Three-phase flow of submarine gas hydrate pipe transport

In the hydraulic transporting process of cutter-suction mining natural gas hydrate, when the temperature-pressure equilibrium of gas hydrate is broken, gas hydrates dissociate into gas. As a result, solid-liquid two-phase flow(hydrate and water) transforms into gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow(methane, hydrate and water) inside the pipeline. The Euler model and CFD-PBM model were used to simulate gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow. Numerical simulation results show that the gas and solid phase gradually accumulate to the center of the pipe. Flow velocity decreases from center to boundary of the pipe along the radial direction. Comparison of numerical simulation results of two models reveals that the flow state simulated by CFD-PBM model is more uniform than that simulated by Euler model, and the main behavior of the bubble is small bubbles coalescence to large one. Comparison of numerical simulation and experimental investigation shows that the values of flow velocity and gas fraction in CFD-PBM model agree with experimental data better than those in Euler model. The proposed PBM model provides a more accurate and effective way to estimate three-phase flow state of transporting gas hydrate within the submarine pipeline.

Modeling and Analysis of Airlift System Operating in Three-Phase Flow

Based on the momentum theorem, the fluid governing equation in a lifting pipe is proposed by use of the method combining theoretical analysis with empirical correlations related to the previous research, and the performance of an airlift pump can be clearly characterized by the triangular relationship among the volumetric flux of air, water and solid particles, which are obtained respectively by using numerical calculation. The meso-scale river sand is used as tested particles to examine the theoretical model. Results of the model are compared with the data in three-phase flow obtained prior to the development of the present model, by an independent experimental team that used the physical conditions of the present approach. The analytical error can be controlled within 12% for predicting the volumetric flux of water and is smaller than that （±16%） of transporting solid particles in three-phase flow. The experimental results and computations are in good agreement for air-water two-phase flow within a margin of ±8%. Reasonable agreement justifies the use of the present model for engineering design purposes.

Flux vector splitting solutions for coupling hydraulic transient of gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow in pipelines

The gas-liquid-solid three-phase mixed flow is the most general in multiphase mixed transportation. It is significant to exactly solve the coupling hydraulic transient problems of this type of multiphase mixed flow in pipelines. Presently, the method of characteristics is widely used to solve classical hydraulic transient problems. However, when it is used to solve coupling hydraulic transient problems, excessive interpolation errors may be introduced into the results due to unavoidable multiwave interpolated calculations. To deal with the problem, a finite difference scheme based on the Steger- Warming flux vector splitting is proposed. A flux vector splitting scheme is established for the coupling hydraulic transient model of gas-liquid-solid three-phase mixed flow in the pipelines. The flux subvectors are then discretized by the Lax-Wendroff central difference scheme and the Warming-Beam upwind difference scheme with second-order precision in both time and space. Under the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions and the corresponding boundary conditions, an effective solution to those points located at the boundaries is developed, which can avoid the problem beyond the calculation region directly induced by the second-order discrete technique. Numerical and experimental verifications indicate that the proposed scheme has several desirable advantages including high calculation precision, excellent shock wave capture capability without false numerical oscillation, low sensitivity to the Courant number, and good stability.

Attractor comparison analysis for characterizing vertical upward oil gas water three-phase flow

We investigate the dynamic characteristics of oil-gas-water three-phase flow in terms of chaotic attractor comparison. In particular, we extract a statistic to characterize the dynamical difference in attractor probability distribution. We first take time series from Logistic chaotic system with different parameters as examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Then we use this method to investigate the experimental signals from oil-gas-water three-phase flow. The results indicate that the extracted statistic is very sensitive to the change of flow parameters and can gain a quantitatively insight into the dynamic characteristics of different flow patterns.

Three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Two-phase Flow in a Structured Packing Column

Characterizing the complex two-phase hydrodynamics in structured packed columns requires a powerful modeling tool.The traditional two-dimensional model exhibits limitations when one attempts to model the detailed two-phase flow inside the columns.The present paper presents a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model to simulate the two-phase flow in a representative unit of the column.The unit consists of an entire corrugation channel and describes well the real liquid flow conditions.The detailed unsteady two-phase 3D CFD calculations on column packed with Flexipak 1Y were implemented within the volume of fluid(VOF) mathematical framework.The CFD model was validated by comparing the calculated thickness of liquid film with the available experimental data.Special attention was given to quantitative analysis of the effects of gravity on the hydrodynamics.Fluctuations in the liquid mass flow rate and the calculated pressure drop loss were found to be qualitatively in agreement with the experimental observations.

