we find that the obtained results in this paper can reduce to some special cases given in the previous studies.
基金supported by the Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre whose activities are funded by the Australian Government’s Research Programme
文摘At several mineral exploration drilling sites in Australia, weakly consolidated formations mainly consistof sand particles that are poorly bonded by cementing agents such as clay, iron oxide cement or calcite.These formations are being encountered when drilling boreholes to the depth of up to 2 0 0 m. To studythe behaviour of these materials, thick-walled hollow cylinder (TWHC) and solid cylindrical syntheticspecimens were designed and prepared by adding Portland cement and water to sand grains. The effectsof different parameters such as water and cement contents, grain size distribution and mixture curingtime on the characteristics of the samples were studied to identify the mixture closely resembling theformation at the drilling site. The Hoek triaxia! cell was modified to allow the visual monitoring of graindebonding and borehole breakout processes during the laboratory tests. The results showed the significanceof real-time visual monitoring in determining the initiation of the borehole breakout. The sizescaleeffect study on TWHC specimens revealed that with the increasing borehole size, the ductility ofthe specimen decreases, however, the axial and lateral stiffnesses of the TWHC specimen remain unchanged.Under different confining pressures the lateral strain at the initiation point of boreholebreakout is considerably lower in a larger size borehole (2 0 mm) compared to that in a smaller one(10 mm). Also, it was observed that the level of peak strength increment in TWHC specimens decreaseswith the increasing confining pressure.
基金supported by the China Aviation Industry Corporation I Program (ATPD-1104-02).
文摘Dynamic stress intensity factors are evaluated for thick-walled cylinder with a radial edge crack under internal impulsive pressure. Firstly, the equation for stress intensity factors under static uniform pressure is used as the reference case, and then the weight function for a thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack can be worked out. Secondly, the dynamic stresses in uncracked thick-walled cylinders are solved under internal impulsive pressure by using mode shape function method. The solution consists of a quasi-static solution satisfying inhomogeneous boundary conditions and a dynamic solution satisfying homogeneous boundary condi- tions, and the history and distribution of dynamic stresses in thick-walled cylinders are derived in terms of Fourier-Bessel series. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factor equations for thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack sub- jected to internal impulsive pressure are given by dynamic weight function method. The finite element method is utilized to verify the results of numerical examples, showing the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50804046, 50490273 and 50774082)the Scientific Research Fund for Youths of CUMT (No. 0B080240)
文摘In order to study the failure of surrounding rock under high in situ stress in deep underground engineering projects, disturbed by excavation unloading, we carried out triaxial unloading experiments using thickwalled cylinder specimens on a TATW-2000 rock servo-controlled triaxial testing machine in a laboratory. The specimens were made of limestone material, taken from Tongshan county, Xuzhou city, Jiangsu province, China. In our experiments, rock deformation and failure behavior was studied through loading and unloading of inner hole pressure of thick-walled cylinder specimens. At first, the axial stress, confining pressure and inner pressure were increased simultaneously to a specified designed state of stress. Then, keeping the axial stress and confining pressure stable, the pressure on the inner hole was decreased until the specimen was fractured. When the inner pressure was released completely but the specimen did not fracture, the confining pressure was decreased subsequently until complete failure occurred. Our experimental results suggest that traces of major circular ringlike fractures with a number of radial cracks often appear in thick cylinder walls. This type of ringlike failure phenomenon, similar to intermittent zonal fracturing characteristics of deep exploitation, has, so far, not been published. Our experimental results show that rock deformation and failure behavior of thick-walled limestone cylinders vary under different stress paths between loading and unloading. Tensile failure and orderly failure surfaces occur under unloading conditions while irregular damaged rock blocks are produced during loading failure. This type of triaxial unloading experiment provides for new research methodology and approach for thorough investigations on intermittent zonal fracturing in deep underground excavations.
