Theoretical analysis and engineering application of controllable shock wave technology for enhancing coalbed methane in soft and low‑permeability coal seams

Coalbed methane(CBM)is a significant factor in triggering coal and gas outburst disaster,while also serving as a clean fuel.With the increasing depth of mining operations,coal seams that exhibit high levels of gas content and low permeability have become increasingly prevalent.While controllable shockwave(CSW)technology has proven effective in enhancing CBM in laboratory settings,there is a lack of reports on its field applications in soft and low-permeability coal seams.This study establishes the governing equations for stress waves induced by CSW.Laplace numerical inversion was employed to analyse the dynamic response of the coal seam during CSW antireflection.Additionally,quantitative calculations were performed for the crushed zone,fracture zone,and effective CSW influence range,which guided the selection of field test parameters.The results of the field test unveiled a substantial improvement in the gas permeability coefficient,the average rate of pure methane flowrate,and the mean gas flowrate within a 10 m radius of the antireflection borehole.These enhancements were notable,showing increases of 3 times,13.72 times,and 11.48 times,respectively.Furthermore,the field test performed on the CSW antireflection gas extraction hole cluster demonstrated a noticeable improvement in CBM extraction.After antireflection,the maximum peak gas concentration and maximum peak pure methane flow reached 71.2%and 2.59 m^(3)/min,respectively.These findings will offer valuable guidance for the application of CSW antireflection technology in soft and low-permeability coal seams.

Numerical Study on an Applicable Underground Mining Method for Soft Extra-Thick Coal Seams in Thailand

The EGAT Mae Moh Mine is the largest open pit lignite mine in Thailand and it produces lignite about 16 million tons annually. In the near future, the pit limit of the mine will be reached and underground mine will then be developed through the open pit in the depth of 400 - 600 m from the surface. However, due to the challenges for underground mining such as poor geological conditions, extra thickness (20 - 30 m) of coal seams, and weak mechanical properties of coal seams and the surrounding rock, the success possibility of underground mining and an applicable underground mining method is being investigated at the present. The paper discusses the applicability of multi-slice bord-and-pillar method for the soft extra thick coal seams in the Mae Moh mine by means of numerical analyses using the 3D finite difference code “FLAC3D”.

Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines

A number of rockburst accidents occurring in soft coal seams have shown that the rockburst mechanism involved in soft coal seams is significantly different from that involved in hard coal seams. Therefore, the method used to evaluate rockburst in hard coal seams is not applicable to soft coal seams. This paper established an energy integral model for the rockburst-inducing area and a friction work calculation model for the plastic area. If the remaining energy after the coal seam is broken in the rockburstinducing area is greater than the friction work required for the coal to burst out, then a rockburst accident will occur. Mechanisms of ‘‘quaking without bursting" and ‘‘quaking and bursting" are clarified for soft coal seams and corresponding control measures are proposed as the optimization of roadway layouts and use of ‘‘three strong systems"(strong de-stressing, strong supporting, and strong monitoring).

Key technologies and equipment for a fully mechanized top-coal caving operation with a large mining height at ultra-thick coal seams

