Dilemmas and Optimization of Third-Party Assessment System in Chinese Fair Competition Review

The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, characterized by independence and specialization, is designed to mitigate these shortcomings. However, the implementation of third-party assessment faces challenges too. This paper intends to improve the third-party assessment system and to realize the legislative purpose of the system. Based on social research, discussions and exchanges with relevant parties, and the existing research results, this paper analyzes the challenges and possible optimization measures for the third-party assessment. The challenges include repulsion from policy-making bodies, insufficient independence of assessment bodies, disparity of assessment quality, and limited application of assessment outcomes. Possible optimization measures include promoting fair competition culture, increasing the acceptance of third-party assessment from policy-making bodies, enhancing the quality of third-party assessment, clarifying the relationship between policy-making bodies and assessment bodies, ensuring the independence of third-party assessments, and promoting the application of assessment results.

“tort”和“infringement”的区别——从专利侵权行为的概念谈起

英文侵权行为领域的研究文献中,经常出现"infringement"和"tort"两个含义接近的词,我国学者把它们均译为"侵权"。有学者认为,"infringement"表示主观上不要求有过错的侵权行为类型,即为无过错责任侵权行为;"tort"表示主观上要求有过错的侵权行为类型,即过错责任侵权行为类型。文章通过考查美国相关文献对这两个词的用法发现,上述理解并不确切。在英美法系,"infringement"一词专用于知识产权侵权,"tort"一词泛指一切类型的侵权行为,"tort"与"infringement"并无区分责任构成要件的功能。

Analysis on diversified socialized relief system for solving environmental infringement

Nowadays,facing severe environmental threats and frequent pollution accidents,China is forced to pay more attention to how to relieve the damages caused by environmental infringement in a timely and effective way during the subsequent treatment.Since environmental damages nowadays are indirect,latent,and complicated,the traditional civil remedy by individuals is no longer an ideal solution to the problem.Therefore,a new system is required to protect the legal rights and interests of the injured party.Under the title of"Analysis on Diversified Socialized Relief System to Solve Environmental Infringement",this essay adopted several research methods including document research,comparative analysis,specific normative analysis,and combination of theory and practice in order to analyze systems on environmental liability insurance,compensation fund for environmental pollution damages,special deposits in advance(sinking fund),etc..The analysis aims to help build a diversified socialized relief system which is suitable for China to solve environmental infringement.

Several Issues Relating to Trademark Infringement Determination: Comments on the Case of Dispute Arising from Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition between Perfetti Van Melle Corporation and Xufuji Co., Ltd.

The Case in Brief The Perfetti Van Melle Corporation (the Perfetti Van Melle for short), an Italian company, registered three trademarks on sweets and candies in China respectively in January 1999, February 2002, and April 2002. The Perfetti Van Melle Sweets and Candies (China) Co., Ltd. (the Perfetti Van Melle (China) for short) is a sub-company set up with the Perfetti Van Melle's investment in 1994 in Shanghai, and is licensed to exclusively use the mother company's trade dress of the "阿尔卑斯(pronounced...

Analysis of Copyright Infringement in Deep Linking

With the development of Intemet technology, various kinds of network link show up, from common links to deep links, from the web to mobile client. Many platforms named the deep links banner aggregation service emerged gradually. The deep linking has brought convenience to the public and also caused a lot of copyright infringement problems. This paper expounds the identification of infringement of the deep linking information transmission on internet and the identification of infringement of the right of reproduction, furthermore analyzing three kinds of applicable standards to determine interact information transmission behavior. Finally, we should gradually get rid of the dependence on server standard applicable, auxiliary for the substantive alternative standard, and gradually complete the substantive alternative standard.

On Limitation of Action against Acts of Continuous Infringement of Trademark Right

The right to claim for damages for infringement is of the character of credit and an object of limitation of action. In case of trademark right infringement, the provision on limitation of action of the General Principles of the Civil Law also apply to the trademark proprietor's right to claim for damages for infringement.……

12,000 plus IPR infringement cases unearthed in 1st half of 2006

On August 28, the 2006 Beijing International Publishing Forum was held in Kempinski Hotel, Beijing Lufthansa Center. Yu Yongzhan, Deputy Director of General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP), introduced at the forum that governments at all

Understanding the Importance of Effective Third-Party Risk Management on Data Governance

With a view to adopting to the globalized business landscape,organizations rely on third-party business relationships to enhance their operations,expand their capabilities,and drive innovation.While these collaborations offer numerous benefits,they also introduce a range of risks that organizations must carefully mitigate.If the obligation to meet the regulatory requirements is added to the equation,mitigating the third-party risk related to data governance,becomes one of the biggest challenges.

Strategies for China’s Response to and Improvement of Third-Party Funding in International Investment Arbitration

China should prioritize the establishment and enhancement of a third-party funding system.It should actively refine the existing arbitration rules,addressing any loopholes in the current regulatory framework.Comprehensive measures should be implemented to regulate third-party funding,aligning with international trends.This is crucial not only to safeguard the foreign investment of the Chinese government and enterprises but also to position China as a globally influential arbitration center.

