Evaluation of Thixotropic Models for Waxy Crudes

Thixotropy is a great rheological behavior of waxy crudes oils and is of great importance for hydraulic characteristics and security of oil pipeline restart. In this paper, through the experiment of four waxy crudes, three kinds of thixotropic rheology characteristics in the conditions that shear stress decays under a constant shear rate, shear stress decays after shear rate steps up and hysteresis loop of shear rate cycle changes are studied . For eight thixotropic models, experimental data are fitted in the method of least-squares and average deviation is taken as a statistical indicator to evaluate the thixotropic models. It shows that the model with the idea of Cheng that completely reversible and totally irreversible structures both exist in waxy oil products and based on Houska model can describe thixotropic behaviors of waxy crudes most well.

Effect of Holding Time on Thixotropic Fluidity of Semi-solid AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

To investigate the thixotropic fluidities, microstructures and mechanical properties of semi-solid AZ91D magnesium alloy during reheating, a self-made die set with channels of different sizes were used. The results show that critical forming forces and maximal forming forces could be obtained and related to the holding times in the semi-solid forming process. In the holding time of 0-2700 s, with increasing the holding time, maximal forming force decreased sharply and critical forming force decreased slowly. In the whole thixotropic flowing process, the filling-in was steady and the surface fineness was good. The forming force increased when the slurry changed the flowing direction or flowed from the big-diameter chamber to the small-diameter one. The tensile strength and elongation to failure of the sample after holding time for 2700 s, compared to as-cast sample, are increased by approximately 42.7% and 180%, respectively, and the fractured surfaces presented dimple-like pattern.

Study on the thixotropy and structural recovery characteristics of waxy crude oil emulsion

Waxy crude oil emulsion has thixotropic properties at the temperature near gel point,which is a macromechanical characterization of the structure failure and recovery of waxy crude oil emulsion.In this paper,the thixotropic behaviors of waxy crude oil emulsion near gel point were studied using hysteresis loop formed by stress linear increase and decrease,as well as the structural recovery characteristics.The influence of the loading conditions and water content on the thixotropy of waxy crude oil emulsion were analyzed with hysteresis loop area.The concept of"structural recovery"was introduced to study the degree of structural recovery after different stewing,and influencing factors were taken into account.Results have shown that for waxy crude oil emulsion,the failure to fully restore of the structure after lysis is the cause of the formation of hysteresis loop,and the loading conditions will not affect the strength of thixotropy and the degree of structural recovery.Additionally,the dispersed phase droplets weaken the thixotropy and structure recovery characteristics of waxy crude oil emulsion,and the greater the water content,the weaker the thixotropy.The findings can help to better understand the safe and economic operation of waxy crude oil-water pipeline transportation.

Maintained Exposure to Spring Water but Not Double Distilled Water in Darkness and Thixotropic Conditions to Weak (~1 µT) Temporally Patterned Magnetic Fields Shift Photon Spectroscopic Wavelengths: Effects of Different Shielding Materials

Spring water but not double-distilled water was exposed, in darkness, to a temporally patterned weak magnetic field that has been shown to affect planarian behavior and slow the rate of cancer cell proliferation. Exposure to the magnetic field caused a reliable shift in the peak (longer) wave-length of ~10 nm for fluorescence emissions and a ~20% increase (~100 counts) in fluorescence intensity. Spectral analyses verified a shift of 5 and 10 nm, equivalent to ~1.5 × 10-20 J “periodicity” across the measured wavelengths, which could reflect a change in the an intrinsic energy as predicted by Del Giudice and Preparata and could correspond to two lengths of O-H bonds. Wrapping the water sample containers during exposure with copper foil, aluminum foil, or plastic altered these fluorescent profiles. The most conspicuous effect was the elimination of a ~280 nm peak in the UV-VIS emission spectra only for samples wrapped with copper foil but not aluminum or plastic. These results suggest that weak magnetic fields produce alterations in the water-ionic complexes sufficient to be reliably measured by spectrophotometry. Because the effect was most pronounced when the spring water was exposed in darkness and was not disturbed the role of thixotropic phenomena and Del Giudice entrapment of magnetic fields within coherent domains of Pollack virtual exclusion zones (EZ) may have set the conditions for subsequent release of the energy as photons.