The Measurement of Oil,Gas and Water Flowrates in Three-Phase Slug Flow

Three-sphase flow invo1ving oil-water two immiscible liquids and gas which is often foundin the fields of petroleum production has been studied in this paper.A new method with thecombination of a horizontal tube,a downward flow vertica1 tube and an orifice to measure theflowrates is presented.In this method the frictional pressure drop in the downward vertical tube isreplaced by that in the horizontal tube,the void fraction is derived from the gravitational pressuredrop,then the volume fraction of the individual phase can also be obtained.The individual flowratescan be calculated when the water fraction is known.This method is applicable for many kinds ofoil-wells to measure the flowrates of crude oil,natural gas and water.Compared with other methods,the presented method involves fewer measuring parameters.The experimental results proved quitegood accuracy of the method,with measurement deviation within 10%,and reliable results wereobtained under high Dressure conditions.

Initial-boundary value problem of three phase flow in porous media

We study the mathematical model of three phase compressible flows through porous media.Under the condition that the rock,water and oil are incompressible,and the compressibility of gas is small,we present a fnite element scheme to the initial-boundary value problem of the nonlinear system of equations,then by the convergence of the scheme we prove that the problem admits a weak solution.

The Flow Measurement of Multiphase Flow Based on the Conductance Sensor

Oil-gas-water three-phase flow in the pipe is commonly encountered in the petroleum and nature gas industry. Its flow patterns are complex and always changeable, so it’s difficult to be measured and is becoming one of the most important subjects. Moreover, most of the oil fields in China are in such a high water fraction period that measures must be taken to meet the needs of the actual production. A conductance sensor which is widely used in the measurements of oil-water two-phase flow is used to measure the flow rate of the three-phase flow based on the research of the characteristics and the correlation theory, and a new technical solution which is suitable for measuring the oil-gas-water three-phase flow is established. A series of tests demonstrate that it’s feasible to use the conductance sensor in the measurements of oil- gas-water three-phase flow.

A THREE-FLUID MODEL OF THE SAND-DRIVEN FLOW

The sand-driven flow is studied from the continuum viewpoint in this paper. The crux of this work is how to model the stresses of the particle phase properly. By analysing the two-fluid model which usually, works in solving gas-particle two-phase .flow,. we find that this model has many. deficiencies for studying the sand-driven flow,even for the simplest case- the steady, two-dimensional fully-developed flow.Considering this, we have proposed the three-fluid model in which the upward particles and the downward-particles ore regarded as two kinds of fluids respectively.It is shown that the three-fluid model is better than the two-fluid model in reflecting the internal structure of the flow, region and the influence of the boundary situations on the flow. and it is advantageous to find an approximate solution in that the main components of the particle-phase stresses can be explicitly expressed by those variables in the three-fluid model.In the end, the governing equations as well as the boundary. conditions for the three-fluid model are provided with a discussion.

Cerebral blood flow volume measurements of the carotid artery and ipsilateral branches using two-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography

The optimal velocity encoding of phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography （PC MRA） in measuring cerebral blood flow volume （BFV） ranges from 60 to 80 cm/s. To verify the accuracy of two-dimensional （2D） PC MRA, the present study localized the region of interest at blood vessels of the neck using PC MRA based on three-dimensional time-of-flight sequences, and the velocity encoding was set to 80 cm/s. Results of the measurements showed that the error rate was 7.0±6.0% in the estimation of BFV in the internal carotid artery, the external carotid artery and the ipsilateral common carotid artery. There was no significant difference, and a significant correlation in BFV between internal carotid artery ＋ external carotid artery and ipsilateral common carotid artery. In addition, the BFV of the common carotid artery was correlated with that of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. The main error was attributed to the external carotid artery and its branches. Therefore, after selecting the appropriate scanning parameters and protocols, 2D PC MRA is more accurate in the determination of BFV in the carotid arteries.

