Numerical simulation and dimension reduction analysis of electromagnetic logging while drilling of horizontal wells in complex structures

Electromagnetic logging while drilling(LWD)is one of the key technologies of the geosteering and formation evaluation for high-angle and horizontal wells.In this paper,we solve the dipole source-generated magnetic/electric fields in 2D formations efficiently by the 2.5D finite diff erence method.Particularly,by leveraging the field’s rapid attenuation in spectral domain,we propose truncated Gauss–Hermite quadrature,which is several tens of times faster than traditional inverse fast Fourier transform.By applying the algorithm to the LWD modeling under complex formations,e.g.,folds,fault and sandstone pinch-outs,we analyze the feasibility of the dimension reduction from 2D to 1D.For the formations with smooth lateral changes,like folds,the simplified 1D model’s results agree well with the true responses,which indicate that the 1D simplification with sliding window is feasible.However,for the formation structures with drastic rock properties changes and sharp boundaries,for instance,faults and sandstone pinch-outs,the simplified 1D model will lead to large errors and,therefore,2.5D algorithms should be applied to ensure the accuracy.

Fast anisotropic resistivities inversion of loggingwhile-drilling resistivity measurements in highangle and horizontal wells

Information about anisotropic resistivity is essential in real-time correlation,updating of formation model and making more confi dent geosteering decisions in logging-while-drilling(LWD)application.However,abnormal responses such as curve separations and apparent resistivity“horns”often exist in the LWD resistivity measurements due to the infl uences of complex downhole environments.Thus,accurate formation resistivity is not readily available.In this paper,we present an effi cient inversion scheme for the rapid estimation of anisotropic resistivity from LWD resistivity measurements acquired in high-angle and horizontal wells.Several strategies are adopted in the inversion:(1)a one-dimensional(1D)simulator with a simplifi ed three-layered model guarantees the forward speed and keeps the number of inverted parameters as few as possible;(2)combined with geological and petrophysical bounds,the tool constraints derived from a detection capability analysis of LWD resistivity measurements are applied to scale down the inverted parameters’searching scope,which avoids meaningless solutions and accelerates the inversion signifi cantly;(3)multiple-initial guesses are used in the inversion to ensure a global solution.Inversion results over synthetic examples demonstrate that the proposed 1D inversion algorithm is well suited for complex formation structures.It is also robust and fast in extracting anisotropic resistivities from LWD resistivity measurements.

Simulation logging experiment and interpretation model of array production logging measurements in a horizontal well

The distributions of local velocity and local phase holdup along the radial direction of pipes are complicated because of gravity differentiation,and the distribution of fluid velocity fi eld changes along the gravity direction in horizontal wells.Therefore,measuring the mixture flow and water holdup is difficult,resulting in poor interpretation accuracy of the production logging output profile.In this paper,oil–water two-phase flow dynamic simulation logging experiments in horizontal oil–water two-phase fl ow simulation wells were conducted using the Multiple Array Production Suite,which comprises a capacitance array tool(CAT)and a spinner array tool(SAT),and then the response characteristics of SAT and CAT in diff erent fl ow rates and water cut production conditions were studied.According to the response characteristics of CAT in diff erent water holdup ranges,interpolation imaging along the wellbore section determines the water holdup distribution,and then,the oil–water two-phase velocity fi eld in the fl ow section was reconstructed on the basis of the fl ow section water holdup distribution and the logging value of SAT and combined with the rheological equation of viscous fl uid,and the calculation method of the oil–water partial phase fl ow rate in the fl ow section was proposed.This new approach was applied in the experiment data calculations,and the results are basically consistent with the experimental data.The total fl ow rate and water holdup from the calculation are in agreement with the set values in the experiment,suggesting that the method has high accuracy.

Analysis of Gas and Liquid Two-Phase Slug Flow Production Logging Interpretation Model in near Horizontal Shale Gas Wells

The development of shale gas reservoir is mainly based on horizontal well production.Slug flow of gas-liquid two-phase is invariably encountered in inclined wells and horizontal wells of a producing environment.Due to gravitational differentiation,oil-water two-phase flow pattern,the local velocity and local phase holdup along the radial direction of pipe in near horizontal wells will perform complicatedly.This paper presented the results of an experimental study and a theoretical analysis of two-phase gas/water flow in horizontal and highly inclined systems.Extensive experiments were conducted using a test loop made of 124 mm diameter acrylic pipe with inclination angles from the horizontal of 0°,5°,15°,45°,°2°,°5°and°10°,and with the total flow rate ranging from 50 to 800 m3/day.Based on the research on the law of slug flow dynamics model for gas-water two-phase flow in near horizontal pipeline,the theoretical analysis and experimental researches were done to propose the expressions of stable and exact production logging interpretation model for two-phase flow in near horizontal pipeline.The performance of the proposed method for estimating water holdup and water superficial velocity is in good agreement with our measurements.As a result,the slug flow dynamics model of gas-water two-phase flow in near horizontal wellbore was developed.The application effect of production logging in near horizontal wells had been improved.

