Recovery of alumina from circulating fluidized bed combustion Al-rich fly ash using mild hydrochemical process

To utilize CFBC Al-rich fly ash, a mild hydrochemical extraction process was investigated for recovery of alumina. An alumina extraction efficiency of 92.31%was attained using a 45%NaOH solution, an original caustic ratio （molar ratio of Na2O to Al2O3 in the sodium aluminate solution） of 25, a molar ratio of CaO to SiO2 in the fly ash of 1.1, a liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 9, a reaction temperature of 280 ℃, and a residence time of 1 h when treating fly ash with an alumina to silica mass ratio （A/S） of 0.78 and an alumina content of 32.43%. Additionally, the alumina leaching mechanism was explored via structural and chemical analysis, which revealed that after alkaline digestion, the main solid phase containing silica was NaCaHSiO4 with a theoretical A/S of zero.

Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry.

PHASE HOLDUP AND LIQUID DISPERSION IN GAS-LIQUID-SOLID CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Axial and radial profiles of gas and solids holdups have been studied in agas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed at 140mm i.d..Experimental results indicate that the axialand radial profiles of gas and solids holdups are more uniform than those in a conventionalfluidized bed.Axial and radial liquid dispersion coefficients in the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidizedbed are investigated for the first time.It is found that axial and radial liquid dispersioncoefficients increases with increaes in gas velocity and solids holdup.The liquid velocity has littleinfluence on the axial liquid dispersion coefficient,but would adversely affect the redial liquiddispersion coefficient.It can be concluded that the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed hasadvantages such as better interphase contact and lower liquid dispersion along the axial directionover the expanded bed.

Comparative study of two fluid model and dense discrete phase model for simulations of gas-solid hydrodynamics in circulating fluidized beds

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)has become a valuable tool to study the complex gas-solid hydrodynamics in the circulating fluidized bed(CFB).Based on the two fluid model(TFM)under the Eulerian-Eulerian framework and the dense discrete phase model(DDPM)under the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework,this work conducts the comparative study of the gas-solid hydrodynamics in a CFB riser by these two different models.Results show that DDPM could be used to predict gas-solid hydrodynamics in the circulating fluidized bed,and there are differences between TFM and DDPM,especially in the radial distribution profiles of solid phase.Sensitivity analysis results show that the gas-solid drag model exhibits significant effects on the results for both the two models.The specularity coefficient and the restitution coefficient in the TFM,as well as the reflection coefficient and the parcel number in the DDPM,exhibit less impact on the simulated results.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF FLOW STRUCTURE IN A GAS-SOLID CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED RISER BY PIV

Particle Imaging Velocimetry （PIV） techniques were applied to investigate the particle motion and cluster properties in a gas-solid two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed riser. Visual images and micro-structure of various clusters were captured. After the boundary of clusters was determined by the gray level threshold method, clusters were classified by the distance between particles and the shape and position of clusters. In addition, the process of clusters forming and breaking up was described, and the sizes of clusters were also obtained. With the Minimum Quadric Difference （MQD） cross-correlation algorithm suitable for high-density particles, the axial velocities of the particles were obtained in the dilute phase section. The features of particle motion were revealed by investigating statistically the magnitude and distribution of particle axial velocity in the radial direction. At most radial cross-sections, there exists a parabola-shaped distribution of upward axial velocity of particles, namely, the magnitude of axial velocity in the core region is higher than that near the wall region of the riser.

Numerical simulation of counter-current flow field in the downcomer of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed

A comprehensive study on the hydrodynamics in the downcomer of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed （LSCFB） is crucial in the control and optimization of the extraction process using an ion exchange LSCFB. A computational fluid dynamics model is proposed in this study to simulate the counter-current two-phase flow in the downcomer of the LSCFB. The model is based on the Eulerian-Eulerian approach incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow. The predicted results agree well with our earlier experimental data. Furthermore, it is shown that the bed expansion of the particles in the downcomer is directly affected by the superfcial liquid velocity in downcomer and solids circulation rate. The model also predicts the residence time of solid particles in the downcomer using a pulse technique. It is demonstrated that the increase in the superficial liquid velocity decreases the solids dispersion in the downcomer of the LSCFB,

Evaluation of the effect of wall boundary conditions on numerical simulations of circulating fluidized beds

A computational fluid dynamics （CFD） modeling of the gas-solids two-phase flow in a circulating fluidized bed （CFB） riser is carried out. The Eularian-Eularian method with the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to solve the gas-solids two-phase flow in the CFB riser. The wall boundary condition of the riser is defined based on the Johnson and Jackson wall boundary theory （Johnson ＆ Jackson, 1987） with specularity coefficient and particle-wall restitution coefficient.The numerical results show that these two coefficients in the wall boundary condition play a major role in the predicted solids lateral velocity, which affects the solid particle distribution in the CFB riser. And the effect of each of the two coefficients on the solids distribution also depends on the other one. The generality of the CFD model is further validated under different operatin~ conditions of the CFB riser.

