Significance-based optimization of processing parameters for thin-walled aluminum alloy tube NC bending with small bending radius

Thin-walled aluminum alloy tube numerical control （NC） bending with small bending radius is a complex process with multi-factor coupling effects and multi-die constraints. A significance-based optimization method of the parameters was proposed based on the finite element （FE） simulation, and the significance analysis of the processing parameters on the forming quality in terms of the maximum wall thinning ratio and the maximum cross section distortion degree was implemented using the fractional factorial design. The optimum value of the significant parameter, the clearance between the tube and the wiper die, was obtained, and the values of the other parameters, including the friction coefficients and the clearances between the tube and the dies, the mandrel extension length and the boost velocity were estimated. The results are applied to aluminum alloy tube NC bending d50 mm×1 mm×75 mm and d70 mm×1.5 mm×105 mm （initial tube outside diameter D0 × initial tube wall thickness t0 × bending radius R）, and qualified tubes are produced.

Die Casting Mold Design of the Thin-walled Aluminum Case by Computational Solidification Simulation

Recently, demand for the lightweight alloy in electric/electronic housings has been greatly increased. However, among the lightweight alloys, aluminum alloy thin-walled die casting is problematic because it is quite difficult to achieve sufficient fluidity and feedability to fill the thin cavity as the wall thickness becomes less than 1mm. Therefore, in this study, thin-walled die casting of aluminum （Al-Si-Cu alloy： ALDC 12） in size of notebook computer housing and thickness of 0.8 mm was investigated by solidification simulation （MAGMA soft） and actual casting experiment （Buhler Evolution B 53D）. Three different types of gating design, finger, tangential and split type with 6 vertical runners, were simulated and the results showed that sound thin-walled die casting was possible with tangential and split type gating design because those gates allowed aluminum melt to flow into the thin cavity uniformly and split type gating system was preferable gating design comparing to tangential type gating system at the point of view of soundness of casting and distortion generated after solidification. Also, the solidification simulation agreed well with the actual die-casting and the casting showed no casting defects and distortion.

Cross-sectional distortion behaviors of thin-walled rectangular tube in rotary-draw bending process

The cross-sectional distortion usually appears during rotary-draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular tube with small bending radius.To study the cross-sectional distortion of the tube,a three-dimensional finite-element model of the process was developed based on ABAQUS/Explicit code and its reliability was validated by experiment.Then,the cross-sectional distortion behaviors of the tube were investigated.The results show that a zone of larger circumferential stress appears on the tube when bending angle reaches 30°.And in the larger circumferential stress zone,the sagging phenomenon is produced obviously.The maximum cross-sectional distortion is located in the larger circumferential stress zone and the angle between the plane of maximum cross-sectional distortion and the bending reference plane is about 50°.The position of the maximum cross-sectional distortion keeps almost unchanged with the variation of the clearances between dies and tube.

Experimental and numerical assessment of energy absorption capacity of thin-walled Al 5083 tube produced by PTCAP process

The energy absorption capacity of the Al5083 thin-walled tube produced by parallel tubular angular pressing(PTCAP) process was evaluated. Also, microstructure, mechanical properties, and anisotropy coefficients were studied in the peripheral and axial directions. Results showed that values of energy absorption decreased with processing pass increasing and the values for the unprocessed, first and second passes were obtained to be 167, 161.4 and 160.7 J, respectively. The differences between the simulation results for the energy absorption values and their experimental values for the unprocessed, the first and the second PTCAP passes samples are about 5%, 10%, and 13%, respectively. The energy absorption capacity was related to the anisotropy coefficient and microstructure. The results demonstrated that grain refinement occurred and ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and microhardness after the first and second PTCAP passes were enhanced, while the increase rate in the first pass was much severer. Also, by applying PTCAP, the deformation modes were altered, such that the deformation mode of the annealed tube was quite symmetrical and circular while for the first and second passes there have been triple and double lobes diamond. The results of the numerical simulation for the deformation mode of the annealed and PTCAPed tubes were consistent with the experimental results. The deformation mode of tubes is dependent on their mechanical properties and variation of the mechanical properties during PTCAP process.

