AIM: To contrast the effects of various modifications of body fluid volumes on thirst as reported by healthy volunteers. METHODS: Ten male volunteers aged between 19 and 37 years(mean 22 years) underwent four experime...AIM: To contrast the effects of various modifications of body fluid volumes on thirst as reported by healthy volunteers. METHODS: Ten male volunteers aged between 19 and 37 years(mean 22 years) underwent four experiments each, which comprised infusion of 400-800 m L of acetated Ringer's solution and intake of 600 m L of tap water. Half of the experiments were preceded by volume depletion(median 1.7 L) with furosemide. A visual analogue scale(0-100 mm) was used to assess perceived thirst during each experiment. RESULTS: Volume depletion(P < 0.001) and tap water(P < 0.03) both affected thirst by 13 mm per L of fluid, whereas spontaneous diuresis and infusion of Ringer's acetate did not significantly change the thirst rating(multiple regressions). More detailed analyses showed that the volume depletion increased the median(25th-75th percentiles) thirst rating from 28 mm(21-43) to 59 mm(46-72, P < 0.001) while no change occurred in those who were only slightly thirsty(< 30 mm) before the volume depletion began. Ringer's solution alleviated thirst in those who were very thirsty, but tended to increase thirst in the volunteers who were not thirsty before the infusion. Similarly, hydration with tap water decreased thirst(by 24 mm, P < 0.04) in those who were thirsty(> 60 mm) while the others reported no change.展开更多
Thirst, which provides the motivation to drink, is an important component of the coordinated sequence of physiological responses that maintain the volume and composition of body fluids. Special structures in the centr...Thirst, which provides the motivation to drink, is an important component of the coordinated sequence of physiological responses that maintain the volume and composition of body fluids. Special structures in the central nervous system like periventricular organs detect changes in these parameters continuously. The present study investigated the interaction between dopaminergic and angiotensinergic systems on water intake in adult male rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections were carried out in all experiments after 24 h deprivation of water intake. After the deprivation interval, the volume of consumed water was measured for 1h. Administration the angiotensinergic (AT1) receptor antagonist Losartan (45 μg/rat), and the dopaminergic antagonist Chlorpromazine (40 μg/rat) significantly decreased water intake when compared to saline-treated controls. In contrast, ICV microinjection of the dopaminergic agonist Bromocriptine (10 μg/rat) significantly increased water intake when compared to saline-treated controls. ICV injection of Bromocriptine 15min after Losartan administration was able to attenuate the inhibitory effect of Losartan on water intake, whereas administration of Chlorpromazine 15 min after Losartan was unable to change the Losartan effect. These results suggest that the dopaminergic system interactions with the angiotensinergic system to regulate water intake through circumventricular organs. Dopaminergic and angiotensinergic neurons can monitor and regulate water intake via the stimulatory and inhibitory effects on each other, respectively.展开更多
China accounts for more than 20 percent of the world’s global energy demand.As it is known to all that China surpassed the U.S.to become the world’s biggest energy consumer in 2009.Today the race is still neck and n...China accounts for more than 20 percent of the world’s global energy demand.As it is known to all that China surpassed the U.S.to become the world’s biggest energy consumer in 2009.Today the race is still neck and neck.CNPC in running for Iran energy projects Chinese oil giant among 29 firms to bid for tenders as a nation recovers from international sanctions展开更多
IMAGINE Beijingers drinking water brought to the capital from more than 1,000 km away. from the Danjiangkou Reservoir on a branch of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province! Incredible but now it becomes true.
