Real-time State Monitoring During Switching Mode Transitions in High Power Three-level Inverters

大功率多电平逆变器近年来在实际工业生产中得到越来越广泛的应用。多电平逆变器由于结构复杂,采用元器件较多,因此在设计和实验中,实现各个工作状态下运行参数的同步监测和分析较为困难。本文针对大功率三电平逆变器,实现开关动态特性的在线测试,在此基础上,进一步研究三电平逆变器在开关状态变化时理论与实际负载运行工况下电路拓扑的转换变化规律。通过全电路电气参数和元器件状态的实时监测,发现在三电平逆变器非正常运行状态下开关转换时额外电应力,同时,深入研究在实际工况运行条件非正常状态下该额外电应力出现的机理和原因,为三电平逆变器的故障诊断提供了参考,对于设计高可靠性的多电平逆变器系统有一定的理论和现实意义。

Equal Switching Distribution Method for Multi-Level Cascaded Inverters

The paper proposes a new method of equal switching distribution that can be applied to cascaded multi-level inverters. This method is based on the fact that in the cascaded multilevel inverters, the output phase voltage is the sum of voltage waveforms produced by all cascaded cells. By periodically exchanging cells’ voltage waveforms, the proposed method ensures equal average switchings distribution between all cascaded cells. This method is applied to the 13-level inverter, which consists of three cascaded 5-level H-bridge cells per phase. However, the proposed method can be extended to any desired number of voltage levels and applied to any type of cascaded multi-level inverter. Extensive simulation results of the tested 13-level inverter with the equal switching distribution are presented. Moreover, the proposed method is compared to the standard control approaches and its advantages are shown.

一种三电平NPC整流-逆变调速系统的无权重系数模型预测控制策略

针对异步电机三电平中点钳位(Neutral point clamped,NPC)整流–逆变驱动系统的高性能高效控制,搭建了三电平整流–逆变系统的预测与损耗模型,构建了包含中点电压平衡与损耗优化的代价函数,提出了一种基于序列并行结构的无权重系数模型预测控制.策略在传统的序列模型预测控制中引入了直流母线中点电压和变换器开关频率控制,构建了包含多个控制目标的统一代价函数.根据整流–逆变系统在运行中对各控制目标的实际需求,将代价函数中的多个控制目标分为主要和次要控制目标并归类为两个序列优化集,对不同的序列集进行顺序优化.在相同的序列集内部,采用自适应并行寻优来选择最优开关状态,保证了同级序列内各控制目标的同步优化,避免了权重系数的设计.仿真和实验结果验证了该方法具有良好的控制性能和参数鲁棒性,并能有效控制中点电压波动和降低系统损耗.

A Novel Fuzzy Direct Torque Control System for Three-level Inverter-fed Induction Machine

Diode clamped multi-level inverter （DCMLI） has a wide application prospect in high-voltage and adjustable speed drive systems due to its low stress on switching devices, low harmonic output, and simple structure. However, the problem of complexity of selecting vectors and capacitor voltage unbalance needs to be solved when the algorithm of direct torque control （DTC） is implemented on DCMLI. In this paper, a fuzzy DTC system of an induction machine fed by a three-level neutral-point-clamped （NPC） inverter is proposed. After introducing fuzzy logic, optimal selecting switching state is realized by applying various strategies which can distinguish the grade of the errors of stator flux linkage, torque, the neutral-point potential, and the position of stator flux linkage. Consequently, the neutral-point potential unbalance, the dr/dr of output voltage and the switching loss are restrained effectively, and desirable dynamic and steady-state performances of induction machines can be obtained for the DTC scheme. A design method of the fuzzy controller is introduced in detail, and the relevant simulation and experimental results have verified the feasibility of the proposed control algorithm.