Numerical simulation of dense particle-gas two-phase flow using the minimal potential energy principle

A simulation method of dense particle-gas two-phase flow has been developed. The binding force is introduced to present the impact of particle clustering and its expression is deduced according to the principle of minimal potential energy. The cluster collision, break-up and coalescence models are proposed based on the assumption that the particle cluster are treated as one discrete phase. These models are used to numerically study the two-phase flow field in a circulating fluidized bed （CFB）. Detailed results of the cluster structure, cluster size, particle volume fraction, gas velocity, and particle velocity are obtained. The correlation between the simulation results and experimental data justifies that these models and algorithm are reasonable, and can be used to efficiently study the dense particle-gas two-phase flow.

三相循环流化床中沸腾传热特性

提出了一种新型蒸发沸腾传热方式,即汽液固三相循环流化床沸腾传热。实验表明:该传热方式具有强化传热和防、除垢效果;其传热系数比汽液两相流沸腾传热膜系数高1.5～2.0倍,并能长期保持传热壁面的洁净。实验中研究了不同种类的固体粒子(玻璃球、陶瓷球、钛粒和钢球)、粒子体积分率、液相流速以及加热蒸汽压力等因素对循环流化床沸腾传热的影响。

三相循环流化床中气泡大小及其分布的实验研究

用光纤探头技术对三相循环流化床中的气泡大小及其分布进行了系统研究 ,实验测定了操作条件对气泡大小及其分布的影响规律 .实验结果表明 ,三相循环流化床中气泡的大小分布可用对数正态分布表征 ,在实验条件下气泡平均直径在床中心区域较小且沿半径方向由中心向边壁逐渐增大 ,并随表观气速的增大而减小 ,随固含率的增大而增大 。

循环床气固提升管中颗粒浓度的轴向分布

以 16m高循环床提升管中气固两相流压力梯度的大量实验数据为基础 ,从能量耗散的观点分析研究了平均颗粒浓度的轴向分布特征及其操作条件的影响 ,并与相同条件下 6m高提升管中颗粒浓度的轴向分布进行了对比。结果表明 ,增加颗粒循环量Gs 或减小表观气速Ug 时 ,由于单位质量颗粒加速和输送的能量减少 ,提升管各高度位置的颗粒浓度εs增大 ,颗粒浓度的轴向分布亦更不均匀 ;提升管高度对平均颗粒浓度及其轴向分布具有显著影响 ,提升管高度增加 ,提升管各高度截面上的平均颗粒浓度减小 ,颗粒浓度的轴向分布也更加均匀 ,给定表观气速对应的颗粒饱和夹带量也将提高。

汽液固三相循环流化床蒸发器强化传热和防垢研究

本文在已开发的汽液固三相循环流化床蒸发器装置上进行了条件试验研究。试验表明，这种新型的蒸发器具有明显的强化传热和防垢效果，其传热系数比汽液两相流沸腾传热膜系数提高１．５倍～２．０倍，并能有效防止污垢的产生。文中对强化传热和防垢的机理进行了探讨。

循环流化床内颗粒运动的PIV测试

作为一种瞬时全场测速技术,PIV测试技术被尝试用于测量循环流化床(CFB)内颗粒运动,以进一步了解循环流化床内复杂的气固两相流动特性。初步实验已在一个截面为200mm×200mm高为4m的冷态循环流化床实验台上完成,并运用二值化互相关图像处理算法,获得了床内截面上的颗粒流动矢量图。初步测试结果较好地反映了循环流化床内颗粒流动的一些特性,表明PIV技术在循环流化床气固两相流体特性研究中具有较好的应用前景。

三相内循环流化床光催化反应器及其光辐射传递规律

提出并建立了三相内循环流化床光催化反应器 ,对其内部光辐射传递规律进行了研究 .结果表明 ,在气固相共同作用下(通气量 >0 3m3 /h) ,光强的径向分布服从指数衰减规律 ,与Rose公式中通过均匀悬浊介质时的光强分布规律一致 .光辐射能的数值受初始光强 .催化剂颗粒浓度和液层厚度的共同影响 .通气量只影响床层流化状态 ,对光强分布影响可以忽略 .对罗丹明B的光催化降解实验表明 ,三相内循环流化床的光催化效率高于传统的悬浆式反应床 ,本系统的最佳催化剂浓度为 10～12 g/L .