Application of Combined Production Logging Technology in Horizontal Wells

随着海上油气田开发的不断深化,水平井技术已在增储上产中起到了巨大作用,但也面临着出水及含水不断升高的问题。进行水平段储层生产测井,确定井下层内生产情况及储层动用情况,是后期控水稳产、措施挖潜的关键。水平井因井眼轨迹与储层平行、流体重力分异明显、上/下坡流共存等因素,常规居中测量中心流速的测井技术已不适用;同时,水平井为单层开采,剩余油饱和度分布无标准水层刻度,为生产层剩余油分布监测提出了挑战。提出了阵列式多相流测井仪组合(MAPS)和剩余油饱和度测井技术(RPM)的组合测井方式,通过水平段截面速度剖面、流体性质分布以及剩余油饱和度分布三者间的相互验证、综合解释的解决方案,取得了良好效果。

Experimental study of gas-water elongated bubble flow during production logging

In order to improve the interpretation of production log data on gas-water elongated bubble （EB） flow in horizontal wells, a multi-phase flow simulation device was set up to conduct a series of measurement experiments using air and tap water as test media, which were measured using a real production logging tool （PLT） string at different deviations and in different mixed flow states. By understanding the characteristics and mechanisms of gas-water EB flow in transparent experimental boreholes during production logging, combined with an analysis of the production log response characteristics and experimental production logging flow pattern maps, a method for flow pattern identification relying on log responses and a drift-flux model were proposed for gas-water EB flow. This model, built upon experimental data of EB flow, reveals physical mechanisms of gas-water EB flow during measurement processing. The coefficients it contains are the specific values under experimental conditions and with the PLT string used in our experiments. These coefficients also reveal the interference with original downhole flow patterns by the PLT string. Due to the representativeness that our simulated flow experiments and PLT string possess, the model coefficients can be applied as empirical values of logging interpretation model parameters directly to real production logging data interpretation, when the measurement circumstances and PLT strings are similar.

Partial phase flow rate measurements for stratified oil-water flow in horizontal wells

To accurately measure and evaluate the oil-water production profile of horizontal wells, a dynamic measurement experiment of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal wells and numerical simulation were combined to establish a method for measuring the partial phase flow rate of oil-water two-phase stratified flow in horizontal wells. An experimental work was performed in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow simulation well using combination production logging tool including mini-capacitance sensor and mini-spinner. The combination tool provides a recording of holdup and velocity profiles at five different heights of the borehole cross-section. The effect of total flow rate and water-cut on the response of spinner and capacitive sensor at five measured positions were investigated. The capacitance water holdup interpolation imaging algorithm was used to determine the local fluid property and oil-water interface height, and the measured local fluid speed was combined with the numerical simulation result to establish an optimal calculation model for obtaining the partial phase flow rate of the oil-water two-phase stratified flow in the horizontal well. The calculated flow rates of five measured points are basically consistent with the experimental data, the total flow rate and water holdup from calculation are in agreement with the set values in the experiment too, suggesting that the method has high accuracy.

基于神经网络模型的水平井破裂压力预测方法

破裂压力是井身结构设计的基础依据,也是水力压裂设备选型和方案设计的基础参数,通常采用测井解释获取破裂压力剖面,但其存在参数准确获取难、计算过程繁琐、普适性较差、计算精度低等问题,机器学习提供了一种解决这些问题的新方法。为此,以测井数据作为输入参数,采用4种不同的神经网络模型,建立水平井测井数据与破裂压力间的非线性关系,通过测试集预测结果的对比分析,优选出最佳的神经网络模型,并优化模型网络结构和超参数,实现水平井破裂压力的直接预测。研究结果表明:1)破裂压力与井斜角、横波时差和纵波时差表现为极强相关性,与井深、岩性密度和补偿中子表现为强相关性,与井径和自然伽马表现为弱相关性;2)不同组合的测井参数对模型预测结果具有显著影响,最优输入参数为井斜角、横波时差、纵波时差、井深、岩性密度和补偿中子;3)对比多层感知机、深度神经网络、循环神经网络和长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)模型,发现LSTM模型的预测效果最佳;4)优化了LSTM模型的网络结构及超参数,优化后破裂压力预测的平均绝对百分比误差为0.106%、决定系数为0.996。LSTM模型能够有效构建水平井测井参数与破裂压力之间的非线性关系,可以实现水平井破裂压力的准确预测,对于准确预测破裂压力、简化破裂压力计算过程、推广机器学习在石油工程领域的应用具有重要的作用。

