Theoretical and numerical simulation investigation of deep hole dispersed charge cut blasting

Drilling and blasting methods have been used as a common driving technique for shallow-hole driving and blasting in rock roadways.With the advent of digital electronic detonators and the need for increased production efciency,the traditional blasting design is no longer suitable for deep hole blasting.In this paper,a disperse charge cut blasting method was proposed to address the issues of low excavation depth and high block rate in deep hole undercut blasting.First,a blasting model was used to illustrate the mechanism of the deep hole dispersive charge cut blasting process.Then,continuous charge and dispersed charge blasting models were developed using the smooth particle hydrodynamics-fnite element method(SPHFEM).The cutting parameters were determined theoretically,and the cutting efciency was introduced to evaluate the cutting efect.The blasting efects of the two charging models were analyzed utilizing the evolution law of rock damage,the number of rock particles thrown,and the cutting efciency.The results show that using a dispersed charge improves the cutting efciency by about 20%and the rock breakage for the deep hole cut blasting compared to the traditional continuous charge.In addition,important parameters such as cutting hole spacing,cutting hole depth and upper charge proportion also have a signifcant impact on the cutting efect.Finally,the deep hole dispersed charge cut blasting technology is combined with the digital electronic detonator through the feld engineering practice.It provides a reference for the subsequent deep hole cutting blasting and the use of electronic detonators in rock roadways.

Construction and Weight Distributions of Binary Linear Codes Based on Deep Holes

Deep holes are very important in the decoding of generalized RS codes, and deep holes of RS codes have been widely studied, but there are few works on constructing general linear codes based on deep holes. Therefore, we consider constructing binary linear codes by combining deep holes with binary BCH codes. In this article, we consider the 2-error-correcting binary primitive BCH codes and the extended codes to construct new binary linear codes by combining them with deep holes, respectively. Furthermore, three classes of binary linear codes are constructed, and then we determine the parameters and the weight distributions of these new binary linear codes.

Optimizing the Diameter of Plugging Balls in Deep Shale Gas Wells

Deep shale gas reserves that have been fractured typically have many relatively close perforation holes. Due to theproximity of each fracture during the formation of the fracture network, there is significant stress interference,which results in uneven fracture propagation. It is common practice to use “balls” to temporarily plug fractureopenings in order to lessen liquid intake and achieve uniform propagation in each cluster. In this study, a diameteroptimization model is introduced for these plugging balls based on a multi-cluster fracture propagationmodel and a perforation dynamic abrasion model. This approach relies on proper consideration of the multiphasenature of the considered problem and the interaction force between the involved fluid and solid phases. Accordingly,it can take into account the behavior of the gradually changing hole diameter due to proppant continuousperforation erosion. Moreover, it can provide useful information about the fluid-dynamic behavior of the consideredsystem before and after plugging. It is shown that when the diameter of the temporary plugging ball is1.2 times that of the perforation hole, the perforation holes of each cluster can be effectively blocked.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided cutting of holes and deep biopsy for diagnosis of gastric infiltrative tumors and gastrointestinal submucosal tumors using a novel vertical diathermic loop

AIM To report on a more accurate diagnostic possibility offered by endoscopic ultrasound-guided cutting of holes and deep biopsy (EUS-CHDB) for pathologic diagnosis of gastric infiltrative tumors and gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. METHODS Ten consecutive patients who were suspected of having gastric invasive tumors or gastrointestinal submucosal tumors underwent EUS-CHDB with a novel vertical diathermic loop. We reviewed their medical data and analysed the effectiveness and safety of this new method. The final diagnosis was based on the surgical pathology or clinical/imaging follow-up. RESULTS EUS-CHDB was performed successfully in all the ten patients. Neither severe haemorrhage nor perforation occurred in any patient. Among the ten patients, there were three cases of gastric linitis plastica, one case of gastric lymphoma, five cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and only one case of chronic non-atrophic gastritis. That is, nine (90%) of the cases CONCLUSION EUS-CHDB may be a technically feasible and safe option for patients with gastric infiltrative tumors or gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. EUS-CHDB may be used as a remedial or even preferred biopsy method for submucosal lesions.