具有中点电压平衡与零序电流抑制的T型三电平逆变器供电六相PMSM-DTC

在三电平六相电机驱动系统中,存在中点电压不平衡及零序电流导致定子电流畸变等问题。为此,该文针对T型三电平逆变器供电的六相永磁同步电机,提出一种具有中点电压平衡与零序电流抑制功能的直接转矩控制(DTC)策略。为实现DTC的快速构建,该策略基于两电平三相电机DTC结构,利用精简后的开关状态,在六相绕组轴线上分别合成满足控制要求的4个电压矢量,然后通过两个滞环比较器结合简单的扇区划分,确定最优电压矢量所在轴线,同时构建中点电压与零序电流控制平面,并对系统在控制平面所处扇区进行判断。在此基础上,根据最优电压矢量所在绕组的相电流iy的极性,实现最优电压矢量的选择,并进一步构建DTC最优开关矢量表。最后,通过实验结果验证了所提控制策略的可行性和有效性。

对称双向多电平逆变器单极性LS-PWM调制策略

针对传统功率开关器件-二极管(power switch-diode,PSD)多电平逆变器拓扑存在反向电流和电压尖峰的问题,提出一种对称双向PSD多电平逆变器拓扑,该拓扑通过增加反向电流回流路径的方式,不仅能够解决传统PSD拓扑存在的反向电流和电压尖峰问题,而且在使用功率器件数量、总阻塞电压以及开关损耗等方面均具备优势。为了控制逆变器运行时反向电流的流向,通过对对称双向级联型多电平逆变器的开关状态进行分析,提出一种适用的单极性LS-PWM调制策略,该调制策略可降低逆变器开关损耗,同时防止功率倒灌。最后通过仿真和实验结果验证了该拓扑及调制策略的有效性。

基于SMA-VMD和优化神经网络的逆变器开关故障诊断

为解决基于电流的中点箝位式三电平逆变器开路故障诊断易受负载变化影响的问题,本文从提升故障特征区分度入手,首先,基于SMA优化VMD的最佳模态数K及惩罚系数α,改善模态混叠现象,提高了故障特征的独立性。其次,基于小波包能量分布相对平稳,能有效克服负载影响的特点,将各IMF的两层小波包能量最大值作为故障特征量,在克服负载影响的同时,使时频特征信息更集中,进一步提高了故障特征区分度。最后,将上述故障特征应用于神经网络进行训练,并引入SSA对模型的权值和阈值进行优化,解决了模型局部最优问题,提升了故障辨识的准确性。通过NPC三电平逆变电路模拟17种开路故障的仿真实验,结果表明,该方法的诊断准确率达到98.99%,适用于变负载工况下NPC三电平逆变器在线故障诊断。

并网光伏系统中3L-T-type QZSI参与电网电压不平衡控制

针对传统逆变器在不平衡网压情况下工作时较难抑制输入电网有功功率振荡分量的问题,提出一种基于三电平T型准阻抗源逆变器(three level T-type quasi-Z source inverter,3L-T-type QZSI)抑制有功功率振荡分量的控制策略。从功率理论推导得到其并网的参考电流,实现并网有功功率恒定且以单位功率因数为目标的控制策略。即:使用二阶广义积分器(second-order generalized integrator,SOGI)完成电压的正负序分离;再结合基于载波的电平位移脉宽调制(level-shift pulse width modulation,LS-PWM)技术,用以调节功率开关直通状态的占空比和叠加的平衡分量,实现直流侧电压控制和中点电压平衡。最后,在Simulink平台上模拟了电网电压不平衡情况,对间歇性能源不同出力情况进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,该策略可有效抑制间歇性能源的有功功率二倍频波动,有利于实现中点电位平衡和间歇性能源并网稳定运行。

Research of Wavelet Modulation for Single-Phase Three-Level Inverter

The single-phase three-level voltage source inverter based on wavelet modulation(WM) is proposed.The WM technique is based on constructing a nondyadic-type multi-resolution analysis(MRA),which supports sampling continuous-time sinusoidal signals in a nonuniform recurrent manner,and then reconstructing it by using inverter switching actions. In order to further improve the output voltage waveform and reduce harmonic distortion,the wavelet modulation is used to three-level inverter. The high magnitude of fundamental component and significantly reduced harmonic contents of the inverter output voltage can be achieved by using WM in the single-phase three-level voltage source inverter. Furthermore,the WM algorithm is implemented by using only one element government(EV) in DSP. The simulated and experimental results prove the accuracy and feasibility of the WM scheme for single-phase three-level voltage source inverter.