含石墨烯油气润滑的角接触球轴承腔热流数值分析

为更有效地降低大功率高速电主轴用高速角接触球轴承腔温度,对含石墨烯的油气润滑影响轴承腔热流特性的规律进行分析。基于流体力学守恒方程,建立了高速角接触球轴承腔体内压缩气体、润滑油和石墨烯颗粒形成的气液固三相流热流分析数学模型。通过数值模拟分析了不同速度压缩气体状态下油气通道中的石墨烯润滑油环状流形成条件、轴承腔内石墨烯润滑油流场速度,以及石墨烯颗粒分布与轴承腔温度场的关系。结果表明,石墨烯润滑油速度与压缩气体速度之比为1∶10时,油气通道中会形成石墨烯润滑油环状流,使高速角接触球轴承腔具有良好的润滑效果;高速运转工况下,轴承腔内石墨烯的分布状态同时受离心力与滚珠高速自旋的影响,而且石墨烯颗粒分布越密集,该区域的温度越低;石墨烯润滑油在滚珠与内圈接触区域流速越大,表面换热系数越高,该区域散热越快,为石墨烯油气润滑更好地降低高速角接触球轴承温度、保障轴承正常工作提供了理论依据。

井下巷道喷浆过程产尘的运移及分布特性

煤矿井下全气动喷浆技术的喷射过程涉及浆体基料、喷雾作用与周围空气等,是典型的气、液、固三相流。基于CFD-DPM方法,采用欧拉双流体模型模拟气相和水相,采用拉格朗日模型追踪喷浆过程产生的粉尘,研究了多种工况喷雾作用下粉尘的扩散过程,分析了粉尘运移及分布特性,获得了喷雾角度与流量对粉尘分布的影响规律。喷射角度的变化对粉尘扩散的影响主要集中在中下部区域,控制喷雾流量可有效降低区域粉尘,为合理降尘、提高喷射效率提供了理论支持。

煤层气储层气-液-固多相渗流规律研究

揭示储层非饱和流阶段煤粉运移产出规律,对煤层气高效排采具有重要现实意义。基于气-液-固三相流模拟装置,通过设定不同煤粉粒径、注入流速、裂缝宽度和煤粉质量分数等条件,开展了煤层气储层非饱和流阶段煤粉产出运移特征试验,并分析了煤粉沉淀量、产出量及煤岩气相与液相渗透率变化特征。研究表明:随着裂缝宽度增加,煤粉产出量呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,沉淀量呈现出先增大后减小的变化特征,在裂缝宽度为0.1 mm时达到最大值;随着煤粉质量分数的增大,产出量表现为先增大后减小(峰值点在0.15‰附近),沉淀量逐渐增大,说明煤粉在储层中运移存在一定的单位体积含量极值,超过极值后,煤粉将大量沉淀并堵塞孔裂隙;合理控制煤层气产水产气速率,能够有效地控制煤粉的产出,煤粉沉淀量和产出量随着注入流速的增长均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,注入流速为5.0 mL/min时的煤粉沉积量最大,在流速为7.5 mL/min时煤粉产出量相对较高;液相渗透率演化特征呈现出逐渐降低和先稳定后逐渐降低2种变化趋势,气相渗透率演化特征较为复杂;综合注入压力、煤岩渗透率变化、煤粉产出和沉淀特征,可将煤粉在裂缝中运移划分为缓慢沉积、快速沉积和完全堵塞3个阶段。

考虑盐度影响的深水水合物地层钻井井筒流动规律

水合物分解的气-液-固多相流动问题是深水水合物地层钻井面临的一个新问题。考虑钻进过程中井筒内的多相流动、传热和水合物分解三者之间相互耦合关系,建立了考虑海水盐度影响的含水合物相变气-液-固多相非等温瞬态流动模型。采用室内试验数据与现场实测数据验证了模型的准确性。案例井计算结果表明:随着海水盐度的增加,井筒内水合物分解区域和分解速率逐渐增大。同时,海水盐度越高,钻井过程中井底压力降低的幅度越大,井口气体含量也越高。井口回压和注入流体温度可以有效控制井筒内水合物的分解量。为了保证井口安全,降低水合物分解速率,井口回压应大于4.5 MPa。当入口流体温度在15~30℃范围内时,海水盐度应控制在0.8%~1.9%之间,这将保证井口最大气相体积分数小于10%。研究结果可为深水水合物的开采提供理论支撑。