Thick and ultra-thick coal seams are main coal seams for high production rate and high efficiency in Chinese coal mines, which accounts for 44 % of the total minable coal reserve. A fully mechanized top-coal caving mining method is a main underground coal extraction method for ultra-thick coal seams. The coal extraction technologies for coal seams less than 14 m thick were extensively used in China. However, for coal seams with thickness greater than 14 m, there have been no reported cases in the world for underground mechanical extraction with safe performance, high efficiency and high coal recovery ratio. To deal with this case, China Coal Technology ＆ Engineering Group, Datong Coal Mine Group, and other 15 organizations in China launched a fundamental and big project to develop coal mining technologies and equipment for coal seams with thicknesses greater than 14 m. After the completion of the project, a coal extraction method was developed for top-coal caving with a large mining height, as well as a ground control theory for ultra-thick coal seams. In addition, the mining technology for top-coal caving with a large mining height, the ground support technology for roadway in coal seams with a large cross-section, and the prevention and control technology for gas and fire hazards were developed and applied. Furthermore, a hydraulic support with a mining height of 5.2 m, a shearer with high reliability, and auxiliary equipment were developed and manufactured. Practical implication on the technologies and equipment developed was successfully completed at the No. 8105 coal face in the Tashan coal mine, Datong, China. The major achievements of the project are summarized as follows： 1. A top-coal caving method for ultra-thick coal seams is proposed with a cutting height of 5 m and a top-coal caving height of 15 m. A structural mechanical model of overlying strata called cantilever beam-articulated rock beam is established. Based on the model, the load resistance of the hydraulic support with a large mining height for top-coal caving method is determined. With the analysis, the movement characteristics of the top coal and above strata are evaluated during top-coal caving operation at the coal face with a large mining height. Furthermore, there is successful development of comprehensive technologies for preventing and controlling spalling of the coal wall, and the top-coal caving technology with high efficiency and high recovery at the top-coal caving face with a large mining height. This means that the technologies developed have overcome the difficulties in strata control, top-coal caving with high efficiency and high coal recovery, and enabled to achieve a production rate of more than 10 Mtpa at a single top-coal caving face with a large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams; 2. A hydraulic support with 5.2 m supporting height and anti-rockburst capacity, a shearer with high reliability, a scraper conveyor with a large power at the back of face, and a large load and long distance headgate belt conveyor have been successfully developed for a top-coal caving face with large mining height. The study has developed the key technologies for improving the reliability of equipment at the coal face and has overcome the challenges in equipping the top-coal caving face with a large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams; 3. The deformation characteristics of a large cross-section roadway in ultra-thick coal seams are discovered. Based on the findings above, a series of bolt materials with a high yielding strength of 500-830 MPa and a high extension ratio, and cable bolt material with a 1 × 19 structure, large tonnage and high extension ratio are developed. In addition, in order to achieve a safe roadway and a fast face advance, installation equipment for high pre-tension bolt is developed to solve the problems with the support of roadway in coal seams for top-coal caving operation with a large mining height; 4. The characteristics of gas distribution and uneven emission at top-coal caving face with large mining height in ultra-thick coal seams are evaluated. With the application of the technologies of gas drainage in the roof, the difficulties in gas control for high intensive top-coal caving mining operations, known as ＂low gas content, high gas emission＂, are solved. In addition, large flow-rate underground mobile equipment for making nitrogen are developed to solve the problems with fire prevention and safe mining at a top-coal caving face with large mining height and production rate of more than 10 Mtpa. A case study to apply the developed technologies has been conducted at the No. 8105 face, the Tashan coal mine in Datong, China. The case study demonstrates that the three units of equipment, i.e., the support, shearer and scraper conveyor, are rationally equipped. Average equipment usage at the coal face is 92.1%. The coal recovery ratio at the coal face is up to 88.9 %. In 2011, the coal production at the No. 8105 face reached 10.849 Mtpa, exceeding the target of 10 Mtpa for a topcoal caving operation with large mining height performed by Chinese-made mining equipment. The technologies and equipment developed provide a way for extracting ultra-thick coal seams. Currently, the technologies and equipment are used in 13 mining areas in China including Datong, Pingshuo, Shendong and Xinjiang. With the exploitation of coal resources in Western China, there is great potential for the application of the technologies and equipment developed.

Macro and micro grouting process and the influence mechanism of cracks in soft coal seam

Grouting is an important method to reinforce soft coal roadway,and the presence of primary cracks in the coal body has an important influence on the grouting effect.With the discrete element simulation method,the grouting process of the soft coal seam was simulated.The mechanism of primary cracks on grouting was revealed,while the influence of fracture characteristics and grouting pressure on the grouting effect was analyzed.The results demonstrated that grouting in the soft coal seam involves the stages of seepage,rapid splitting,slow splitting,and stability.Due to the presence of primary cracks,the grouting diffusion radius increased significantly.Under the slurry pressure,the tensile stress concentration was formed at the crack tip,and the slurry split the coal once the splitting pressure was reached.In addition,the distribution characteristics of fractures are found to have a great influence on the grouting effect.It is observed that smaller fracture spacing is associated with a larger slurry diffusion radius and thus easier penetration of the primary crack tips.The fracture angle affects the direction of fracture propagation.The secondary fracture formed by splitting is a tensile fracture,which is more likely to extend along the direction parallel to the maximum principal stress.Overall,these simulation results have guiding significance for the setting of reasonable spacing of grouting holes in the practice of grouting engineering.