Study on Thixotropic Properties of Waxy Crude Oil Based on Hysteresis Loop Area

Thixotropic properties are one of the low temperature rheology behaviors of gelled waxy crudes. In order to study the thixotropic behavior of gelled waxy crudes oil under cyclic loading of linear increasing and decreasing of shear rate, three different types of waxy crude oil were studied ex-perimentally by using MARSIII rheometer. It is found that hysteresis loop area could represent strength of thixotropic properties under that loading. With increasing of the rate of share rate sweep, the area of second hysteresis loop is much smaller than first one and began a slow decline from the third hysteresis loop. Areas of each hysteresis loops were decreased with increasing temperature, but it was different in decline rate—the lower the temperature, the greater the rate of decline. The maximum rate of decrease is the first hysteresis loop with exponential decline, and remaining hysteresis hoops approximately decrease linearly. In addition, based on the experi-mental results an empirical correlation is developed to describe the relationship of hysteresis loop area and rate of share rate sweep.

Optimal Homotopy Analysis of MHD Natural Convection Flow of Thixotropic Fluid under Subjection of Thermal Stratification: Boundary Layer Analysis

In this article, the model of a non-Newtonian fluid (Thixotropic) flow past a vertical surface in the presence of exponential space and temperature dependent heat source in a thermally stratified medium is studied. It is assumed that free convection is induced by buoyancy and exponentially decaying internal heat source across the space. The dynamic viscosity is taken to be constant and thermal conductivity of this particular fluid model is assumed to vary linearly with temperature. Thermal stratification has been properly incorporated into the governing equation so that its effect can be revealed and properly reported. The governing partial differential equations describing the model are transformed and parameterized to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equation using similarity transformations. Approximate analytic solutions were obtained by adopting Optimal Homotopy Analysis Method (OHAM). The results show that for both cases of non-Newtonian parameters (Thixotropic) (K1=K2=0?& K1=K2=1.0), increasing stratification parameters, relate to decreasing in the heat energy entering into the fluid region and thus reducing the temperature of the Thixotropic fluid as it flows.

Thixotropic compression deformation behavior of SiC_p/AZ61 magnesium matrix composites

Compression tests on semi-solid SiCp/AZ61 magnesium matrix composites were carried out using Thermecmastor-Z dynamic material testing machine.Influences of strain-rate,strain,temperature and volume fraction of SiC particles on flow stress were analyzed.The results show that the flow stress of semi-solid SiCp/AZ61 composites is sensitive to temperature and strain rate.The lower the temperature and the larger the strain rate,the higher the flow stress.Meanwhile the flow stress increases with the increase of the volume fraction of SiC particles.This study helps establish the constitutive model of magnesium matrix composites and offers theoretic and experimental references for its thixoforming.

Upper bound analysis of thixotropic extrusion processes of semi-solid magnesium alloys

The methodology was used to conduct the upper bound analysis of thixotropic extrusion process of semi-solid metal. The calculated formulas of deformed power were derived. The relationship among relative stress, frictional factor and die semi-angle were obtained. The relative stress increases with increasing frictional factor, whose value increases with increasing area reduction ratio of a certain die semi-angle. The relative stress firstly decreases and then increases with increasing die semi-angle at a certain area reduction ratio. So, the optimal die semi-angle exists with the corresponding minimum relative stress. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental ones, which are applied to directing technological practice of axis-symmetry forward extrusion of semi-solid magnesium alloys.

STEADY-SHEAR VISCOSITY AND TRANSIENT STRESS RESPONSE FOR ELASTO-THIXOTROPIC FLUIDS

A phenomenological model for dispersed systems which exhibit complex theological behaviour such as shear and time-dependent viscosity, yield stress, and elasticity is proposed. The model extends the Quemeda model to describe the viscosity function with a structural parameter λ which varies according to differ- ent kinetic orders of particle aggregation and segregation. The transient stress response is obtained by solving an instantaneous Maxwell model with an assumed shear modulus function G of the same form as the viscosity function η. Accuracy of the proposed model is verified experimentally with the results obtained for two oil (creosote)/water emulsions. The model that gives the best fit of experimental data appears to be the one with kinetic orders n = m = 2.

Development And Characterization of Ultra Low Cement Castable Cordierites by Thixotropic Properties Mixtures

The main target in this investigation was to take advantage of the reology properties of the tixotropic mixes in Ultra Low Cement Castables (ULCC). The cordierite phase in refractory mix can be obtained using raw materials with magnesium oxide in its composition, such as, Mg(OH)2 or H2Mg3(SiO3)4 (Talc mineral), with a content of? 63.5% SiO2, 31.7% MgO and 4.8% H2O. In this investigation, as magnesium source, a commercial calcined magnesite with 90% MgO was used.? This mineral was selected instead of Talc mineral, because this last contains more impurities in its composition that tend to form more amounts of liquid phases with low fusion points. For this work two different ULCC mixes were designed. These were fired at 1260 oC, the cordierite phase was quantified in each mix.

