Effects of main components on energy output characteristics of thermobaric explosive——A case study of typical formulations

As a kind of high-efficiency explosive with compound destructive capability, the energy output law of thermobaric explosives has been receiving great attention. In order to investigate the effects of main components on the explosive characteristics of thermobaric explosives, various high explosives and oxidants were selected to formulate five different types of thermobaric explosive. Then they were tested in both open space and closed space respectively. Pressure measurement system, high-speed camera,infrared thermal imager and multispectral temperature measurement system were used for pressure,temperature and fireball recording. The effects of different components on the explosive characteristics of thermobaric explosive were analyzed. The results showed that in open space, the overpressure is dominated by the high explosives content in the formulation. The addition of the oxidants will decrease the explosion overpressure but will increase the duration and overall brightness of the fireball. While in closed space, the quasi-static pressure formed after the explosion is positively correlated with the temperature and gas production. In addition, it was found that the differences in shell constraints can also alter the afterburning reaction of thermobaric explosives, thus affecting their energy output characteristics. PVC shell constraint obviously increases the overpressure and makes the fireball burn more violently.

Experimental study of intruder components in light neutron-rich nuclei via single-nucleon transfer reaction

With the development of radioactive beam facilities,studies concerning the shell evolution of unstable nuclei have recently gained prominence.Intruder components,particularly s-wave intrusion,in the low-lying states of light neutron-rich nuclei near N=8 are of importance in the study of shell evolution.The use of single-nucleon transfer reactions in inverse kinematics has been a sensitive tool that can be used to quantitatively investigate the single-particle orbital component of selectively populated states.The spin-parity,spectroscopic factor(or single-particle strength),and effective singleparticle energy can all be extracted from such reactions.These observables are often useful to explain the nature of shell evolution,and to constrain,check,and test the parameters used in nuclear structure models.In this article,the experimental studies of the intruder components in lowlying states of neutron-rich nuclei of He,Li,Be,B,and C isotopes using various single-nucleon transfer reactions are reviewed.The focus is laid on the precise determination of the intruder s-wave strength in low-lying states.

A novel synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives through multi-component reaction in ionic liquid

An efficient and novel procedure for the preparation of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives through multi-component reaction of aldehyde, 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole and malononitrile or cyanoacetate in [bmim][BF4] is described in this paper. Advantages of the method presented here include mild conditions, high yields together with a green nature and ease of recovery and reuse of the reaction medium.

Silver-catalyzed three-component reaction of phenyldiazoacetate with arylamine and imine

A new method was developed to diastereoselectively synthesize polysubstituted 1,2‐diamine compounds from the reaction of diazoesters with arylamines and diaryl imines by using the dioxazoline ligand L2‐ligated silver catalyst.The Lewis acidity of the silver catalyst affected the different types of substrate diastereoselectivities;It also led to the formation of amine‐exchange side products.

Solid-phase Synthesis of PNA Monomer by Ugi Four-component Condensation Reaction

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) oligomers were synthesized in most cases by peptide synthesis from N-protected monomers. In this work a new method of obtaining PNA monomer by Ugi four-component condensation reaction was tested by solid-phase synthesis. The Fmoc protected PNA monomer was build up with thymin-1-yl acetic acid, 3-methylbutyl aldehyde, Fmoc protected aminoethyl isocyanide and Gly-Wang resin.

Rh(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ) co-catalyzed multi-component reaction for the synthesis of vicinal diols

Oxonium ylide intermediates generated from α-diazocarbonyl compounds and water were trapped by Zn（Ⅱ）-activated α- dicarbonyl compounds. The reaction gave α,β-dihydroxyl acid derivatives in moderate yield.

One-Pot Four Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Formazans in an Environmentally Benign Procedure Mediated by KHSO₄

A microwave mediated solvent free one pot synthesis of formazans is developed using the solid acid, KHSO4. The products were obtained in a short reaction time in high yield. This study was undertaken to find an alternative and green method for the synthesis of formazans in the absence of corrosive mineral acids, buffered solutions and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Synthesis of Polysubstituted 1,4-Dihydropyridines via Four-component Reactions of Arylamine,Acetylenedicarboxylate, Aromatic Aldehyde and Ethyl Acetoacetate

An efficient synthetic protocol for the 1,4-diaryl-1,4-dihydropyridines was developed via the domino four-component reaction of arylamine,acetylenedicarboxylate,aromatic aldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate.The reaction mechanism involves the formation of β-enamino ester and its sequential Michael addition to arylidene acetoacetate.