Outburst control in soft and outburst prone coal seam using the waterjet slotting technique from modeling to field work

The paper discussed a comprehensive numerical simulation and field work by the usage of waterjet slotting tech- nique to prevent the occurrence of outbursts in soft and outburst prone coal seams. This was based on the geological and ge- omechanical conditions of Jinjiachong Colliery, Guizhou Province, associated with varied waterjet slotting parameters such as slotting penetration, slotting thickness and slotting distance along the length of borehole. Also, to understand the variation of internal stress of coal seams after waterjet slotting application, the internal stress levels were compared with and without slot- ting application, and the results indicate that the internal effective stress levels can be reduced to 70% and 45% for the vertical and horizontal stresses, respectively, and the gas concentration can be increased up to 5 times when the waterjet slotting is ap- plied.

梁家煤矿铁-木组合托盘锚杆支护性能模拟研究

针对三软煤层矿井开采中巷道围岩大变形、支护失效等问题,以梁家煤矿1610工作面运输巷为背景,采用ANSYS数值模拟软件建立铁-木组合托盘锚杆模型,研究铁-木组合托盘锚杆支护性能,揭示铁-木组合托盘锚杆支护机理。结果表明:与普通锚杆支护相比,铁-木组合托盘锚杆支护条件下铁托盘、锚杆、巷道围岩应力分别降低了30%、15%、37%;变形减小了34%、26%、49%。铁-木组合托盘锚杆在铁托盘与围岩之间增加了木托盘,巷道围岩变形时,铁托盘挤压木托盘使木托盘承载一定的变形,木托盘拥有了让压属性,同时木托盘增大了托盘与围岩接触面积,提高接触面围岩整体刚度,增强围岩承载能力,降低锚杆载荷,改善锚杆支护效果。模拟结果得到了梁家煤矿1610工作面运输巷实测数据的验证。

Discussion of the indexes of nonoutburst coal seam upgrade and its corresponding critical values

In view of the measurement difficulties of indexes recommended by the 50Items Experience of Coal Mine Gas Prevention in the process of the nonoutburst coalseam upgrade, this paper took the No.8 coal seam of Huainan Mining Group as research object. Discussed the suitability of indexes and corresponding critical values, putforward method in determining the indexes and its critical values by analysis and investigation of the gas geological condition and the-spot tracking near position where anoutburst occurred combined with laboratory experiment, and established the indexesand its critical values of nonoutburst coal seam upgrade in No.8 coal seam of HuainanMining Group. The results show that it is suitable to take gas content and tectonic softcoal thickness easily to gain in routine production as primary upgrade indexes that itscritical values are 7.5 m^3/t and 0.8 m, respectively. In addition, takefvalue and Ap valueas auxiliary indexes.

水-胶共同作用下松软厚煤层煤壁片帮防治研究

松软厚煤层煤体具有强度低的特点,煤壁易发生片帮、冒顶,给工作面安全生产带来严重威胁。依据Ⅱ831综放工作面松软厚煤层易片帮的特点,提出了在松软煤体内注水+硅溶胶的方法,实现水-胶共同作用下松软煤体强度和变形能力的提升。煤体注水和硅溶胶力学实验表明,煤体含水率控制在5.5%~7.0%内,硅溶胶含量为20%左右,凝结时间≥10 h时具有较好的煤壁片帮控制效果。Ⅱ831综放工作面应用实践表明,松软煤体注水和硅溶胶后,煤壁片帮次数、冒顶次数明显减少,并在类似条件工作面进行了应用,取得了较好的煤壁片帮治理效果。