Objective:To decipher the responsible compound present in the aqueous root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides which has tremendous immunomodulatory activity.Methods:Different fractions of the water extract were collecte...Objective:To decipher the responsible compound present in the aqueous root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides which has tremendous immunomodulatory activity.Methods:Different fractions of the water extract were collected and analyzed for immunomodulatory activity by analyzing in vitro phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production.One fraction VF3 was selected and further analyzed for possible compounds by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer.The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters such as phagocytic index,nitrite content,and tumor necrosis factor-α production in murine macrophages were analyzed.In vivo studies,sheep red blood cell induced haemagglutination titer,the number of antibody-producing cells,and sheep red blood cell induced delayed-type hypersensitivity were analyzed.Cytotoxic studies in L929 normal fibroblasts were also performed.Results:One of the fractions,VF3,was selected and confirmed the presence of an active compound valencene.The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters were significantly(P<0.05)increased by valencene treatment.In vivo studies in Swiss albino mice showed that valencene could significantly(P<0.05)increase haemagglutination titer,the number of antibody-producing cells,and delayed-type hypersensitivity.Cytotoxic studies also showed that valencene did not cause any morphological changes and DNA damage in normal fibroblasts.Conclusions:Valencene possesses immunomodulatory activities and can be commercially exploited for its immunostimulatory potentials.展开更多
Diabetes refers to the disease with the main symptom of "three more and less."Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)regards Yin deficiency and dryness heat as the basic pathogenesis,and mostly adopts the method o...Diabetes refers to the disease with the main symptom of "three more and less."Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)regards Yin deficiency and dryness heat as the basic pathogenesis,and mostly adopts the method of clearing away heat,nourishing yin and generating fluid.The author thinks that the deficiency of Yuanyang in Zang Fu organs,the lack of stimulation and promotion,the metabolic disorder of body fluid,the loss of moistening of Zang Fu organs,and the onset of diabetes.Body fluid metabolism is closely related to the spleen and kidney.Deficiency of Yang Qi is the root of thirst,stagnation of body fluid and Qi is the pathogenesis,and thirst is the final result.展开更多
It has felt much warmer living in Beijing this winter than in recent years. The capital witnessed its first snow a bit late in 2007,10 days later than in previous years.Its average temperature for the last two months ...It has felt much warmer living in Beijing this winter than in recent years. The capital witnessed its first snow a bit late in 2007,10 days later than in previous years.Its average temperature for the last two months of 2007—usually the prelude to the coldest season—was measured at 2-3 degrees Centigrade higher than normal. Statistics from the China Meteorological Administration revealed that temperatures last year broke a record in terms of warmth over more than展开更多
Chronically water-short Beijing is carrying out elaborate plans to ensure a steady flow for 2008 "Water demand during the 2008 Olympics will be guaranteed," said Wu Jisong, director of the water supply progr...Chronically water-short Beijing is carrying out elaborate plans to ensure a steady flow for 2008 "Water demand during the 2008 Olympics will be guaranteed," said Wu Jisong, director of the water supply program under (he Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Wu's confident response belies what is, to say the least, a difficult situation. Beijing展开更多
China’s capital has implemented several programs to ensure an adequate and salt supply of water during the Olympic Games At present,the average per- capita fresh water resources in Beijing are no more than 300 cubic ...China’s capital has implemented several programs to ensure an adequate and salt supply of water during the Olympic Games At present,the average per- capita fresh water resources in Beijing are no more than 300 cubic meters,which is one eighth of the national average and one 30th of the world average.Per-capita water resources in Beijing are far below the internationally accepted alarm展开更多
At first glance, the official figures of China's oil consumption in 2005 seem a bit confusing. With a robust economic growth and rising annual oil imports, China made the surprise announcement that its oil consump...At first glance, the official figures of China's oil consumption in 2005 seem a bit confusing. With a robust economic growth and rising annual oil imports, China made the surprise announcement that its oil consumption growth rate was dropping sharply, from 15.3 percent in 2004 to 2.1 percent in 2005. Earlier, China's Ministry展开更多
文摘AIM: To contrast the effects of various modifications of body fluid volumes on thirst as reported by healthy volunteers. METHODS: Ten male volunteers aged between 19 and 37 years(mean 22 years) underwent four experiments each, which comprised infusion of 400-800 m L of acetated Ringer's solution and intake of 600 m L of tap water. Half of the experiments were preceded by volume depletion(median 1.7 L) with furosemide. A visual analogue scale(0-100 mm) was used to assess perceived thirst during each experiment. RESULTS: Volume depletion(P < 0.001) and tap water(P < 0.03) both affected thirst by 13 mm per L of fluid, whereas spontaneous diuresis and infusion of Ringer's acetate did not significantly change the thirst rating(multiple regressions). More detailed analyses showed that the volume depletion increased the median(25th-75th percentiles) thirst rating from 28 mm(21-43) to 59 mm(46-72, P < 0.001) while no change occurred in those who were only slightly thirsty(< 30 mm) before the volume depletion began. Ringer's solution alleviated thirst in those who were very thirsty, but tended to increase thirst in the volunteers who were not thirsty before the infusion. Similarly, hydration with tap water decreased thirst(by 24 mm, P < 0.04) in those who were thirsty(> 60 mm) while the others reported no change.
