Hydraulic bulging process with axial feedings and strain field of U-shaped metal bellows

Based on the traditional hydraulic bulging process,an improved hydraulic bulging process with axial feeding in the bulging process was proposed.The finite element simulation and experiment of bellows formed by the traditional and improved hydraulic bulging processes were conducted.The grid strain measurement system analysis results of strain and wall thickness distribution of the metal bellows,obtained from simulation and experiment,show that the maximum thinning rates of the wall thickness under the traditional and improved processes were 15%and 10%,respectively.And the wall thickness distribution of the metal bellows formed with improved process was more uniform.The strain values from the root to crown of the waveform increased gradually.However,the strain values were smaller than those of traditional process due to the axial feeding of the improved process in bulging process.

ExExperimental and numerical studies on the prediction of bendability limit of QSTE340 welded tube in NC bending process

For a low carbon steel tube with small wall factor D/t and bending radius R,the over-thinning induced localized necking is one dominant failure in tube numerical control(NC) bending process,which strongly restricts the bendability limit of the tube.In addition,the deterioration of bendability of a tube is increased by the existence of the weak weld region.Therefore,an important issue is how to determinate and predict the welded tube bendability limit.In the present study,a finite element(FE) model with weld and subdivided heat affected zones under ABAQUS platform is employed to explore the deformation behaviors of welded tube NC bending.A localized necking criterion based on the critical thickness thinning is used to predict the critical principal strains,critical bending radius and burst location during the forming process.It is found that the failures always occur at the rigid supporting point of mandrel flexible balls near the tangent point at the outside of the bend,where the wall thickness of the tube is the lowest.The bending limit curves(BLCs) of the QSTE340 welded tube are obtained by shifting the standard shaped forming limit curve to the critical principal strains along the major strain axis.Comparison between the numerical and experimental results has shown that the BLC and critical bending radius predictions agree well with the experimental results.In addition,the effect of weld positions on BLC is discussed,the weld region shows an almost negligible effect on the forming limit at a non-critical location that is far away from the outside of the bend.However,when the weld is at the large tensile deformation region on the outside of the bend,a decrease of the forming limit strains is seen.