水平井深度可视化监测快速找水试验探索

为了实现低产液量水平井快速找水,突破常规井下电视测井在水平井找水测试领域的应用界限,提出水平井深度可视化监测快速找水技术。通过研发专用仪器接头,融合现有井下电视测井、套管外水泥胶结测井(RBT)、多臂井径成像+磁测壁厚测井(2M)技术为一体,设计形成了井下电视+RBT+2M为核心的深度可视化综合监测工艺管柱。矿场试验2口井,采用爬行器输送、预置测井仪的方式,在油井泵抽生产条件下,实现了井筒彩色全侦率视频图像、套外水泥环胶结状况、套管壁厚及内径变化特征信息的全面监测,综合水平井段固井质量、井筒形貌特征、产层段产出状态分析,精准确定了出水位置,为水平井快速找水测试开辟了新方向。

低液量水平井连续油管气举产液剖面测井技术应用

产液剖面测试找水是了解生产层段产液状况,为油藏动态调整提供依据的重要手段,是油田开发的一项主要工作。针对低渗透油藏水平井单井产液低,常规产液剖面测试技术准确性差及分段生产测试效率低的问题,提出采用2 in^(*)预置式穿芯连续油管带测井仪器入井测试,通过氮气气举井筒排液,连续油管拖动井下测井仪器连续监测为核心的快速找水新方法。设计了制氮车+油管悬挂器+3½in普通油管+喇叭口的负压生产管柱,以及2 in穿芯连续油管+卡瓦连接器+测井连接工具串+测井仪器串的测试管柱,研制了连续油管测井连接工具、电滑环滚筒电缆密封固定器和FIT测井仪器等关键配套装置,形成了低液量水平井连续油管气举产液剖面测井快速找水技术。开展了6口井现场先导试验,试验过程中,井下测试信号无交流电干扰,保证了实时数据传输优势,真正做到了井下监测与地面实时可读同步。该技术可实现1天测试1口井,为定量快速解释低液量水平井产液分布状况提供了新的技术手段。

远探测声波测井处理解释方法发展与展望

远探测声波测井技术(亦称反射声波测井技术)能够从井中探测及评价井外数十米范围内的裂缝、洞穴和断层等地质异常反射体,大大拓展了测井技术的应用范围。在回顾该技术发展历程的同时,重点介绍了远探测声波测井处理解释核心方法、软件和现场应用效果。结合目前油田实际生产需求和现有技术面临的挑战,指出远探测声波测井处理解释方法有5个最重要的发展方向:继目前利用声波时差和密度通过反射系数褶积进行“测井约束下的地震反演”后,突破实现井下实测反射波和地面地震反射波正反演关系的直接建立,同时开展页岩储层裂缝成像、压裂效果评价、随钻地质导向研究及远探测声波测井仪器革新。

致密储层水平井外裂缝与地层界面远探测声波测井响应特征研究

致密砂岩和页岩等非常规储层中常发育有密集小尺度和高角度裂缝.这些裂缝一方面起到增加储层渗透性的积极作用,另一方面在油气开采、水力压裂、注二氧化碳等过程中,它们又可能引起水平井孔套变和邻井压窜等风险.因此,考察这些裂缝的水平井远探测声波测井响应特征,以及进一步利用远探测方法识别这些裂缝具有重要研究意义.本文构建了致密储层水平井外存在裂缝的三维数值模型,并开展了正演模拟研究.结果表明,当裂缝与井孔夹角较小时,井孔内接收器主要接收裂缝反射波.当夹角大于某临界值后,接收波形主要为来自裂缝两个端点的散射波,它们分裂为两个波包.进一步提出广义SH散射波概念,即声源的偏振方向与裂缝走向平行的横波,它总是代表了所有方位上散射能量最强的方位.水平井外同时存在裂缝和强声阻抗地层界面是更为普遍的情况.相关模拟结果表明,裂缝散射波的主要能量集中在广义SH散射波上.随着地层界面和裂缝走向差异的增大,裂缝对应的广义SH散射波更容易识别.最后,通过一口水平井远探测实例验证了正演模拟结论的准确性.本文研究对识别和评价非常规储层水平井外小尺度裂缝具有重要理论意义.