Stability and nonlinear dynamic behavior of drilling shaft system in copper stave deep hole drilling

The stability and nonlinear dynamic behavior of drilling shaft system in copper stave deep hole drilling were analyzed. The effects of the fluctuation of the cutting force, the mass eccentricity and the hydrodynamic forces of cutting fluid could be taken into consideration in the model of drilling shaft system. Based on the isoparametric finite element method, the variational form of Reynolds equation in hydrodynamic fluid was used to calculate nonlinear hydrodynamic forces and their Jacobian matrices simultaneously. In the stability analysis, a new shooting method for rapidly determining the periodic orbit of the nonlinear drilling shaft system and its period was presented by rebuilding the traditional shooting method and changing the time scale. Through the combination of theories with experiment, the correctness and effectiveness of the above methods are verified by using the Floquet theory. The results show that the mass eccentricity can inhibit the whirling motion of drilling shaft to some extent.

Displacement of surrounding rock in a deep circular hole considering double moduli and strength-stiffness degradation

The problem of cavity stability widely exists in deep underground engineering and energy exploitation.First,the stress field of the surrounding rock under the uniform stress field is deduced based on a post-peak strength drop model considering the rock’s characteristics of constant modulus and double moduli.Then,the orthogonal non-associative flow rule is used to establish the displacement of the surrounding rock under constant modulus and double moduli,respectively,considering the stiffness degradation and dilatancy effects in the plastic region and assuming that the elastic strain in the plastic region satisfies the elastic constitutive relationship.Finally,the evolution of the displacement in the surrounding rock is analyzed under the effects of the double modulus characteristics,the strength drop,the stiffness degradation,and the dilatancy.The results show that the displacement solutions of the surrounding rock under constant modulus and double moduli have a unified expression.The coefficients of the expression are related to the stress field of the original rock,the elastic constant of the surrounding rock,the strength parameters,and the dilatancy angle.The strength drop,the stiffness degradation,and the dilatancy effects all have effects on the displacement.The effects can be characterized by quantitative relationships.

Picosecond Laser Machining of Deep Holes in Silicon Infiltrated Silicon Carbide Ceramics

Silicon infiltrated silicon carbide （Si-SiC） ceramics, as high hardness materials, are difficult to machine, especially drilling micro-holes. In this study, the interaction of picosecond laser pulses （1 ps at 1 030 nm） with Si-SiC ceramics was investigated. Variations of the diameter and depth of circular holes with the growth of the laser energy density were obtained. The results indicate that the increase of machining depth follows a nonlinear relation with the increasing of laser energy density, while the diameter has little change with that. Moreover, it is found that some debris and particles are deposited around and inside the holes and waviness is in the entrance and at walls of the holes after laser processing.

Theory and application of rock burst prevention using deep hole high pressure hydraulic fracturing

In order to analyze the mechanism of deep hole high pressure hydraulic fracturing, nonlinear dynamic theory, damage mechanics, elastic-plastic mechanics are used, and the law of crack propagation and stress transfer under two deep hole hydraulic fracturing in tectonic stress areas is studied using seepage-stress coupling models with RFPA simulation software. In addition, the effects of rock burst control are tested using multiple methods, either in the stress field or in the energy field. The research findings show that with two deep holes hydraulic fracturing in tectonic stress areas, the direction of the main crack propagation under shear-tensile stress is parallel to the greatest principal stress direction. High-pressure hydraulic fracturing water seepage can result in the destruction of the coal structure, while also weakening the physical and mechanical properties of coal and rock. Therefore the impact of high stress concentration in hazardous areas will level off, which has an effect on rock burst prevention and control in the region.

