This article presents a mathematical model for simulating the mechanical behaviour of lightning strikes and analysing the resulting damage to the soil.This article focuses on the electro-thermal effect and seepage cau...This article presents a mathematical model for simulating the mechanical behaviour of lightning strikes and analysing the resulting damage to the soil.This article focuses on the electro-thermal effect and seepage caused by lightning strikes in particular.Then,a numerical model based on the conservation laws of momentum,mass and energy is developed for soil subjected to lightning strikes.Comparisons to field observations and theoretical calculations are used to demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of numerical simulations.The findings demonstrate that lightning strikes can cause soils to experience both seepage force and heat stress.Under the calculative condition of this article:by increasing the intrinsic permeability of the soil,k_(p)(≥10^(-10)m^(2)),the seepage force can be effectively reduced,hence reducing the risk of lightning strikes;improving the electrical conductivity of the soil β(≥10^(-1) S/m^(2))and lowering its thermal expansion coefficient(≤10^(-6)K^(-1))can greatly reduce the damage caused by lightning strikes to the soil.The preceding investigations demonstrate that the suggested model is capable of evaluating mechanical damage caused by lightning in the soil,and the findings contribute to a better understanding of soil mechanical response to lightning strikes.展开更多
The rim partials of a church bell (those with an antinode at the soundbow) generate the strike pitch or perceived note of the bell. The spacing in frequency of the higher rim partials has an important effect on the to...The rim partials of a church bell (those with an antinode at the soundbow) generate the strike pitch or perceived note of the bell. The spacing in frequency of the higher rim partials has an important effect on the tonal quality of the bell. Investigations into the partial frequencies of 2752 bells, both bronze and steel, of a wide variety of dates, founders and sizes, show a simple and unexpected relationship between the frequencies of the rim partials. This relationship explains why attempts to tune the higher rim partials independently have failed. A modified version of Chladni’s law provides insight into the musical relationship of the partials, and predicts the partials of individual bells well, but fails to give a simple model of the spacing between the partials seen in bells with different profiles.展开更多
随着750 k V输变电工程在新疆电网的建设,越来越多750 k V输电线路跨越天山山区。天山山区是新疆地区雷电活跃地带,对跨越天山山区750 k V伊苏线的反击耐雷水平、应用规程法和ATP-EMTP(电磁暂态仿真)进行了仿真计算,计算结果表明,规程...随着750 k V输变电工程在新疆电网的建设,越来越多750 k V输电线路跨越天山山区。天山山区是新疆地区雷电活跃地带,对跨越天山山区750 k V伊苏线的反击耐雷水平、应用规程法和ATP-EMTP(电磁暂态仿真)进行了仿真计算,计算结果表明,规程法不适合750 k V线路反击耐雷水平计算。同时利用改进电气几何模型法,对线路的绕击耐雷水平进行了计算。根据耐雷水平和雷电分布对750 k V伊苏线杆塔逐基计算了线路雷击反击、绕击跳闸率,最后根据不同杆塔的雷击跳闸率对750 k V伊苏线进行了雷击风险了评估,对评估结果较差的线路段提出了改进措施。展开更多
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42077435)。
文摘This article presents a mathematical model for simulating the mechanical behaviour of lightning strikes and analysing the resulting damage to the soil.This article focuses on the electro-thermal effect and seepage caused by lightning strikes in particular.Then,a numerical model based on the conservation laws of momentum,mass and energy is developed for soil subjected to lightning strikes.Comparisons to field observations and theoretical calculations are used to demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of numerical simulations.The findings demonstrate that lightning strikes can cause soils to experience both seepage force and heat stress.Under the calculative condition of this article:by increasing the intrinsic permeability of the soil,k_(p)(≥10^(-10)m^(2)),the seepage force can be effectively reduced,hence reducing the risk of lightning strikes;improving the electrical conductivity of the soil β(≥10^(-1) S/m^(2))and lowering its thermal expansion coefficient(≤10^(-6)K^(-1))can greatly reduce the damage caused by lightning strikes to the soil.The preceding investigations demonstrate that the suggested model is capable of evaluating mechanical damage caused by lightning in the soil,and the findings contribute to a better understanding of soil mechanical response to lightning strikes.
文摘The rim partials of a church bell (those with an antinode at the soundbow) generate the strike pitch or perceived note of the bell. The spacing in frequency of the higher rim partials has an important effect on the tonal quality of the bell. Investigations into the partial frequencies of 2752 bells, both bronze and steel, of a wide variety of dates, founders and sizes, show a simple and unexpected relationship between the frequencies of the rim partials. This relationship explains why attempts to tune the higher rim partials independently have failed. A modified version of Chladni’s law provides insight into the musical relationship of the partials, and predicts the partials of individual bells well, but fails to give a simple model of the spacing between the partials seen in bells with different profiles.
文摘随着750 k V输变电工程在新疆电网的建设,越来越多750 k V输电线路跨越天山山区。天山山区是新疆地区雷电活跃地带,对跨越天山山区750 k V伊苏线的反击耐雷水平、应用规程法和ATP-EMTP(电磁暂态仿真)进行了仿真计算,计算结果表明,规程法不适合750 k V线路反击耐雷水平计算。同时利用改进电气几何模型法,对线路的绕击耐雷水平进行了计算。根据耐雷水平和雷电分布对750 k V伊苏线杆塔逐基计算了线路雷击反击、绕击跳闸率,最后根据不同杆塔的雷击跳闸率对750 k V伊苏线进行了雷击风险了评估,对评估结果较差的线路段提出了改进措施。