Realization of a Nine-Level Cascaded NPC/H-Bridge PWM Inverter Using Phase-Shifted Carrier PWM Technique

Cascaded H-Bridge inverter has been researched for the past two decades, but there are no explicit guidelines on how one can realize a cascaded NPC （neutral-point-clamped）/H-Bridge inverter. Past research has also concentrated on realizing a five-level NPC/H-Bridge inverter. This fails to address the principle of realizing a general cascaded N-level NPC/H-Bridge PWM inverter. This paper proposes an improved topology for achieving a nine-level cascaded NPC （neutral-point-clamped） H-Bridge inverter with reduced harmonic content. This new proposed topology requires a lesser number of separate dc sources as compared to conventional cascaded H-Bridge inverter. The whole system is considered as having four three level legs having two positive and two negative legs. By properly phase shifting the modulating wave and carriers, a nine-level output is achieved. A theoretical harmonic analysis of the proposed inverter is carried out based on double Fourier principle. The theoretical results are verified through MATLAB simulation.

Reduction of THD in Thirteen-Level Hybrid PV Inverter with Less Number of Switches

Multilevel inverter (MLI) is one of the most efficient power converters which are especially suited for high power applications with reduced harmonics. MLI not only achieves high output power and is also used in renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind and fuel cells. Among various topologies of MLI, this paper mainly focuses on cascaded MLI with three unequal DC sources called asymmetric cascaded MLI which reduces the number of power switches. Various modulation techniques are also reviewed in literature [1]. In this paper we focus on sinusoidal (or) multicarrier pulse width modulation (SPWM) which improves the output voltage at lower modulation index for obtaining lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) level. The gating signal for the 13-level hybrid inverter using SPWM technique is generated using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) processor. The proposed modulation technique results in reduced percentage of THD, but lower order harmonics are not eliminated. So a new technique called Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is also implemented in order to reduce the lower order harmonics. The optimum switching angles are determined for obtaining minimum THD. The performance evaluation of the proposed PWM inverter is verified using an experimental model of 13-level cascaded hybrid MLI and compared with MATLAB/SIMULINK model.

东芝三菱XL75高压变频器二用一备在线热穴余方案在京博石化204万吨年K-COT丙烯制冷压缩机上的应用

本文简单介绍了采用二用一备在线热几余方案的东芝三菱的XL75五电平高压变频器,在京博石化K-COT丙烯制冷压缩机上的应用。该系统可以在任一台变频器故障的情况下,利用另外两台变频器继续自动带丙烯压缩机满载运行,变频器的故障不会造成机组停机。

Ride through Strategy for a Three-Level Dual Z-Source Inverter Using TRIAC

A new ride through strategy is introduced in a three-level dual Z-source inverter, for isolation under semiconductor switching failure condition. Here the output will have no significant decrease in the amplitude and quality. Instead of diodes, the triacs are added to the inverter source ends, as it can perform a bidirectional power transfer also it can operate well in both low and high voltage operating conditions. The faulted part can be isolated by simply altering the firing pulses for turning on/off the triacs using the carrier based SPWM technique and resulting in a boosting output with zero common mode voltage. Consequently, it forms a common floating point or null point with a zero common mode voltage. It is experimentally verified by using MATLAB, and digital oscilloscope.

Capacitor Pattern H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CPHMLI) Using Phase Diposition Pulse Width Modulation for Grid Applications

This work presents an implementation of an innovative single phase multilevel inverter using capacitors with reduced switches. The proposed Capacitor pattern H-bridge Multilevel Inverter (CPHMLI) topology consists of a proper number of Capacitor connected with switches and power sources. The advanced switching control supplied by Pulse Width Modulation (PDPWM) to attain mixed staircase switching state. The charging and discharging mode are achieved by calculating the voltage error at the load. Furthermore, to accomplish the higher voltage levels at the output with less number of semiconductors switches and simple commutation designed using CPHMLI topology. To prove the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach, a set of experiments performed under various load conditions using MATLAB tool.