脱硫塔气固两相流场优化的数值模拟研究

循环流化床脱硫塔是一种用于锅炉尾部烟气的干法脱硫技术。由于实际脱硫塔尺寸庞大,给实验研究带来困难且成本很高,该文采用数值模拟的方法对多种方案进行比较,能够便利、深入地对塔内流场进行研究。并根据拟建的循环流化床脱硫塔实际结构和运行参数,通过数值模拟方法对塔内气固两相流场进行了模拟,发现和揭示了塔内流场所存在的不均匀性。为将塔内流场调节均匀,在所建立的数值模拟平台上对大量设想的调节方案进行了尝试、比较和筛选。最终结果表明,通过改变文丘里管直径、加装直导流板或弯曲导流板均可以将流场调节均匀,达到理想状态。

外循环三相流化床处理染料废水

利用外循环三相生物流化床设计准则,通过小试规模的流化床对经预处理的模拟含染料废水和工业废水进行处理,结果表明:在4 h内增加水力停留时间(HRT),可提高化学需氧量(CODcr)去除率. 气、液、固三相的循环运动使流化床具有较强抗冲击负荷能力,生物膜厚在100~350 (m范围内,进水CODcr浓度在较宽范围内波动时,对出水CODcr去除率影响不大,都能维持在80%以上.

气液固三相循环流化床中气固相含率轴径向的分布

对气液固三相循环流化床中气固相含率沿轴径向的分布进行了实验研究和模拟。实验结果表明：与膨胀床相比，三相循环流化床内的相间接触较为充分；固含率轴向分布的一维沉降－扩散模型模拟值与实验值吻合较好。

两相流动对流化床燃烧行为的影响

循环床锅炉沿床高的烟气浓度及燃烧份额分布测试结果证明 ,鼓泡流化床和循环流化床的重要差异表现为密相区燃烧行为的根本不同 ,由于床料平均粒径较低 ,循环床密相区的流动不同于鼓泡床 ,导致气固两相之间的传质阻力增加 ,从而影响燃烧反应 ,密相区的燃烧行为表现为欠氧。循环床锅炉沿床高乃至分离器都有燃烧反应发生 ,建立了考虑气固相间传质阻力的流化床密相区燃烧模型 ,并与实际循环流化床锅炉的测试数据比较 。

循环流化床颗粒输送斜管的压力脉动特性

以循环流化床输送斜管为研究对象,通过改变颗粒质量流率,测量斜管内蝶阀上、下两处的动态压力。结果表明,随着颗粒质量流率增加,蝶阀上、下方颗粒的流动形式均发生变化,斜管内的颗粒流态发生变化,动态压力的波动幅度逐渐增加。蝶阀下方的动态压力标准偏差与颗粒质量流率呈线性关系,能够用于表征循环流化床的颗粒质量流率。压力脉动的小波分析表明,斜管内蝶阀上、下方均存在一个主频,是由于斜管自身的流动结构所致,但蝶阀下方还存在一个次频,是由于气体脉动以及气、固两相的相互作用所致,且次频所占能量随颗粒质量流率增加而降低。斜管下料产生的脉动压力是一种低频压力,是斜管振动的激振源。

提升管出口T型弯头压降特性的实验分析

在大型循环流化床装置上,以FCC催化剂颗粒为实验物料,针对提升管出口T型弯头用动态压力传感器测量了操作参数和结构尺寸变化对其压降的影响,系统地分析了T型弯头的压降特性。实验结果表明T型弯头的压降与颗粒浓度呈线性关系,与入口速度(提升表观气速)呈二次方关系;T型弯头出口管截面积的减小使得压降显著增大;T型弯头盲管高度的增加可使T型弯头的压降降低,但是当盲管高度增加到一定值时,压降减小不明显。盲管高度对压降的影响是由于盲管高度的增加改变了提升管上部压力的分布,使T型弯头入口压力减小,导致T型弯头的压降降低;同时盲管高度的增加也使提升管出口区域的负压约束区长度增加。盲管所形成的负压约束区构成了对提升管出口的约束作用,T型弯头的盲管高度越大负压约束区越长,约束作用越强。