Mechanism and practice of rock control in deep large span cut holes

Deep large span cut holes are difficult to stabilize. The 7801 cut hole in the Lu'an Wuyang Mine was used as this project's background. The main factors affecting large span cut hole stability are analyzed. Pre- stressed bolting theory was used to design a roof control method for a large span roadway. By reducing the span and applying equal strength coordinated supports the rock could be stabilized. The control prin- ciples and methods are given herein along with the analysis. A double micro arch cross section roadway is defined and its use in solving the current problem is described. Beam arch theory was used to build a model of the double micro arch cross section roadway. A support reverse force model for the arch foot intersection was also derived. A support method based upon reducing the width of the large span in the cut hole is presented. These results show that the reduced span of the roadway roof plus the use of cable anchors and single supports gives an effective way to control the large span cut hole. On site monitoring showed that the reduced span support from the double micro arch cross section roadway design had a significant effect. The roadway surface displacement was small and harmful deformation of the cut hole was effectively controlled. This will ensure its long term stability.

Characteristics of helical flow in slim holes and calculation of hydraulics for ultra-deep wells

Due to the slim hole at the lower part of the ultra-deep and deep wells, the eccentricity and rotation of drill string and drilling fluid properties have great effects on the annular pressure drop. This leads to the fact that conventional computational models for predicting circulating pressure drop are inapplicable to hydraulics design of deep wells. With the adoption of helical flow theory and H-B rheological model, a computational model of velocity and pressure drop of non-Newtonian fluid flow in the eccentric annulus was established for the cases where the drill string rotates. The effects of eccentricity, rotation of the drill string and the dimensions of annulus on pressure drop in the annulus were analyzed. Drilling hydraulics was given for an ultra-deep well. The results show that the annular pressure drop decreases with an increase in eccentricity and rotary speed, and increases with a decrease in annular flow area. There is a great difference between static mud density and equivalent circulating density during deep well drilling.

The Research on Treating Collapsible Loess by Down Whole Deep Compaction and Cement Fly-ash Gravel

The treatment of loess foundation is always difficult.The analysis of its advantages and mechanism of treating loess foundation by CFG,on the base of project geology,through construction example,we suggest the compound plan by both DDC and CFG.The tests illustrates that the down hole deep compaction and cement-fly ash-gravel are effective foundation treatment method to eliminate the collapsibility of loess,increase the bearing capacity and improve the behavior of composite foundations.

Heptad Phase Vortex Array in Extremely Deep Fresnel Diffraction Region Generated by Asymmetrical Metal Subwavelength Holes Film

We report a heptad vortex array structure in the wave fields in an extremely deep Fresnel diffraction region by asymmetrical subwavelength holes in a metal film illuminated with linearly polarized light. A Mach Zehnder interferometer with a microscopic objective is used to record the wave fields at different distance＆ and the phase maps are extracted by Fourier transform of the interference intensities. We study the evolutions of the heptad vortex array with distance from the sample to the object plane. To explain the formations and the evolutions of the vortex array, we calculate the diffracted wave fields with Kirchhoff＇s diffraction theory. The calculations are basically consistent with the experimental results, and the properties of the heptad vortex array structure are reasonably explained.

基于管柱动力学的特深井通井组合刚度评价方法与应用

我国特深井钻井正处于快速发展阶段,受井眼尺寸大和深度深的影响,钻井过程中极易出现微井斜、扩径缩径和井壁台阶等,导致套管下入困难,因此通井钻具组合评价尤为重要。目前,现场使用的评价方法常忽略了管柱下入过程中与井壁的碰撞和变形,导致通井效果时好时坏。为了辅助现场施工,文章基于全井管柱动力学模型和HHT-α数值计算方法提出了一种能够模拟管柱下入的动态过程的通井钻具组合的评价方法,该方法考虑了实测井眼轨迹、井眼扩大率和下入阻力等要素。通过某特深井三开下套管前的钻具组合进行实例计算分析,表明井眼扩大率和套管串下入阻力对通井能力和套管下入影响较大,当井眼扩大率较小且套管串下入阻力较大时,需要使用刚度较大的多扶正器通井钻具组合。本方法可以实现实测井况条件下比较精准的刚度对比模拟,也成功指导了案例井?486 mm套管的安全下入。