A Composite Cooling Powder and Its Thixotropic Hydrogel

Due to large volume and high hardness of thermal insulation materials mostly used in high temperature fields, a composite cooling powder and its thixotropic hydrogel for thermal protection are presented. The core of composite cooling material powder is super absorbent polymer, composing with metal salt, polysaccharide hydrosol and inorganic particles and other modifiers through a series of composite process, which can be easily stored for a long time. When needed, the powder can be mixed with water to obtain a kind of thixotropic hydrogel in a very short time. Experimental results show this thermal protection technology with thixotropic ability has excellent thermal protection performance, meanwhile flexible, adhesive and low cost, which exerts instantaneous cooling, efficient thermal protection and long-lasting flame-retardant protection.

Thixotropic behavior of semi-solid AZ91D magnesium alloy

The thixotropic behavior of semi-solid AZ91D slurry was studied through a Couette type viscometer. The results show that the apparent viscosity of semi-solid AZ91D magnesium alloy slurry increases after being isothermally held, but the apparent viscosity quickly falls down to a steady state value after being stirred again and it takes on a sharp shear-thinning behavior. With the same shearing rate and the rest time increasing, the steady apparent viscosity increases because of the agglomeration of the solid particles, and the time required for the slurry to reach the steady state also becomes longer. If the solid fraction increases, it takes longer time for the slurry to reach the steady apparent viscosity with the same shearing rate and the same rest time. If the solid fraction and the rest time are the same, but the shearing rate rises, it takes shorter time for the slurry to reach the steady apparent viscosity and the final steady apparent viscosity also decreases.

引发全尾砂料浆触变特征的临界粒径研究

细粒径尾砂颗粒絮凝−分解是充填料浆产生触变性的根本原因,然而目前对引发充填料浆触变性的临界粒径研究极少。通过对不同粒径尾砂制备的充填料浆开展触变试验与微观结构的演化测试,结合Patwardhan提出的非牛顿流体理论分析尾砂颗粒间相互作用力,推导引发全尾砂料浆触变性能临界粒径的理论值,最终建立了充填料浆触变性模型。结果表明:充填料浆触变性能与剪切速率、质量分数、尾砂细颗粒含量呈正相关,通过理论推导得出引发充填料浆触变性能的临界值为45μm。由此可以认为,当充填料浆中含有粒径<45μm颗粒,且质量分数≥6%时,充填浆料则具有触变效应;反之,充填浆料则不具备触变性。基于实验结果采用Hattori−Lzumi理论构建触变性模型,并结合流变测试结果拟合得到了充填料浆触变性系数。

过量稠化剂组分对锂基润滑脂微观结构和性能的影响

以不同摩尔比的12-羟基硬脂酸和一水氢氧化锂为稠化剂原材料,设计制备了多种锂基润滑脂.采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征了锂基润滑脂的化学结构和微观形貌.考察了过量的12-羟基硬脂酸或者一水氢氧化锂对锂基润滑脂的微观结构、锥入度、滴点、胶体安定性、机械安定性和流变学性能的影响,阐释了微观结构对其性能的影响机理.结果表明:过量的稠化剂组分对锂基润滑脂微观结构的形成及性能均具有显著影响.12-羟基硬脂酸过量10%时对锂基润滑脂起到结构改善剂的作用,过量的一水氢氧化锂更有利于锂基润滑脂形成螺旋纤维均匀及缠绕程度较高的网状结构;一水氢氧化锂过量或者12-羟基硬脂酸过量10%时制备的锂基润滑脂的稠度较大,胶体安定性较好,结构强度较高.

基于一种新型触变剂的堵漏水泥浆体系

天然大缝洞、薄弱泥页岩、窄安全密度窗口等复杂地层造成恶性井漏问题突出,堵漏成功率低,已成为制约钻井工程提质增效的重要技术难题之一。基于触变剂作用机理,利用纳米二氧化硅与2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)3种单体进行接枝共聚,开发出了一种有机与无机相结合的新型低黏触变剂XZ-CBL,并配套优选了降失水剂和缓凝剂,形成了触变堵漏水泥浆体系。测试结果表明,触变堵漏水泥浆体系流动性好,初始稠度可低至10Pa·s,静置10min后表现出较强的触变性,停机稠度增值大于20 Pa·s,再次剪切稠度迅速恢复至停机前稠度,具有可泵性好、滞留性强的特性。