跨境知识产权侵权纠纷的域外法律适用

各国在处理跨境知识产权侵权纠纷的域外法律适用问题时主要采取两种模式,即单向域外适用模式与双向域外适用模式。前者更多地是将知识产权视为一种政策性的特权,在处理域外侵权行为时往往不会发生外国的知识产权法被本国法院所适用的情况,但会出现本国知识产权法适用于发生在域外行为的情形;后者更多地是将知识产权视为一种民事权利,对于发生在域外的行为,本国法院既可能适用本国知识产权法律,也可能适用外国知识产权法律,是否发生外国法律的适用取决于一国立法对较为中立的连接点的界定。我国在立法上采取了以“被请求保护地”为连接点的双向域外适用模式,但是在司法实践中往往并不进行法律选择而是径行适用中国知识产权法律。这将导致在司法上采取了将中国知识产权法律适用于域外行为的单向域外适用模式。我国应在跨境知识产权侵权纠纷的域外法律适用问题上回归双向域外适用模式,并在具体纠纷裁判中丰富和明确“被请求保护地”的含义,同时设置“无所不在”侵权行为的特殊法律适用规则,限制当事人共同选择适用法的范围以及确定公共秩序在准据法选择中的适用,以实现维护本国利益的目的。

生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿的适用问题研究

《民法典》第1232条规定的惩罚性赔偿,是生态文明建设中用最严格的制度、最严密的法治保护生态环境的制度创新。关于生态环境侵权惩罚性赔偿责任及其司法解释的理解与适用问题:首先,在适用范围方面,惩罚性赔偿应当适用于生态环境损害领域。其次,在责任构成要件方面,应在明确“违反法律规定”内涵与范围的基础上,区分“违反法律规定”与“违反国家规定”之间的区别与联系,并针对“严重后果”的认定标准进行具体化规范。再次,在生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿金的计算方面,应以生态环境损害赔偿费用作为惩罚性赔偿金的计算基数。最后,在惩罚性赔偿金的归属和履行方面,对于污染环境、破坏生态造成人身、财产损害的情形,惩罚性赔偿金归被侵权人所有,应优先于刑事罚金、行政罚款履行;对于污染环境、破坏生态造成生态环境损害的情形,惩罚性赔偿金应与罚金、罚款折抵后,统一上缴国库。

个人信息侵权中过错的认定及对侵权责任的影响

过错对判定个人信息侵权责任成立与明确损害赔偿金额具有重要意义。就归责原则而言,《个人信息保护法》与《民法典》体系衔接不畅,引发了个人信息处理者与非个人信息处理者适用过错推定责任抑或过错责任的法律适用难题。就过错程度而言,非法收集、使用、获取、买卖、公开、泄露个人信息等单纯侵害个人信息权益的行为,行为人主观上多为故意,过失侵权多发生于网络信息侵权及信息公开侵权;将个人信息用于刑事犯罪、商业营销及人格侵权等以个人信息为媒介侵害其他民事权益的行为,上游个人信息侵权人对下游损害承担责任以故意为要件,但上下游信息处理者之间存在合同勾连关系时,即便上游个人信息侵权人仅为过失,也需对下游损害承担相应责任。

“避风港”规则的实践困境与完善路径

“避风港”规则是判定网络侵权责任的重要规则之一,在互联网发展早期较好地平衡了权利保护与产业发展的关系。但随着新技术新业态的快速发展,“避风港”规则在新技术环境下面临着一系列实践困境:网络内容分享平台驶入“避风港”的条件不明确,对特定侵权内容的通知处置难以遏制重复侵权,公法审查义务可能会架空“避风港”规则的适用。摆脱这些困境,就应该在《民法典》解释论框架下,合理划定新技术环境下平台应尽的注意义务,适当扩展解释“必要措施”以遏制重复侵权,澄清私法注意义务与公法审查义务的关系。

AI换脸技术的失控风险与法律规制

AI换脸技术在社交媒体上愈益广泛使用,很多网络用户将其作为娱乐新方式,从而有可能引发一系列失控风险。相比于欧盟、美国等侧重从隐私权保护的角度予以规制,我国法律认为,根据违法行为所侵犯的客体不同,AI换脸视频可能侵犯他人的肖像权、个人信息以及知识产权等民事权利,滥用AI换脸实施诈骗、盗窃、制造淫秽物品等,则可能违反刑法。根据中国互联网实际,区分AI换脸视频的不同应用场景,分析其可能涉及的法律风险,为AI换脸技术的合理发展提供合规建议。