基于RFPA-3D的煤层钻孔水力压裂裂缝扩展规律数值模拟

水力压裂裂缝的几何形态是评价压裂效果的主要因素,煤层受割理、层理和天然裂隙的影响,非均质性较强,对于垂向主应力、最大水平主应力和最小水平主应力共同影响下的煤层水力压裂缝扩展规律还未形成系统认识。利用RFPA-3D数值模拟软件,研究非均匀分布的硬煤层和软煤层,在垂向主应力不变,不同水平主应力差下水力压裂三维裂纹的扩展过程和延伸规律,研究发现硬煤层水平主应力差接近时,水力压裂缝在煤层中延伸没有优势方位,形成网状缝;水平主应力差较大时,水力压裂缝主要沿最大水平主应力方向扩展,其他分支裂缝初始阶段沿着最小水平主应力方向延伸,随后逐渐向最大水平主应力方向靠拢。软煤层水力压裂初始阶段,注入段附近煤层以井筒为中心向四周挤压,煤层被挤压形成一个“大肚子”区域,待煤层挤压到一定程度,煤层开始起裂、裂缝扩展;水平主应力差接近时,注入段煤层压实后,起裂形成网状缝;水平主应力差较大时,注入段煤层压实后,压裂缝沿最大水平主应力方向以及与最大水平主应力方向成45°夹角方向产生两条优势裂缝。研究成果在安徽芦岭井田Y-01煤层气水平井组进行应用,日产气突破10000 m^(3)。

Influence of Water Injection Fracturing on Crack Damage in Soft Coal and Application in Gas Extraction

In order to study the hypotonic and rheological particularity of “three soft” coal seam in west Henan, China, this paper explored the stress and damage characteristics of crack in coal under condition of water injection fracturing based on ABAQUS platform;The cohesive element in T-P damage evolution criterion was used to describe the approximately linear relationship between crack width and extending distance in soft coal. The simulation results show that stress evolution and crack damage in soft coal is a gradually developing process under condition of water injection fracturing. When the static pressure is 4 - 10 MPa, and the injection time is about 1 - 2 hours, the damage range of crack in soft coal can basically reach an ideal data of 80 - 100 m, and then greatly improve the hypotonic performance of “three soft” coal seam.

Effect of damage zone around borehole on carbon dioxide injection promoted gas extraction in soft and low-permeability coal seam

Injecting external CO_(2) into soft and low-permeability coal seams can improve CH4 extacctinn efficiency, and also benefit in CO_(2) sequestration. However, the distribution law of damage zone around borehole in soft coal seam and its effect on the efficiency of CO_(2) injection promoted CH4 extraction are not clear. In this paper, a multi-physics coupling mathematical model considering damage effect is established for simulating the process of CO_(2) injection promoted CH4 extraction in soft and low-permeability coal seam. The distribution of damage zone and permeability around boreholes under different diameters and coal strengths are analyzed. The gas pressure and gas content in coal seam during CO_(2) injection promoted CH4 extraction when the model considered damage effect are compared with that of ignored. The results show that small borehole diameter corresponds to narrow damage zone around the borehole in coal seam. The damage zone expands with the increase of the borehole diameter. The damage zone increases exponentially with the borehole diameter, while decreases exponentially with the compressive strength of coal seam. The highest permeability in the damage zone has increased by nearly 300 times under the condition of simulated case. CH4 pressure around the extraction borehole reduces, and the reduction area expands with the increase of time. Compared with the result of considering the damage effect, the reduction area of ignoring it is smaller, and the reducing speed is slower. The integrated effect of CO_(2) injection and CH4 extraction leads to rapid decrease of CH4 content in coal seam near the boreholes. The CO_(2) pressure and content increase around the injection borehole, and the increasing area gradually extends to the whole coal seam. In soft coal seams, failure to consider the damage effect will underestimate the efficiency of CH4 extraction and CO_(2) sequestration, resulting conservative layout of boreholes.