侧深施肥装置三通管气固两相流仿真与试验

为探究气吹式侧深施肥装置三通管不同结构特征对气流和肥料颗粒运动的影响,通过理论分析,设计气流入口与出口轴线垂直的a型三通管、气流入口与出口轴线呈45°夹角的b型三通管、气流入口与出口同轴的c型三通管。在三通管内径为28 mm、通入气流速度为16.4 m/s、肥料颗粒流量为20 g/s的条件下,采用CFD-EDM耦合方式对不同管道内气流、压力、颗粒运动状态进行仿真分析。结果表明:气流经a、b、c三种类型三通管产生不同的流动效果,进而影响肥料颗粒运动特性,颗粒最大运动速度分别为1.99 m/s、2.94 m/s、2.07 m/s,期间颗粒产生最大碰撞力分别为0.05 N、0.13 N、0.34 N。通过验证试验对比表明,采用b型管侧深施肥装置排肥稳定性变异系数为0.81,肥料破损率为0.72%,施肥过程中无肥料堵塞。

探索微纳尺度润湿动力学:长针式原子力显微镜的应用与进展

“如何在微观层面测量界面现象”是微纳尺度实验流体力学的关键科学问题,被列入世界前沿125个科学问题名单(Sanders S,Science,2021).由于光学衍射极限的限制,传统光学手段很难直接测量微纳尺度下的流动与界面现象.利用原子力显微镜的精准操控和小尺度力学测量等优势,结合长针式探针组装成的微流变计可以直接测量气-液-固三相接触线上的毛细力,并监测探针在垂直方向运动中力的动态变化.通过该技术手段,可以实现对流体界面的动力学行为以及各类材料在液体环境中力学性质在微纳尺度的精确表征.文章将系统介绍长针式原子力显微镜技术的实验原理和方法,及其在微纳尺度非理想界面润湿动力学中的最新研究进展,包括低能垒表面毛细力的速度依赖性与非对称性、无序粗糙表面接触线黏滑运动的统计学规律、柔性表面接触线动力学的状态与速度定律、以及离子液体-金属界面处电场对接触角迟滞的调控等,最后展望了该技术在新兴领域中的应用.该实验手段为检验各类理论模型与数值模拟提供了可信数据,为探究界面上复杂现象的物理本质提供参考.

某油田三相分离器水处理能力提升现场实践

海上油田通常采用油气水三相分离器进行油气水分离器处理,随着油田综合含水率上升,其水处理能力往往逐渐不能满足要求,导致油田油气水处理流程波动较大,严重影响油田的平稳、安全运行,极大制约了油田的产油能力。文章通过分析三相分离器内部结构,寻找可能影响水处理能力因素,并针对性地提出多项举措,再对现场流程进行改造,提升了分离器水处理能力,确保了油田生产流程的稳定性和产量提升。

脱硫吸收塔深度除尘机理研究

本文研究了石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫塔内气液固三相介质流场中亚微米级和微米级颗粒物的深度除尘机理。采用欧拉-离散相模型模拟单液滴对颗粒物的捕集过程,分析不同粒径颗粒在脱硫塔内的分布和捕集情况。针对亚微米级颗粒,研究结果显示,脱硫塔内的主导捕集机制为热泳捕集,而惯性捕集、拦截捕集作用相对较弱;增加气液两相温差有助于提高脱硫塔对亚微米级颗粒的脱除效率。对于微米级颗粒,惯性捕集成为最主要的机制,其捕集效率受到气液相对速度和液滴体积分数的影响。增大气液相对速度和液滴体积分数可以提高脱硫塔对微米级颗粒物的脱除效率。

基于数据潮流模型的高比例光伏配电网三相不平衡优化

随着分布式光伏的大规模接入,配电网固有的三相不平衡问题日益严重,给系统的电能质量、经济运行等带来不利影响。此外,高比例光伏的接入使得配电网的物理结构和运行方式更加复杂多变,导致当前依赖精确拓扑结构和线路参数的三相不平衡优化方法难以应用。因此,提出一种基于数据潮流模型的高比例光伏配电网三相不平衡优化方法。首先,采用基于双阶段注意力机制的循环神经网络方法建立数据潮流模型,拟合三相潮流约束中变量之间的函数关系。同时,提出图特征嵌入的方法将部分已知的拓扑信息嵌入到数据潮流模型中以提高拟合精度。其次,以训练后的数据潮流模型为基础重建配电网三相不平衡优化模型。最后,通过条件梯度下降方法求解该模型,以修改的IEEE33节点配电网络为例,验证了所提方法的有效性。