中凯矿业大直径深孔爆破落矿装药结构优化研究

装药结构对厚大矿体大直径深孔爆破落矿效果具有重要影响。中凯矿业帮中矿区现行装药结构(空气间隔长度比例24.2%)存在爆破后冲破坏作用严重的问题,造成后一排炮孔堵塞、坍塌甚至报废,严重影响生产效率;而盲目增大空气间隔长度比例则存在爆破大块率增加的风险。以矿山实际的炸药和岩石参数为基础,采用数值模拟软件LSDYNA开展大直径深孔爆破落矿装药结构优化研究。选择常用空气间隔器作为间隔材料,以空气间隔长度比例为研究对象设计了12种装药结构方案进行数值模拟,得到了装药结构与爆破后冲作用、大块率、自由面质点振动峰值速度以及峰值有效应力等评价指标之间的关系。结果表明:自由面质点振动峰值速度以及峰值有效应力随空气间隔长度比例增加逐渐下降;当空气间隔长度比例小于等于30.5%时后冲作用明显,后排炮孔可能出现塌孔现象,当空气间隔长度比例大于等于45.3%时,存在大块率增加的风险,最优装药结构的空气间隔长度比例为44.2%。现场深孔爆破落矿试验表明,优化的装药结构爆破后大块率为7.1%且爆破后冲作用得到有效控制。

BTA深孔加工镗杆的横向随机振动

采用随机方法分析了蕴含轴向流动流体的BTA(boring and trepanning association)深孔镗杆在随机力下的横向随机动力行为。建模时考察了流固耦合镗杆承受的弯曲、拉伸和扭转变形;经Galerkin Method离散化处理,分析了BTA镗杆在有、无随机激励两种情况的特征值和特征频率对振动特性的影响;利用响应方差最大值和谱密度解析了BTA镗杆横向振动的临界转速与临界失稳频率;明确了镗杆随转速、刚度、初始轴向总力和剪切模量等参数变化对系统振动特性的影响机制:镗杆转速变化对系统稳定性不再具有单调性,随BTA镗杆转速持续增加,系统可历经两次转速的临界失稳,相继出现二次失稳和二次稳定;增加系统等效刚度和等效剪切模量会促进工作过程的稳定,改变轴向力对工作过程稳定的影响不明显;并以随机振动物理试验信号的功率谱分析,验证了理论仿真结果与试验结果的一致性。该研究在一定程度上揭示了BTA深孔工艺系统运动状态的复杂性,这种研究模式为进一步分析在复杂状态下的运动演化提供了更多的可能。研究结论为更好地理解BTA深孔镗杆工作时的随机动力行为提供了依据,也为BTA深孔工艺过程的振动控制和参数优化奠定了理论基础。

机液复合全通径丢手工具的研制及应用

针对超深碳酸盐岩长裸眼井酸压完井中常规丢手工具可靠性及通径能力不足的问题,研制了一种新型机液复合全通径丢手工具。该丢手工具集成机械丢手工具和液压丢手工具的优点,采用棘爪式承载结构保障在深井管柱下放过程中,对丢手工具的高抗拉需求,利用压差滑套作为棘爪解锁机构,实现工具全通径,棘爪解锁后再依靠机械剪切销钉进行管柱高效丢手。新研制的丢手工具,既能保障深井长裸眼内完井管具的安全下入及后期顺利丢手,又避免了管柱缩径节流问题,有效降低长酸压管柱摩阻,同时也为后期修井作业提供更多选择性。通过有限元分析,室内整机试验及现场应用评价,验证了新研制的机液一体全通径丢手工具性能的可靠性及实用性,累计应用46井次,一次到位和丢手成功率均为100%,其中最深7178.94 m,最大井斜角92.20°,具有广阔的应用前景。