煤层瓦斯含量测定技术及装备研究进展

瓦斯含量是煤与瓦斯突出危险预测、煤层瓦斯资源量估算、矿井瓦斯治理工程设计的重要参数。围绕如何在大区域准确快速测定煤层瓦斯含量,依托国家科技重大专项、国家自然科学基金和煤炭企业联合基金等项目科技攻关,在取样、测试方面取得了一定进展。主要表现在如下4个方面:①煤层瓦斯含量测定取样经历了孔口接样、岩心管定点取样、压力引射定点取样和密闭取样4个阶段,密闭取样装备保压能力达到11.5 MPa,煤心直径达到38 mm;②针对不同煤层地质条件,发展形成了顺煤层定向长钻孔密闭取样、底板穿层钻孔密闭取样和顶(底)板梳状定向长钻孔密闭取样3种取样技术;③在河南焦作和山西晋城矿区硬煤层中,顺层定向长钻孔取样深度达到516 m,密闭取样法测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法分别平均提高了0.44倍和1.04倍。在安徽淮南矿区碎软煤层中,穿层钻孔密闭取样深度达到209 m,测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法平均提高了0.26倍;在安徽淮北矿区碎软煤层中,顶(底)板梳状钻孔密闭取样深度达到484 m,测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法平均提高了0.19倍,密闭取样法在煤层瓦斯含量测定精度、探测范围上优于常规取样法;④在瓦斯含量测试方面,除了传统解吸法测试,发展了系列煤矿井下瓦斯含量快速测试装备,可实现最快30 min内测得煤层瓦斯含量,一般用于百米孔内的瓦斯含量测试。提出了煤层瓦斯含量测定密闭取样装备需向小型化、轻量化的方向发展,并能实现随钻密闭取样。在测试上,应根据实际情况确定合理的解吸终止限,并将测试装备和密闭取样装备进一步结合,以实现深孔瓦斯含量快速准确测定。密闭取样技术已成为煤层瓦斯含量大区域精准勘查、预测的主要手段,是煤炭安全高效开采的重要技术保障。

煤层顶板间接压裂裂缝扩展机制及影响因素

碎软低渗煤层在我国普遍发育,制约煤层气单井产气量提高和产业发展。间接压裂是通过在邻近层产生垂直裂缝沟通煤层进而实现煤层有效改造的一种压裂方式,可以有效应对钻井塌陷、煤粉产出、压裂液滤失和煤层厚度薄等不利因素。通过间接压裂物理模拟试验和扩展有限元数值模拟分析,揭示煤层顶板间接压裂裂缝扩展影响因素,明确裂缝扩展机制,以期为间接压裂技术提供指导。通过直接压裂煤层和不同起裂位置、垂向应力和施工排量影响下间接压裂试验表明,起裂压力高,更易产生长裂缝,且受原生裂缝影响程度减小;但起裂点距离煤层越远,起裂所需能量越大,高破裂压力会对煤层造成粉碎性破坏;大施工排量下,起裂压力对应升高,起裂时间变短,原生裂缝影响程度变小。考虑地应力、起裂位置、岩石力学和施工排量等参数的数值模拟结果显示,在模型参数设置条件下,最大水平主应力和垂向应力差在<4 MPa,煤层与顶板有效应力差>3 MPa、弹性模量差<15 GPa的地层和岩性组合适合间接压裂,起裂位置距离煤层最优距离为<6 m,施工排量需要根据力学性质、断裂能密度等参数确定最优范围。

大埋深“三软”厚煤层智能综放开采技术研究

针对大埋深“三软”条件下厚煤层综放开采的过程中液压支架钻底以及巷道底鼓的问题,以淮北信湖煤矿818智能综放工作面为研究背景,对液压支架的适用性进行了分析,并介绍了818智能综放采煤工作面的液压支架自动化系统。通过理论计算得出液压支架的最大工作阻力为9940 kN,分析现场实测数据可知中部液压支架的工作阻力最高,其次是下部,上部最小。工作面支架前排立柱受力大于后排立柱,工作面来压时,液压支架前立柱工作阻力平均比后立柱工作阻力大44.5%,前排立柱工作阻力占整架工作阻力的比例大致在0.57~0.74之间,工作面液压支架平均工作阻力为28.11 MPa,因此动载荷计算法更适合818工作面支架工作阻力计算;分析了液压支架钻底的原因,并提出液压支架的管控措施;通过数值模拟得到工作面超前支承压力的影响范围为煤壁前方110 m,工作面中部峰值应力最大,其次是下部,最后是上部,峰值应力出现在煤壁前方12~19 m;由现场实测数据可知煤壁向外105 m范围内,巷道底鼓及两帮变形量相对较大,巷道顶板下沉及底鼓比较明显,在此基础上提出预防巷道底鼓的相关措施,以期为淮北矿区以及类似条件下开采的工作面提供借鉴与参考。