Collapse behavior evaluation of hybrid thin-walled member by stacking condition

The recent trend of vehicle design aims at crash safety and environmentally-friendly aspect. For the crash safety aspect, the energy absorbing members should absorb collision energy sufficiently but for the environmentally-friendly aspect, the vehicle structure must be light weight in order to improve the fuel efficiency and reduce the tail gas emission. Therefore, the light weight of vehicle must be achieved in a securing safety status of crash. An aluminum or carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is representative one of the light-weight materials. Based on the respective collapse behavior of aluminum and CFRP member, the collapse behavior of hybrid thin-walled member was evaluated. The hybrid members were manufactured by wrapping CFRP prepreg sheets outside the aluminum hollow members in the autoclave. Because the CFRP is an anisotropic material whose mechanical properties, such as strength and elasticity, change with its stacking condition, the effects of the stacking condition on the collapse behavior evaluation of the hybrid thin-walled member were tested. The collapse mode and energy absorption capability of the hybrid thin-walled member were analyzed with the change of the fiber orientation angle and interface number.

Machining Deformation Prediction of Thin-Walled Part Based on Finite Element Analysis

For the problems of machining distortion and the low accepted product during milling process of aluminum alloy thin-walled part,this paper starts from the analysis of initial stress state in material preparation process,the change process of residual stress within aluminum alloy pre-stretching plate is researched,and the distribution law of residual stress is indirectly obtained by delamination measurement methods,so the effect of internal residual stress on machining distortion is considered before finite element simulation. Considering the coupling effects of residual stress,dynamic milling force and clamping force on machining distortion,a threedimensional dynamic finite element simulation model is established,and the whole cutting process is simulated from the blank material to finished product,a novel prediction method is proposed,which can availably predict the machining distortion accurately. The machining distortion state of the thin-walled part is achieved at different processing steps,the machining distortion of the thin-walled part is detected with three coordinate measuring machine tools,show that the simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data.

Thin-Wall Aluminum Die-Casting Technology for Development of Notebook Computer Housing

Silicon-based aluminum casting alloys are known to be one of the most widely used alloy systems mainly due to their superior casting characteristics and unique combination of mechanical and physical properties. However,manufacturing of thin-walled aluminum die-casting components,less than 1.0 mm in thickness,is generally known to be very difficult task to achieve aluminum casting alloys with high fluidity.Therefore,in this study,the optimal die-casting conditions for producing 297 mm×210 mm×0.7 mm thin-walled aluminum component was examined experimentally by using 2 different gating systems,tangential and split type,and vent design.Furthermore,computational solidification simulation was also conducted.The results showed that split type gating system was preferable gating design than tangential type gating system at the point of view of soundness of casting and distortion generated after solidification.It was also found that proper vent design was one of the most important factors for producing thin-wall casting components because it was important for the fulfillment of the thin-wall cavity and the minimization of the casting distortion.

Residual Stress Relaxation of Thin‑walled Long Stringer Made of Aluminum Alloy 7050‑T7451 under Transportation Vibration

Thin-walled long stringer made of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 is prone to deformation during transportation,so a research of residual stress relaxation was launched in this paper.The transport resonance stress of long stringer was analyzed based on the power spectral density of road transport acceleration.The residual stress relaxation experiment of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 under different equivalent stress levels was designed and carried out.According to the amount of residual stress relaxation in the experiment,an analytical model was established with the equivalent stress level coefficient.The deflection range of long stringer was evaluated under different damping ratios.The results show that when the equivalent stress exceeds 0.8σ0.2,the residual stress relaxation of the thin-walled samples occurs.The residual stress relaxation increases linearly with the equivalent stress,which is logarithmically related to the loading cycle.The deformation caused by residual stress relaxation of the long stringer is proportional to the square of the length and the bending moment caused by stress rebalance,and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the structure.As the damping ratio decreases from 0.03 to 0.01,the total deflection of the long stringer increases from 0 to above 1.55 mm.

Compressive formability of 7075 aluminum alloy rings under hydrostatic pressure

In order to investigate the influence of hydrostatic pressure on compression limit of the ring, numerical simulation and experimental research were carried out. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the deformation of aluminum alloy 7075 ring was obtained by numerical simulation. The die set for compressing ring under high hydrostatic pressure was designed and manufactured. Experimental results show that the compression limit increases linearly as the hydrostatic pressure increases in a certain range. At 100 MPa the maximum compressive strain is increased by 32.42%. At strain limit, the cracks initiate from the corner of the outer wall to the middle of the inner wall along the direction of the maximum shear stress.