Enhancements of Major Aerosol Components Due to Additional HONO Sources in the North China Plain and Implications for Visibility and Haze

The Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry model （WRF-Chem） was updated by including pho- toexeited nitrogen dioxide （NO2） molecules, heterogeneous reactions on aerosol surfaces, and direct emissions of nitrous acid （HONO） in the Carbon-Bond Mechanism Z （CBM-Z）. Five simulations were conducted to assess the effects of each new component and the three additional HONO sources on concentrations of major chemical components. We calculated percentage changes of major aerosol components and concentration ratios of gas NOy （NOyg） to NOy and particulate nitrates （NO3-） to NOy due to the three additional HONO sources in the North China Plain in August of 2007. Our results indicate that when the three additional HONO sources are included, WRF-Chem can reasonably reproduce the HONO observations. Heterogeneous reactions on aerosol surfaces are a key contributor to concentrations of HONO, nitrates （NO3-）, ammonium （NH＋）, and PM2.5 （concentration of particulate matter of ≤2.5 um in the ambient air） across the North China Plain. The three additional HONO sources produced a -5% -20% increase in monthly mean daytime concentration ratios of NO3-/NOy, a -15%- 52% increase in maximum hourly mean concentration ratios of NO3-/NOy, and a -10% -50% increase in monthly mean concentrations of NOx and NH＋ across large areas of the North China Plain. For the Bohai Bay, the largest hourly increases of NO3- exceeded 90%, of NH＋ exceeded 80%, and of PM2.5 exceeded 40%, due to the three additional HONO sources. This implies that the three additional HONO sources can aggravate regional air pollution, further impair visibility, and enhance the incidence of haze in some industrialized regions with high emissions of NOx and particulate matter under favorable meteorological conditions.

Nano Copper Ferrite Catalyzed Sonochemical, One-Pot Three and Four Component Synthesis of Poly Substituted Imidazoles

A simple, multi component, one-pot method has been reported for the synthesis of poly substituted imidazoles in presence of magnetically separable and recyclable spinel nano copper ferrite as heterogeneous catalyst by the cyclo-condensation of benzil, aromatic aldehyde, ammonium acetate and substituted amines under ultrasonic irradiation. This method of preparation has many advantages compared to those methods which are previously reported in the literature. This methodology offers simple experimental procedure, milder reaction conditions and environmentally benign approach.

The Research Status of the Aroma Components in Sesame-flavor Liquor

Maillard reaction is evident in the fermentation process.Basic aroma components contain alcohols,acids,esters.The characteristic aroma components contain pyrazine compounds,in sesame aroma plays an important role,and furan,phenols,thiazolidinediones,sulfur compounds.They constitute a unique aroma of roasted sesame seeds by an appropriate proportion.

One-pot Three-component Synthesis of 4,4'-Arylidene-bis(3-methyl-pyrazolones) Derivatives in Water

Aldehydes,hydrazine and ethyl acetoacetate were used for the synthesis of 4,4＇-arylidene-bis（3-methyl-pyrazolones） derivatives in water.In this green synthetic protocol,the solvent water itself catalyzed the reaction via hydrogen bonding,thus avoiding the use of any other catalyst to make the work up procedure easier.One-pot,environmental friendly and convenient are the highlights.