三软煤层沿空留巷顶板结构模型及合理支护研究

为了揭示三软煤层沿空留巷围岩变形机理,探索适用于三软煤层巷道围岩控制的新技术,通过切顶沿空留巷物理相似模拟实验,研究了不切顶普通支护、切顶高强支护和切顶普通支护3种条件下顶板岩层断裂演化过程,构建了三软煤层切顶留巷顶板结构力学模型,给出了支护阻力计算方法,在韩城矿区象山煤矿进行了现场工业性试验验证。研究表明:切顶技术切断了顶板的应力传递,巷内采用高强支护,使顶板形成稳定的“短悬臂-砌体梁”结构。现场监测结果显示,不切顶普通支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量1000~1200 mm,两帮平均移近量600~700 mm;切顶高强单体支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量200~300 mm,两帮平均移近量200~300 mm;切顶组合式支架支护的留巷顶底板平均移近量50~100 mm,两帮平均移近量100~200 mm。组合式支架高强支护能够较好地控制三软煤层沿空切顶留巷围岩变形,可实现留巷二次复用无返修。

“三软”厚煤层回采巷道掘锚一体机工艺优化及应用

“三软”厚煤层回采巷道围岩整体强度低,且岩层结构组合普遍变化较大,造成掘进工作面悬露顶板稳定性差异明显,部分顶板稳定性较差区域无法直接采用掘锚一体机及配套施工工艺,造成掘进工作面频繁停工,整体掘进效率下降。针对此类问题,以沙吉海煤矿“三软”厚煤层回采巷道为工程背景,采用现场调研、理论分析、数值模拟等综合研究方法,阐明了掘进工作面悬露顶板漏冒、掘锚一体机陷入底板或跑偏、煤壁片帮是制约掘锚一体机在“三软”厚煤层回采巷道中应用的关键制约因素;考虑悬露顶板厚度、扰动影响系数、顶板各岩层强度及各岩层完整性等参量的影响,建立和推导了掘进工作面悬露顶板极限跨距计算公式;形成了以掘进工作面悬露顶板极限跨距计算为主导的巷道围岩稳定性分级方法,将“三软”厚煤层回采巷道围岩划分为极稳定、稳定、中等稳定、不稳定、极不稳定5个级别;提出了不同稳定性级别围岩条件下掘锚一体机装备及施工工艺分类优化方案,并从截割滚筒位态调整、底板接地处理、巷帮作业平台增设等方面给出了困难作业环境下掘锚一体机应用对策。研究成果在沙吉海煤矿B1003W05工作面巷道进行了工程应用,其分类优化方案可有效保障掘锚一体机在“三软”厚煤层中的正常运行,相比邻近巷道采用悬臂式掘进机综掘工艺,掘进速度提升了1.0~1.8倍。