侵害商业秘密民刑交叉案件法律适用重难点研究

实现对商业秘密宽严相济的保护,需要澄清商业秘密民刑交叉的重难点问题。首先是实体问题:民事法与刑事法认定侵害行为成立时,原则上应对相关构成要件的内涵持一致理解,刑事法仅可在客观方面、主观方面作出一些限缩。民事法与刑事法认定侵害行为造成损害时,存在一定区别,需要从刑事法角度,独立考量民事法的规则是否能在刑事诉讼中适用,但在刑事诉讼能认定的损害,民事诉讼也能认定,是民事损害的底线。其次是程序问题:民事诉讼采用举证义务转移规则,刑事诉讼采用犯罪事实清楚,证据确实、充分规则,两者不相互排斥;“民刑并行”不存在根本性问题,反而可构建层次分明、作用不同的商业秘密保护体系,发挥民事诉讼与刑事诉讼各自优势。最后是在先裁判约束力上:就在先刑事裁判对在后民事诉讼的约束力,应区分刑事裁判的裁判主文、主要及定罪案件事实、主要及定罪案件事实所依赖的证据,形成具有梯度的约束力;就在先民事裁判对在后刑事诉讼的约束力,民事裁判对刑事诉讼的约束力较弱,刑事诉讼应按照刑事诉讼自身的法律标准,审查民事裁判所确定的案件事实、所依赖的证据是否应当采纳。

大数据时代隐私权的刑法保护模式重构

大数据促进了生活的便捷,带动了新兴行业的高速发展,但超出合理边界的数据滥用行为,也对公民的隐私安全带来了现实威胁。伴随大数据时代的纵深发展,个人隐私的保护从传统个人本位向社会本位发生转变,隐私权的法益内涵在大数据时代应当进行重新审视。随着信息保护的日渐重视,隐私权的价值应与个人信息权一样受到同等重视,刑法应当为大数据时代隐私权的保护开辟新路径,采取直接保护与间接保护并行的双轨制保护模式,重构个人信息的刑法定义,引入“弱可识别性+隐私性”标准,同时继续加强针对隐私权犯罪的积极预防,通过刑法调整来应对当前公民隐私权被侵害的现实。

基于随机系数Logit模型的专利价值评估研究——以主动降噪技术为例

[研究目的]从分析专利价值入手,通过经济学研究方法围绕专利侵权损害赔偿的标准进行定量研究,为评估专利价值提供有意义的知识增量。[研究方法]基于实证产业组织理论,采用随机系数Logit模型,以无线蓝牙耳机主动降噪(ANC)技术作为研究对象,构建该技术遭受侵权的反事实情形来估计经济指标变化,由此评估专利价值及侵权赔偿比例。[研究结论]专利侵权企业的行为产生了反竞争效应,提升了企业垄断势力,挤占了其他耳机企业的生存空间,也对潜在进入企业形成了进入威胁。蓝牙耳机价格中约有4.06%源于ANC专利标识。如果发生ANC专利侵权,赔偿额度应是侵权企业利润的2.6~2.8倍。该方法利用市场数据在均衡框架下评估专利价值,为相关研究提供了新方向。

智慧养老的侵权风险与规制革新

新一轮科技革命正以空前力量改变着传统生产生活方式。相较于传统养老,智慧养老依托大数据、人工智能等技术,能够根据老年人的需求实时、快捷地进行服务供给。处于数字弱势地位的老年群体具有风险意识薄弱、心理脆弱、生理脆弱的特点,导致其个人信息容易被泄露,个人隐私权保护受到冲击,智能养老产品侵害权益的现象也时有发生。智慧养老所产生的侵权风险呈现多变性、隐匿性与不可预测性,现有法律规制面临严重适用困境。为促进智慧养老法治化,需重塑智慧养老法律规制的价值抉择,明确智慧养老信息收集、使用的界限,设置大数据时代隐私权保护举证规则,完善智能养老产品责任司法适用标准。

侵害品种权合法来源抗辩:理论证成、适用界限与法律后果

合法来源抗辩是知识产权侵权诉讼中常见的抗辩事由之一,信赖保护原则、善意第三人理论和过错责任原则为其理论基础。合法来源抗辩是对品种权人侵权损害赔偿请求权的限制,为平衡品种权人与善意侵权人的利益,应从行为类型、主观要件、客观要件等方面明确其适用界限。构成合法来源抗辩的,侵权人应停止侵害和支付合理开支。应限制停止侵权的适用,可根据具体案件采取支付合理费用、事后许可及取得侵权物等代替救济方式,按照合理性、真实性、关联性确定合理开支的数额。善意侵权人所获利益的返还,应以现存利益为限。我国应借鉴其他知识产权领域立法、他国相关立法以及司法实践,完善侵害品种权合法来源抗辩制度。

如何创新以规避不正当竞争侵害:模块创新还是架构创新

创新获益不足制约着转型经济企业核心技术长远发展,不正当竞争侵害是创新获益的主要障碍。基于创新获益框架和战略三脚架视角,探讨模块创新和架构创新策略对创新者遭遇不正当竞争侵害的影响以及环境特征的调节作用。采用问卷调研法,通过分析238家企业的实地调研数据发现:①转型情境下模块创新容易遭受不正当竞争侵害,架构创新不容易遭受不正当竞争侵害;②竞争强度有助于增强模块创新和架构创新与不正当竞争侵害的关系,制度空缺会削弱模块创新和架构创新与不正当竞争侵害的关系;③行业地位会削弱架构创新与不正当竞争侵害的关系,对模块创新与不正当竞争侵害关系的影响作用不显著。据此,提出创新企业应根据自身所处情境特征选择合适的创新策略,以规避不正当竞争侵害,提高创新获益。