泸州地区深层页岩气水平井套变成因机理探讨

四川盆地南部泸州地区深层页岩气储量丰富,是继长宁、威远等中浅层页岩气之后重要的天然气资源接替领域。但在泸州地区深层页岩气开发过程中水平井套管变形(以下简称套变)频发,对水平井压裂施工产生明显影响,制约了该区深层页岩气的规模建产。业内普遍认为套管变形是地层中的断裂发生滑移并对水平井产生剪切和挤压作用引起的,但基于该理论的套变模型与诸多实测数据不相吻合。为了进一步明确套管变形机理,提高套变的防控效果,以泸203井区18口套管变形水平井为对象,基于多臂井径成像测井,逐个对比套变形态、套变层位以及平面断裂发育情况,建立了断裂滑移和层理面滑移2种地质模型,并分析了2种地质模型下的不同套管变形特征。研究结果表明:(1)断裂滑移诱发的套变具有以下规律,即平面上套变仅出现在水平井与断裂带的交会处;套管的变形长度理论上应在10 m以内;套管的变形程度应呈近似对称关系,中部变形强,向两侧逐渐减弱。(2)该区多数套变不在预测的断裂带内,且部分套变段变形长度与形态不符合断裂滑移的特征。(3)层理面滑移可诱发多个相似的套变,在该机制下套管变形长度等于井筒与滑移面相交的距离,且层理面滑移的垂向分布与地层的页理发育程度一致。(4)层理面滑移与断裂滑移具有相似的力学机理,通过三维莫尔圆可以分析钻井和压裂过程中诱发断裂/层理面滑移的关键参数变化。结论认为,除断裂滑移外,层理面滑移是诱发页岩气水平井套管变形的另一重要机理,该研究成果可为深层页岩气规模效益开发的套变防控提供理论指导。

基于C#+OpenGL的多探头测井井筒三维成像软件研制与应用研究

基于油水、气水等多相流实验数据和图像资料,采用C#语言结合Tao框架OpenGL研发一套适用于MAPS阵列多探头测井(以下简称“MAPS测井”)仪器的井筒流体三维成像显示(COSL-MapsView)软件。该软件可实现测井数据的直接加载,快速精确直观显示井筒内油气水的分布情况。基于图像重构对MAPS测井仪器进行了适用性研究,表明MAPS测井在水平井和大斜度井中低流量情况下的分层流中具有良好的应用效果,在高流量分散流中应用效果不佳。经验证,该软件成像效果达到了国外同等水平,对海上油气田找堵水等工程作业具有指导意义。

仪器偏心对纵横波衰减影响的正演实验

近年来,水平井得到了越来越广泛的应用,在页岩气等非常规油气藏以及海上油气藏的勘探开发中发挥了至关重要的作用。但水平井测井在影响因素校正、资料处理和解释等方面尚存在诸多问题。针对仪器偏心对水平井声波测井响应影响的问题,开展了相关的物理模拟实验研究和数值模拟分析。提取了不同偏心率条件下的模式波的能量参数,分析了模式波能量随仪器偏心率的变化关系。结果表明,当仪器处于偏心状态时,模式波的能量均与仪器偏心率呈现类似负指数关系;仪器偏心率与模式波的能量衰减系数呈现S形曲线变化关系。研究结果有助于厘清仪器偏心对水平井声波测井响应的影响规律并为进一步开展仪器偏心对阵列声波测井响应影响校正方案研究提供指导。

泌阳凹陷页岩油水平井随钻定测录导一体化模式探索

水平井是油藏开发实现少井高产、一井多靶、降本提效的主要手段之一,但泌阳凹陷核三段页岩油藏地质条件复杂,不利于水平井钻井提速提效。文中以地震、测井、录井及分析化验资料为基础,通过对泌阳凹陷核三段页岩油藏地质特征剖析,梳理了页岩油水平井钻井施工难点,从一体化组织运行、一体化协调施工及一体化支撑保障等方面阐述了泌阳凹陷定测录导一体化模式的探索及应用。研究表明:泌阳凹陷核三段页岩油层存在局部微构造及断层发育、地层倾角变化快等特点,同时其地震资料品质差。这些导致钻井施工中靶点预测及井眼轨迹调整难度大,影响随钻资料评价的准确性。通过优选定向系统、钻具组合及高效钻头,应用正反演结合测井数据及校正后的元素录井资料综合评价,实现了井眼轨迹优化着陆及长水平段持续追踪。随钻定测录导一体化模式在YYY1HF井进行了应用,提高了机械钻速,目的层钻遇率达100%,助力了区域页岩油水平井优快钻井,对于水平井优快钻井技术的发展及页岩油高效开发具有重要的意义。

BH复杂断块油田水平地应力的测井计算方法

地应力的大小和方向对油气田勘探开发工程有重要意义,其中水平地应力的精准计算是关键。BH油田断裂构造发育,地应力状态复杂多变,常用的水平地应力计算模型适应性较差。充分考虑BH油田复杂断块特征,结合岩石力学-地应力同步联测实验结果,分析了断层各要素对水平地应力的影响程度,由此建立了断层对水平两向地应力大小的影响因子K_(H)和K_(h)估算方法,在此基础上改进得到了适用于复杂断块构造的水平地应力计算模型:BH模型。利用此模型和测井资料可实现连续准确地计算工区不同层位的水平地应力,其地应力计算精度不但优于传统模型,而且能够很好地满足钻井和压裂等工程需求。

中东某孔隙型碳酸盐岩油藏水平井水淹层测井识别方法

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