松软厚煤层区段煤柱剪切滑块运动机理及协同控制技术

松软厚煤层区段煤柱高、煤壁暴露面积大,加之煤质松软、裂隙发育,强采动作用下极易造成煤柱失稳,巷道维护难度极大。以山西伏岩煤业3号煤层开采为工程背景,基于剪切滑块理论,探究采掘扰动下煤柱变形破坏机理,求解煤柱剪切滑块运动范围及应力分布规律,揭示煤柱侧帮剪切滑块运动机理,提出煤柱稳定性协同控制对策并在现场进行工程实践验证。结果表明:①采用极限平衡理论与叠加理论,确定了煤柱剪切滑块运动范围及煤柱垂直应力分布规律,阐明煤柱剪切滑块安全系数分布规律:0~1.26 m深度,煤柱上部安全系数较小;在1.26~3.95 m处,煤柱中线部分大面积安全系数较小,易受顶板来压破坏。②提出了1种以“注浆加固—锚索强化—切顶卸压”为主体的区段煤柱协同控制技术,煤柱侧裂隙较无支护条件及原支护条件分别减少62.89%和46.26%,巷道围岩完整性大幅提高,形成了强承载结构,有效控制了煤柱变形及底臌。③根据松软厚煤层区段煤柱条件,合理确定了协同控制设计参数,并对煤柱防控效果进行试验监测评估。现场试验结果表明,煤柱裂隙得到充分填充,注浆后煤体强度提高63%以上;巷道位移、锚杆索受力、离层等均在可控范围,表明协同控制技术明显提高了煤柱承载力,回采巷道围岩变形得到有效控制,为工作面安全高效开采提供了空间保障。

松软煤层钻进钻杆减重降阻机制及应用研究

施工瓦斯抽采钻孔是治理瓦斯危害的必要手段,针对松软煤层钻进因钻杆自重大引起的钻进阻力大、钻进效率低及劳动强度高等问题,提出了优化钻杆结构以减少自重并降低钻进阻力的研究思路,通过设置四翼内凹结构达到减小钻杆自重及降低钻进阻力的目的,并依此设计了四翼内凹刻槽钻杆,兼顾钻杆推进阻力和旋转扭矩损失,建立了钻杆钻进阻力模型,结合ANSYS数值模拟方法对四翼内凹刻槽钻杆进行强度校核分析与参数优化,研制了四翼内凹刻槽钻杆,并进行了现场工业性试验。研究表明:(1)对于100m钻孔深度,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆相对于圆状刻槽钻杆质量减轻了21.88%,在正常钻进时,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆与圆钻杆相比旋转扭矩损失降低了25.10%;与圆状刻槽钻杆相比降低了20.90%。在塌孔10m的情况下,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆钻进阻力相对于圆钻杆降低了51.44%,相对于圆状刻槽钻杆降低了43.65%。(2)对四翼内凹刻槽钻杆进行强度分析与参数优化,结果显示,在常规坑道钻机作用下,钻杆最大应力与内凹深度呈正相关,与壁厚呈负相关,壁厚对于应力的影响大于内凹深度的影响,且在内凹宽度为33mm、深度为4mm、壁厚为11.5mm时,安全系数为1.59。(3)现场工业性试验表明,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆排渣顺畅,强度可靠,钻进深度提高了18.18%,钻进效率提高了17.80%。在保证钻杆强度的前提下、通过钻杆结构创新有效降低钻杆质量,对于降低工人劳动强度、提高钻进效率和成孔率具有显著的效果,为推动复杂地层钻探技术发展提供了新的方法。

松软薄煤层条带消突下斜定向钻孔成孔护孔技术研究与应用

针对松软薄煤层煤巷条带消突长距离下斜钻孔,存在成孔难、易钻遇煤层顶底板、积水堵塞瓦斯抽采通道的难题,提出了氮气排渣下斜定向钻进成孔与护孔技术,采用高压氮气排渣、大功率气动螺杆钻具定向、“波浪式”轨迹控制和三层管护孔排水技术,在河南省平煤股份一矿开展现场试验,完成8个孔深超300 m下斜定向长钻孔,煤层钻遇率90%以上,全孔段下三层护排水管,平均下入深度302 m,支管平均抽采纯量1.66 m^(3)/min,平均瓦斯浓度17.5%。试验结果表明:该技术可有效解决松软薄煤层下斜钻孔长距离定向成孔、全孔段筛管护孔和排水的技术难题,提高了钻孔成孔深度和煤层钻遇率,实现了下斜孔全孔段护孔和排水,保障了瓦斯抽采效果,为松软薄煤层煤巷条带长距离消突提供技术保障,在类似地层条件具有广泛的应用推广价值。