基于主成分分析的多重定量PCR荧光串扰校正

聚合酶链式反应(PCR)是分子生物学常用的检测手段,主要用于对生物的DNA或RNA进行检测。由于荧光光谱重叠和滤光片过滤带宽限制,检测时所获得的荧光数据通常会包含荧光通道之间的串扰,串扰的存在使PCR结果分析变得复杂,并可能影响最终的检测结果。选择合适的光学元件,并确定通道间的补偿矩阵,可以降低甚至消除荧光串扰。目前荧光补偿矩阵大多通过迭代计算获得,还没有一种简单的方法可以从混合的多通道荧光数据中找到荧光补偿矩阵。为了快速获得荧光补偿矩阵,减小计算量,采用主成分分析法(PCA)中确定主成分的方式,基于搭建的测试平台进行单一染料实验,获得染料的荧光信号在各个检测通道的分布情况,计算得到荧光补偿矩阵。通过分析补偿矩阵,发现对于搭建的硬件系统,Cy5染料对Cy5.5通道串扰较大,串扰比例为8.76%,同时Cy5.5染料对Cy5通道串扰影响也相对较大,比例约为6.2%;其次是ROX染料对HEX通道串扰,比例约为2.68%;HEX染料对FAM通道串扰,比例约为1.58%;FAM染料对HEX通道串扰相对较小,比例约为0.25%,其余通道无明显串扰,与荧光光谱反映的结果一致。采用得到的荧光补偿矩阵对单一染料实验得到的原始荧光数据进行处理,有效去除了非目标通道的荧光串扰,实现了荧光通道数据的解耦,验证了方法的可行性。最后设计了染料颜色分辨实验,将不同浓度的多种染料进行组合测试,并采用所提出的方法将得到的数据进行荧光补偿。实验结果表明,荧光通道各自的线性相关性较高,五个荧光通道的线性相关系数r均大于0.99,该结果进一步验证了该补偿方法的有效性。

三组分串联反应区域选择性合成双吲哚衍生物

报道了一种微波辅助的区域选择性反应,该反应从芳酮醛水合物、N-芳基烯胺酮和吲哚出发,通过改变取代的吲哚底物来获得3,2′-和3,3′-双吲哚衍生物。该方法具有区域选择性高、反应时间短、操作简单等显著优点。

塔中深层稠油减氧空气驱氧化特征及机理研究

针对塔中深层稠油油藏开展静态氧化实验,通过测试分析不同氧含量与不同氧化时间下产出油气组成,研究了油藏注减氧空气过程中原油与减氧空气的氧化特征、氧化途径与氧化机理。实验结果表明,原油的耗氧速率与减氧空气的氧含量呈正相关,与氧化时间呈负相关;二氧化碳的生成量随氧化时间与减氧空气氧含量的增加而增大;原油与减氧空气的反应会一定程度上使原油黏度增加,其黏度增加的幅度随减氧空气氧含量的升高和氧化时间的增长而增大;氧化后原油饱和烃与芳香烃的含量减少,胶质与沥青质的含量增加,且沥青质增加更为明显。原油在氧化后出现了C=O的伸缩振动峰,且振动峰随着减氧空气氧含量的增加而增强,说明原油在氧化过程中发生了加氧反应生成了醛类等物质,且氧化反应随着氧含量的升高而不断加深。

构建多活性位点的单组分金属卤化物@吡啶/咪唑多孔有机框架用于CO_(2)的高效吸收与催化

定向设计的多孔有机框架被认为是提高CO_(2)捕集与利用效率的优异纳米材料。本研究通过ZnCl_(2)催化的氰基离子热聚合反应以及合成后修饰法构建了一系列多活性位点的单组分金属卤化物@吡啶/咪唑多孔有机框架材料(M@PIPOFs),并详细探讨了不同单体浓度和聚合温度对材料结构及性能的影响。作为具有较高比表面积、多层次孔隙结构的多相催化材料,M@PIPOFs同时含有丰富的氢键供体基团、Lewis酸/碱基团和亲核基团,在吸收CO_(2)以及催化CO_(2)与环氧化物耦合制备环状碳酸酯方面表现出极好的性能。结果表明,该类材料对CO_(2)的吸附性能较强,在273 K、100 kPa CO_(2)压力下吸附量最高,为3093μmol/g。考察了M@PIPOFs结构和反应条件对其催化性能的影响,结果表明,单组分1.0ZnI_(2)@PIPOF-400-30材料具有最高的催化性能。其能够在无溶剂、无助催化剂的条件下,高活性、高选择性地催化CO_(2)与含有不同终端基团的环氧化物耦合,并以88%~98%的收率生成相对应的环状碳酸酯。此外,该M@PIPOFs催化剂回收简单,具有持久的高稳定性和催化活性。最后,基于对M@PIPOFs材料的表征和催化数据分析,提出了一种可行的多活性位点单组分催化机理。本研究希望能够为后续高效多相催化体系的设计、开发提供参考。