地铁车站出入口工程顶管法施工泥浆被污水渗入后的性能分析

[目的]顶管法施工容易造成施工区域内老化的污水管破裂,进而导致污水沿土体渗入触变泥浆内,对触变泥浆的性能造成一定的影响。为确保施工安全,需研究污水渗入触变泥浆后的性能指标变化规律。[方法]以济南市轨道交通2号线宝华街站1号出入口工程为例,结合该站出入口因顶管下穿导致污水管破裂的施工工况,研究了污水渗入后触变泥浆的性能指标变化规律,并通过减阻试验分析了污水渗入对触变泥浆减阻效果的影响。[结果及结论]污水渗入后,触变泥浆性能发生了劣化,泥浆的漏斗黏度减小,析水率及失水量大幅增加。污水中无机盐的正电荷与泥浆土颗粒的负电荷相互吸引,导致泥浆Zeta电位从稳定的31.0 mV降至20.0 mV以下。污水渗入导致大粒径土颗粒质量分数明显增加,泥浆发生团聚沉淀现象,这是泥浆析水率大幅增加的原因。污水渗入还导致泥浆的减阻效果降低,摩擦因数及顶管顶推力增加。

膨润土种类及黄原胶含量对减阻泥浆性能的影响

减阻触变泥浆在地下综合管廊顶管施工中具有支撑、填充、润滑等重要作用。本文对减阻触变泥浆中主要原材料—膨润土的种类及含量对泥浆性能的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:减阻泥浆的漏斗粘度、失水量和析水率等性能指标随钠基、有机和钙基3种膨润土含量的变化规律基本相同。由钠基或有机膨润土配制的泥浆失水量性能优于钙基膨润土,但钙基膨润土在泥浆漏斗粘度性能上表现更好;由上述3种类型膨润土分别配制的泥浆析水率性能相当。另外,本文还研究了黄原胶含量对减阻泥浆性能的影响,实验结果表明添加黄原胶能显著降低减阻触变泥浆的失水量,并在一定程度上提高泥浆的漏斗粘度。

触变泥浆组成对减阻性能影响的室内测定试验

同步注浆是顶管施工过程中不可或缺的工序,其中触变泥浆的减阻性能是影响注浆减阻效果的关键因素。为此,本文使用室内摩阻试验测定触变泥浆及浆土混合物的摩阻参数,研究泥浆中不同成分配比对浆液减阻性能的影响。结果表明:泥浆的3种主要组成成分——膨润土、CMC(Carboxylmethyl Cellulose)、纯碱,均对触变泥浆的减阻性能有影响;膨润土含量对触变泥浆的摩阻参数影响最大,浆液中膨润土含量越高、浆土混合物的摩阻系数越小。

泥水平衡顶管下穿高速桥梁施工关键技术研究

顶管施工是城市地下空间开发建设中常用的施工过程,其是一种不需要地表开挖或较少地表开挖的管道敷设施工技术。近年来,我国在顶管技术的理论和施工技术领域取得了长足发展,但由于我国地域辽阔,不同的地区和城市地质条件、水文条件差距相对较大,地下空间环境相对复杂。顶管推进过程将使周围土壤发生挤压、剪切、卸载,不可避免地产生地层扰动变形,从而迫使邻近结构发生扰动。因此,研究复杂环境条件下大截段顶管工程施工过程中存在的关键技术具有重要的现实意义。研究以怀柔新城南部地区污水干线工程污水管道工程为背景,研究了当前国内外顶管施工方法的关键技术,结合工程地质条件和施工技术要求等,提出了下穿高速桥梁顶管施工中后背结构设计、姿态控制与纠偏方法和触变泥浆减阻措施等关键控制技术,并利用力学分析和监控量测方法进行验证,为项目的顺利施工提供了可靠依据。

磁控触变流体的3D打印工艺研究

针对现有磁控智能流体无法应用于3D打印的问题,本文制备了一种在磁场调控下能够实现溶胶-凝胶可逆转变的新型磁控触变流体,并对其打印工艺进行了研究。采用全系统损耗润滑油、有机膨润土和Fe_(3)O_(4)颗粒制备了不同配比的打印样品,搭建了直写式3D打印实验平台,研究其可打印性。流变学实验表明:磁控触变流体有机膨润土含量越高,触变性越强,剪切变稀越明显;磁场强度越强,屈服应力越高,储存模量越高。3种挤出方式下的打印实验结果表明,采用匀料恢复挤出方式打印的结构具备最高分辨率和最大高度。磁控触变流体在根据其流变特性设计的挤出装置下具有良好可打印性,为该材料应用于柔性传感、软体机器人个性化复杂结构设计与驱动、微流控检测等领域奠定了基础。