LEVEL SET输运方程的求解方法及其对气-液两相流运动界面数值模拟的影响

用数值模拟方法来研究气-液两相流动与传热现象是当今多相流领域的一个热门课题。由于两相流固有的复杂性,气-液两相流界面迁移现象的数值模拟一直是两相流研究中的一大难点。本文介绍了捕捉气-液两相流相界面运动的水平集方法(LevelSet)及其研究进展,介绍了求解LevelSet输运方程的3种方法,即一般差分格式、Superbee-TVD格式和Runge-Kutta法-5阶WENO组合格式。结合主流场的求解,分别用这3种方法对4种典型相界面在5种流场中的迁移特性进行了模拟计算,并对计算结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明,Runge-Kutta法-5阶WENO组合格式求解LevelSet输运方程的效果最好,在以后的计算中将主要采用这种组合格式来进行气-液相界面输运方程的求解。

An asymmetrical multilevel inverter with minimum voltage stress and fewer components for photovoltaic renewable-energy system

The enhanced power quality provided by multilevel inverters(MLIs)has made them more appropriate for medium-and high-power applications,including photovoltaic systems.Nevertheless,a prevalent limitation involves the necessity for numerous switches and increased voltage stress across these switches,consequently increasing the overall system cost.To address these challenges,a new 17-level asymmetrical MLI with fewer components and low voltage stress is proposed for the photovoltaic system.This innovative MLI configuration has four direct current(DC)sources and 10 switches.Based on the trinary sequence,the proposed topology uses photovoltaics with boost converters and fuzzy logic controllers as its DC sources.Mathematical equations are used to calculate cru-cial parameters for this proposed design,including total standing voltage per unit(TSVPU),cost function per level(CF/L),component count per level(CC/L)and voltage stress across the switches.The comparison is conducted by considering switches,DC sources,TSVPU,CF/L,gate driver circuits and CC/L with other existing MLI topologies.The analysis is carried out under various conditions,encompassing different levels of irradiance,variable loads and modulation indices.To reduce the total harmonic distortion of the suggested topology,the phase opposition disposition approach has been incorporated.The suggested framework is simulated in MATLAB®/Simulink®.The results indicate that the proposed topology achieves a well-distributed stress profile across the switches and has CC/L of 1.23,TSVPU of 5 and CF/L of 4.58 and 5.76 with weight coefficients of 0.5 and 1.5,respectively.These values are not-ably superior to those of existing MLI topologies.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed topology maintains a consistent output at varying irradiance levels with FLCs and exhibits robust performance under variable loads and diverse modulation indices.Furthermore,the total harmonic distortion achieved with phase opposition disposition is 7.78%,outperforming alternative pulse width modulation techniques.In summary,it provides enhanced performance.Considering this,it is suitable for the photovoltaic system.

基于I-DPWM的三电平中点钳位光伏逆变器漏电流抑制方法

对于三电平中点钳位光伏逆变器,基于断续脉宽调制(discontinuous pulse width modulation,DPWM)并通过选择特定矢量进行钳位控制的方法,存在矢量分解计算时间长、注入共模电压分量和漏电流过大等不足。对此,提出了一种基于I-DPWM的三电平中点钳位光伏逆变器漏电流抑制方法。通过计算各类DPWM等效调制波来解析注入的低频共模电压分量。针对低频共模电压分量最小的DPWM1,在低频共模电压不连续点注入新的零序分量,通过减小低频共模电压来抑制漏电流幅值。同时,采用载波实现DPWM,免去了复杂的矢量运算。最后,在Matlab/Simulink平台建立了20 kW三电平中点钳位光伏逆变器的仿真模型,同时结合所设计的125 W实验样机验证了所提方法的有效性。

Oxygen Isotope Records of Core 8KL of the South China Sea and Sea - level Change

Based on a comparison between the oxygen isotope records of benthic and plank tonic foraminifers from core 8KL of the South China Sea and sea-level change records derived from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea, it is found that both records are very similar from 72 K a B.P. to the present, especially for the benthic oxygen isotope record. The linear regression shows that δ18O changes (0.9995‰ for benthic foraminifers and 1.022‰ for planktonic foraminifers) are equal to 100 m in sea-level fluctuation. After making temperature correction in the δ18O record of benthic foraminifers from 72 to 120 Ka B.P., the curve of sea-level oscillation of the South China Sea since 186 Ka B.P. has been reconstructed. The lowermost sea - level that occurred in the last glacial maximum and oxygen isotope stage 6 is approximately - 130 m.