文摘Thirst, which provides the motivation to drink, is an important component of the coordinated sequence of physiological responses that maintain the volume and composition of body fluids. Special structures in the central nervous system like periventricular organs detect changes in these parameters continuously. The present study investigated the interaction between dopaminergic and angiotensinergic systems on water intake in adult male rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections were carried out in all experiments after 24 h deprivation of water intake. After the deprivation interval, the volume of consumed water was measured for 1h. Administration the angiotensinergic (AT1) receptor antagonist Losartan (45 μg/rat), and the dopaminergic antagonist Chlorpromazine (40 μg/rat) significantly decreased water intake when compared to saline-treated controls. In contrast, ICV microinjection of the dopaminergic agonist Bromocriptine (10 μg/rat) significantly increased water intake when compared to saline-treated controls. ICV injection of Bromocriptine 15min after Losartan administration was able to attenuate the inhibitory effect of Losartan on water intake, whereas administration of Chlorpromazine 15 min after Losartan was unable to change the Losartan effect. These results suggest that the dopaminergic system interactions with the angiotensinergic system to regulate water intake through circumventricular organs. Dopaminergic and angiotensinergic neurons can monitor and regulate water intake via the stimulatory and inhibitory effects on each other, respectively.
文摘China accounts for more than 20 percent of the world’s global energy demand.As it is known to all that China surpassed the U.S.to become the world’s biggest energy consumer in 2009.Today the race is still neck and neck.CNPC in running for Iran energy projects Chinese oil giant among 29 firms to bid for tenders as a nation recovers from international sanctions
文摘IMAGINE Beijingers drinking water brought to the capital from more than 1,000 km away. from the Danjiangkou Reservoir on a branch of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province! Incredible but now it becomes true.
文摘Objective:To decipher the responsible compound present in the aqueous root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides which has tremendous immunomodulatory activity.Methods:Different fractions of the water extract were collected and analyzed for immunomodulatory activity by analyzing in vitro phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production.One fraction VF3 was selected and further analyzed for possible compounds by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer.The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters such as phagocytic index,nitrite content,and tumor necrosis factor-α production in murine macrophages were analyzed.In vivo studies,sheep red blood cell induced haemagglutination titer,the number of antibody-producing cells,and sheep red blood cell induced delayed-type hypersensitivity were analyzed.Cytotoxic studies in L929 normal fibroblasts were also performed.Results:One of the fractions,VF3,was selected and confirmed the presence of an active compound valencene.The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters were significantly(P<0.05)increased by valencene treatment.In vivo studies in Swiss albino mice showed that valencene could significantly(P<0.05)increase haemagglutination titer,the number of antibody-producing cells,and delayed-type hypersensitivity.Cytotoxic studies also showed that valencene did not cause any morphological changes and DNA damage in normal fibroblasts.Conclusions:Valencene possesses immunomodulatory activities and can be commercially exploited for its immunostimulatory potentials.
文摘Diabetes refers to the disease with the main symptom of "three more and less."Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)regards Yin deficiency and dryness heat as the basic pathogenesis,and mostly adopts the method of clearing away heat,nourishing yin and generating fluid.The author thinks that the deficiency of Yuanyang in Zang Fu organs,the lack of stimulation and promotion,the metabolic disorder of body fluid,the loss of moistening of Zang Fu organs,and the onset of diabetes.Body fluid metabolism is closely related to the spleen and kidney.Deficiency of Yang Qi is the root of thirst,stagnation of body fluid and Qi is the pathogenesis,and thirst is the final result.
文摘It has felt much warmer living in Beijing this winter than in recent years. The capital witnessed its first snow a bit late in 2007,10 days later than in previous years.Its average temperature for the last two months of 2007—usually the prelude to the coldest season—was measured at 2-3 degrees Centigrade higher than normal. Statistics from the China Meteorological Administration revealed that temperatures last year broke a record in terms of warmth over more than
文摘Chronically water-short Beijing is carrying out elaborate plans to ensure a steady flow for 2008 "Water demand during the 2008 Olympics will be guaranteed," said Wu Jisong, director of the water supply program under (he Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Wu's confident response belies what is, to say the least, a difficult situation. Beijing
文摘China’s capital has implemented several programs to ensure an adequate and salt supply of water during the Olympic Games At present,the average per- capita fresh water resources in Beijing are no more than 300 cubic meters,which is one eighth of the national average and one 30th of the world average.Per-capita water resources in Beijing are far below the internationally accepted alarm
文摘At first glance, the official figures of China's oil consumption in 2005 seem a bit confusing. With a robust economic growth and rising annual oil imports, China made the surprise announcement that its oil consumption growth rate was dropping sharply, from 15.3 percent in 2004 to 2.1 percent in 2005. Earlier, China's Ministry