7种常见易发生不良反应真菌的毒性分析及安全应用

目的综述见手青类、胶陀螺、黑木耳、鹅膏菌类、橘黄裸伞、毛头鬼伞、卷边桩菇7种常见易发生不良反应条件性真菌研究现状,对其毒性成分进行分析,提出相应的安全应用建议,为资源开发及可持续应用提供参考。方法通过查阅国内外文献及相关书籍,对7种常见易发生不良反应真菌的研究现状、功效作用、毒性成分、不良反应等进行总结。结果7种常见易发生不良反应真菌所含的毒性成分种类复杂,包括多肽、生物碱、氨基酸、低聚异戊二烯类等化合物,可能会引起神经毒性、光敏毒性、胃肠道刺激、双硫仑样反应、溶血性中毒等不良反应,需引起重视。同时,这些真菌富含多种生物活性成分,具有显著药理活性,部分毒性成分又具开发成抗炎、镇痛、抗抑郁等药的潜力,值得更深入研究及合理开发应用。结论易发生不良反应真菌亦是重要的药用真菌资源,极具开发价值,目前许多易发生不良反应真菌研究重点多偏重药理作用和毒理作用,其毒力因子及其中毒机制尚未明确,需进一步深入研究,为其开发应用提供参考。

Ni 3Al/NiAl/Ni复合板组织性能及其薄壁构件反应成形一体化工艺研究

针对Ni-Al金属间化合物材料成形困难问题,对Ni 3Al/NiAl/Ni复合板进行了组织性能与反应成形一体化工艺的研究。以Ni/Al箔材为试验材料,对1200℃,热压时长0.5、1、2和4 h条件下热压复合法得到的Ni 3Al/NiAl/Ni板进行微观组织表征与室温及高温(1000℃)条件下的单向拉伸试验。根据试验结果确定了在1200℃、1 h条件下热压反应的复合板具有较佳综合力学性能,室温条件下抗拉强度与伸长率分别为527.6 MPa和4.4%,1000℃高温条件下抗拉强度与伸长率分别为165.7 MPa、21.2%。进一步在该参数下进行反应成形一体化工艺的研究,制备得到了具有良好表面质量与尺寸精度的薄壁锥筒壳件。在薄壁锥筒壳件上取样进行微观组织与力学性能表征,发现其组织和力学性能与相同工艺条件下制备的复合板相近。

俄罗斯炼焦煤的煤质特性研究

在我国优质炼焦煤短缺和环保问题日益突出的背景下,我国焦化企业对优质炼焦煤的需求不断增长,因此进口俄罗斯优质炼焦煤可作为我国炼焦煤的有益补充,从而缓解炼焦煤供需紧张的状况。通过对3种俄罗斯炼焦煤的煤岩、煤质、煤灰化学成分、黏结性指标和单种煤炼焦的焦炭质量分析,以期探明俄罗斯煤在配煤中存在的问题以及为后期大规模利用俄罗斯炼焦煤提供技术支撑。结果显示:俄罗斯炼焦煤的灰分低、硫分低、有害微量元素含量低,能够满足我国进口炼焦煤的要求;煤中镜质组含量均在80%以上,以均质镜质组为主;碱性金属的含量较高,矿物催化指数较高;俄罗斯煤具有黏结性强、胶质层厚度大、流动性好、膨胀度好的特点,可较好地应用于配煤炼焦生产中。3种俄罗斯煤制备的焦炭的反应性(CRI)均在40%以上,而反应后强度(CSR)大多在30%以下。因此,针对俄罗斯炼焦煤应开展煤灰化学调控和活惰比调控的研究,设计出科学合理的配煤方案,以期缓解国内焦化企业优质炼焦煤紧缺的状况。