BTA深孔连接器设计及油膜压力研究

针对BTA加工过程中刀具系统刚性不足和径向受力不平衡的问题,基于流体动压润滑原理设计一种BTA深孔连接器。连接器包括双桥应变片和可倾瓦块,利用油膜支撑刚度增大刀具系统的刚性,并通过实时调整油膜压力抵消同步检测的不平衡径向力。建立可倾瓦块的数学模型,推导出油膜厚度公式,进一步得出油膜压力的计算公式。基于Fluent软件对连接器进行流体仿真,采用单因素实验法,分析不同条件下可倾瓦块受到的油膜压力的变化规律。结果表明:BTA加工过程中,通过调节工件转速、切削液黏度、瓦块倾角和瓦块包角等参数调整油膜压力,进而实现增大刀具系统刚性和抵消不平衡径向力的目的。

软土地层三线小角度叠交盾构隧道施工影响规律及位移控制

天津地铁6号线入出段线盾构隧道上穿既有隧道,通过现场实测和数值模拟对既有隧道结构变形规律、变形影响因素、不同变形控制措施的效果进行了研究。结果表明:盾构上穿过程中既有隧道竖向位移整体呈现出隆起-沉降-隆起的变化规律;刀盘距叠交部位断面距离L=2.0D(D为隧道直径)时,叠交部位断面轴力达到最大值,L=0~2.0D时,叠交部位断面弯矩逐渐由L≤0时的横8字形转变为L≥2.0D时的三叶草形;新建隧道与既有隧道的叠交角度在15°~60°、竖向净距小于1.0D时,既有隧道竖向位移受新建隧道影响较大,实际工程中应使叠交角度大于60°,竖向净距大于1.0D;设置支撑台车后,支撑台车影响范围约为2倍台车长度,在影响范围内横断面位移得到控制,但随着支撑台车离开,原来位置处对位移的控制效果逐渐消失;与不注浆相比,深孔注浆加固后既有隧道竖向位移最大值和水平位移最大值分别减小了67.4%、76.0%。

基于改进YOLOv5的复杂环境下小目标弹孔识别

为实现能够在不同光照、阴影遮挡、弹孔重叠等复杂环境下对靶面弹孔的高效精准地识别,提出一种基于改进YOLOv5的实例分割算法。模型以YOLOv5主干网络为基础,融合了含有ASPP模块的分割解码器,实现对弹孔小目标的实例分割;对目标检测端输出参数进行解耦,降低回归参数与类别概率的耦合影响,提高识别精度;调整模型的输出尺度,删减预测大目标的特征层,增加融合低层信息的极小目标预测层,以此提升检测召回率与精确率。对于经过数据集训练后的模型,在测试集下的检测精度达到92.42%,检测速度达到25.15帧/s。与原网络YOLOv5、Mask RCNN、Deeplabv3+等网络的对比试验表明,所提模型在复杂环境下具有较高的检测精度与检测速度,满足实际训练中的精确性与实时性要求。

深孔轴向多段间隔装药孔壁冲击压力分布

为确定地下垂直长深孔爆破时合理的空气间隔长度,基于爆轰波理论,分析了多段间隔装药爆破条件下孔壁冲击压力随间隔长度变化的内在分布规律函数;依据Mises准则,得出了不同岩性时合理的间隔长度参考值,并通过数值模拟和现场爆破试验进行了验证。结果表明,空气间隔段孔壁冲击压力沿炮孔轴线从两端向中间骤降,但在中点周围略微增大,压力曲线呈两端大、中间小、中点周围略微凸起的“W”形对称分布。