文摘The microstructure and tensile properties were investigated in a thick-walled section (approximately 45 mm×43 mm) of a rheocast component produced by the RheoMetalTM process. Due to the long solidification period of such components, it is expected that the A1-Si eutectic formed will be coarse. Therefore, sodium (Na) was used as a modifying agent to reduce the coarseness of the eutectic. Tensile test bars were machined from three different sets of materials: 1) non-modified melt, 2) modified melt cast directly after Na addition, and 3) modified melt cast 30 min after Na addition. The alloy used was a secondary AlSi6Cu2.5 alloy (STENAL Rheol), specially developed for rheocasting. The material was studied in the as-cast condition as well as after a T6 heat treatment. The results show that the Al-Si eutectic is significantly refined by the Na addition, even after a fading time of 30 min. However, it is observed that the Na modification generally has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties, despite the structure refinement. This is especially true in the T6 heat treated condition, where the yield strength is reduced by more than 30%. Some possible mechanisms for the degradation of mechanical performance are discussed.
文摘Impermeable bentonite or its mixtures have been proposed as candidate materials to be used in the geotechnical disposal of radioactive nuclear waste. These materials are filled in the space between a canister containing radioactive nuclear waste and an underground chamber to absorb the radionuclide emitting from the canister and simultaneously retard its migration accompanying the perrneation of underground water to prevent the surrounding environment from po1lution. On the basis of the established elastoplastic strain-hardening mechanical model considering the material’s dilatancy character,the authors carry out the stress-strain analysis of a thick-wa1l cylinder in a plane strain state subJected to a pressure difference between internal and external pressures. The analysis may be expected to be a theoretical basis for developing a coupled shear and permeability test apparatus for conducting a permeability test along a sheared plane in a specimen. The apparatus will be used to study the effects of shear strain on the variation of geotechnical materials’ permeability coefficient in order to evaluate the influence of shear strain caused by nonuniform deformation and/or earthquake on the long-term safety of the disposal system of radioactive nuclear waste. The theoretlcal analysls methods in this paper can be directly spread to the analysis of the deformation and stability of tunnels or roadways driven in soft soils or high moisture-bearing soft rocks.
文摘In this paper, a theory of thick-walled shells is established by means of Hellinger-Reissner's variational principle, with displacement and stress assumptions. The displacements are expanded into power series of the thickness coordinate. Only the first four and the first three terms are used for the displacements parallel and normal to the middle surface respectively. The normal extruding and transverse shear stresses are assumed to be cubic polynomials and to satisfy the boundary stress conditions on the outer and inner surfaces of the shell. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived by means of variational principle. As an example, a thick-walled cylindrical shell is disscussed with the theory proposed. Furthermore, a photoelastic experiment has been carried out, and the results are in fair agreement with the computations.
基金supported by the National Defense National Defense Pre-Research Foundation of China(Grant no.301030102)。
文摘Understanding the dynamic response of composite material cartridges during the firing process is of great significance for improving their reliability and safety.A theoretical model describing the dynamic response of composite material cartridges is established based on the thick-walled cylinder theory and rate-dependent constitutive model of composite materials.The correctness of the theoretical model is validated through finite element simulations of cartridge deformation.The influence of chamber pressure and cartridge wall thickness on the cartridge's deformation process and stress distribution is analyzed.The results indicate that the primary deformation of composite material cartridges inside the chamber is elastic deformation.Compared to metal cartridges,composite material cartridges require higher pressure for touching-chamber and are more prone to developing gaps after unloading to ensure smooth extraction.During the deformation process,the touching-chamber behavior of the cartridge can improve the stress distribution.Under the same chamber pressure,the touching-chamber behavior can reduce the circumferential stress by approximately 30%.The inner wall surface of the cartridge is a critical area that requires attention.The touching-chamber behavior can be facilitated by appropriately reducing the cartridge wall thickness while ensuring overall strength.This study can provide guidance for the optimization design of composite material cartridges.