Aluminum and Titanium Complexes Containing Pyrrole-imine Ligands: Syntheses, Structures, and Ring-opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone

Syntheses and properties of aluminum and titanium complexes incorporating the pyrrole-imine ligands,N-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methyl)-1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methanimine(H2L^1)and 2-cyano-1H-pyrrole(HL^2),have been investigated.Addition of one equiv of H2L^1 to AlMe3 and AlEt3,respectively results in the formation of dinuclear complexes[Al2(L^1)2 Me2](1)and[Al2(L^1)2 Et2](2).Treatment of Ti(NMe2)4 with one equiv of HL^2 and two equiv of iPrOH or three equiv of BnOH results in the production of complexes[Ti(HL^3)2(OiPr)2](3)and[Ti2(HL^3)2(OBn)6](4)(H2L^3=N,N-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboximid-amide).HL^3 anion is an intermediate which is in situ formed from the reaction of HL^2 and Ti(NMe2)4.The structures of 1~4 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction.The catalytic properties of 1~4 toward ring-opening polymerization(ROP)ofε-caprolactone were studied.All of the compounds could effectively initiate the polymerization reactions with good activities.

用于铝压延厂房油雾控制的环吸式排风罩设计方法

环吸式排风罩是针对铝压延加工工艺油雾散发特征而提出的一种高效捕集设备,可以大幅降低系统风量,从而减少能耗和降低碳排放量,但目前仍缺乏此类排风罩的通用设计方法。本文选取10个铝压延车间铝冷轧机及排风罩为研究对象,探究了不同轧机尺寸组合下排风罩罩口处污染物扩散断面尺寸和排风罩捕集性能,通过回归分析得到了排风罩罩口设计尺寸和设计风量的计算方法,可供工程设计人员参考。

2-((2,6-二甲基苯基)氨基)乙醇铝和锌配合物的合成、结构及催化活性

研究了AlMe_(3)和ZnEt_(2)与ArNHCH_(2)CH_(2)OH(HL,Ar=2,6-Me_(2)C_(6)H_(3))的反应,合成了一个双核铝配合物[(Me_(2)Al)(L)]_(2)(1)及一个四核锌配合物[EtZn_(2)(L)_(3)]_(2)(2)。通过核磁、元素分析及单晶X射线衍射分析,对化合物1和2进行了详细的结构表征。结果表明,配合物1在固态下是一个中心对称的具有Al_(2)O_(2)骨架的二聚体,而配合物2存在一个Zn_(4)O_(6)核,其可被视为缺少一对相反顶点的2个并排立方体结构。初步的催化活性测试表明,铝配合物1对ε-己内酯的开环聚合反应没有催化活性,但锌配合物2却表现出很好的催化活性,且能很好地控制所得聚合物的分子量分布在较窄的范围。

铝合金环件淬火热处理数值模拟研究

介绍了热应力场作用下铝合金环件残余应力的产生机理,通过有限元专业仿真软件Abaqus建立2219型铝合金环件有限元数值模型,分析得到了2219型铝合金环件在淬火过程中的温度场和残余应力分布规律。有限元模拟结果表明:环件外表面边缘交线处温降速率最大,芯部温降速率最小,环件表面温降速率介于边缘交线和芯部之间;环件内外表面和心部应力在淬火过程中出现陡峭增大后减小,减小至拐点后又增大并趋于平稳。同时环件芯部与内外表面应力大小基本一致,均大于环件上下表面应力。

Effect of blank quenching on shear spinning forming precision of 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components

The quenching-spinning(Q-S)process,i.e.,shear spinning after blank quenching,has been increasingly utilized to form 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components.However,the changes in material property,shape and stress of the blanks after quenching will affect the spin-ning forming precision.In this study,the rules and mechanisms of these effects are investigated based on a combined finite element(FE)model including blank quenching and component spinning process.The results indicate that the increase of material strength and the existence of distortion of the quenched blank lead to a notable increase in the non-uniformity of the circumferential compres-sive stress in the spinning area and the increase of the flange swing height during spinning.These changes result in an increase in the wall thickness and component-mandrel gap of the components.The quenching residual stress has little effect on wall thickness and roundness but can noticeably reduce the component-mandrel gap.This is because that the existence of quenching residual stress of the blank can lead to the decrease of the maximum circumferential compressive stress of the workpiece in spinning and an obvious drop in the maximum compressive stress after reaching the stress peak.Quenching distortion is the main factor affecting the roundness.Moreover,the opti-mized installation way of the blank for spinning is obtained.

残余应力超声检测在铝合金锻环机械加工中的应用

使用超声波法对Φ2 m级2A14-T651铝合金锻环残余应力进行了检测研究,包含4个高度(40 mm、300mm、500mm、600mm)的内/外圈共8组测量圈,每组测量圈包含以10°为周期均布在测圈上的36个测点。检测结果表明,内外表面各测量圈上的残余应力均呈现出以(40±10)°为周期的密集拉-压应力交替分布。此外,还介绍了残余应力超声检测技术在大型锻环机械加工生产中的应用策略与效果。

铸铝转子端环气孔的改善及优化

三相异步电机被广泛运用于新能源汽车行业,但铸铝转子端环处的气孔造成了电机的噪声增加、强度降低、电导率降低,影响了电机的效率。为了有效减少铸铝转子端环气孔的产生,采用控制变量法及正交分析法对现有的压铸工艺参数进行了工艺优化,并提出了一种消除端环气孔的自动挤压装置。结果表明:当锤头路径相同时,压力铸铝过程中,压力的影响最大,高速时的速度影响次之,低速的速度影响最小,且工艺优化后的压铸工艺参数使铸铝转子的合格率提升至74%,且端环挤压可有效解决端环气孔问题,抗拉性能提升了37.5%,电导率提高了12.4%,为消除铸铝转子端环气孔提供了新方案,有望进一步提升铸铝转子品质。

莫比乌斯环双曲面异形铝板幕墙施工技术

随着人们对建筑灵动和张力的要求提升,许多重要的公共场所,如办公楼、商场、体育场、图书馆采用复杂曲线的外观设计,然而也增加了施工难度。青岛大学城图书馆莫比乌斯环双曲面造型幕墙安装施工,采用基于三维控制网的构件空间定位、吊篮软包技术和幕墙深化翻样技术,有效提升了构件准确性和可靠性,提高了双曲面造型幕墙的安装精度,降低了成品破坏率。

RING OPENING COPOLYMERIZATION OF SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE-ETHYLENE OXIDE BY Al(Ⅲ) ORGANOMETALLIC CATALYSTS

Ring opening copolymerization of succinic anhydride (SA) with ethylene oxide (EO)was successfully carried out by using a series of aluminum-based catalyst in 1,4-dioxane at62±2℃. The results showed that in-situ AlR_3-H_2O (R=ethyl, iso-butyl) catalysts gavehigher molecular weight (M_w～10~4), while Al(OR)_3 catalysts gave the higher alternatingcopolymer structure with slightly lower molecular weight. The in-situ AlR_3-H_2O systemshave been evaluated in more detail for the reaction which showed the optimum H_2O/Almolar ratio to be 0.5. The copolymers with different composition (F_(SA)/F_(EO)= 36/64to 45/55 mol/mol) were synthesized by using different monomer feed ratio. The melt-ing point (T_m), glass transition temperature (T_g) and enthalpy of fusion (ΔH_f) of thesecopolymers are depended on the copolymer composition and in the range of 87～102℃,-12～-18℃, and 37～66J/g, respectively. The second heating scan of DSC also in-dicated that the higher alternating copolymer was more easily recrystallized. The onsetdecomposition temperature was more than 300℃ under nitrogen and influenced by thecopolymer composition.

The Additive Manufacturing Process of Electric Power Fittings Fabricated by Metal Droplet Deposition

Metal droplet deposition is a kind of additive manufacturing(3D Printing)technique that fabricates near-net part through droplets deposition with lower cost and higher efficiency.This paper proposed a solution to problems of electric power fittings that large inventories,high procurement costs,low manufacturing efficiency and transportation cost.Using additive Manufacturing technique-metal droplet deposition,electric power fittings fabricated on power construction site.This paper describes the manufacturing process of typical thin-walled samples(the structure optimized based on additive manufacturing principle)and ball head rings of electric power fittings.Aiming at the integral AM forming for ball and ball socket electric power fitting workpiece,a novel easy removal forming support material(ceramics and gypsum mixed with UV cured resin)have been developed.Here this support material was used to fabricate nested integral workpieces.Dimensional accuracy and microstructure of the test pieces were analyzed.The error of the height and width of the forming workpiece is within 5%.No obvious overlap trace(such as overlap line and cracks)observed,and the internal microstructure is equiaxial crystal.The average density of the component is 99.51%,which measured by drainage method and 13.39%higher than the cast raw material.

易拉罐盖料及拉环料用铝合金板带材生产概述

文章概述了易拉罐盖料及拉环料用铝合金板带材的主要生产工艺,包括热轧、冷轧、涂层、成型生产工艺,并展望了生产工艺的发展方向。