ZnO micro-nano composite hydrophobic film prepared by the three-step method

The hydrophobicity of the lotus leaf is mainly due to its surface micro-nano composite structure. In order to mimic the lotus structure, ZnO micro-nano composite hydrophobic films were prepared via the three-step method. On thin buffer films of SiO2, which were first fabricated on glass substrates by the so,gel dip-coating method, a ZnO seed layer was deposited via RF magnetron sputtering. Then two different ZnO films, micro-nano and micro-only flowerlike structures, were grown by the hydrothermal method. The prepared films have different hydrophobic properties after surface modification. The structures of the obtained ZnO films were characterized using x-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. A conclusion that a micro-nano composite structure is more beneficial to hydrophobicity than a micro-only structure was obtained through research into the effect of structure on hydrophobic properties.

General Convergence Analysis for Three-step Projection Methods and Applications to Variational Problems

First a general model for a three-step projection method is introduced, and second it has been applied to the approximation solvability of a system of nonlinear variational inequality problems in a Hilbert space setting. Let H be a real Hilbert space and K be a nonempty closed convex subset of H. For arbitrarily chosen initial points x0, y0, z0 ∈ K, compute sequences xn, yn, zn such thatT ： K→ H is a nonlinear mapping onto K. At last three-step models are applied to some variational inequality problems.

Study on the wind field and pollutant dispersion in street canyons using a stable numerical method

A stable finite element method for the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations was used for studying the wind flow and pollutant dispersion within street canyons. A three-step fractional method was used to solve the velocity field and the pressure field separately from the governing equations. The Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin(SUPG) method was used to get stable numerical results. Numerical oscillation was minimized and satisfactory results can be obtained for flows at high Reynolds numbers. Simulating the flow over a square cylinder within a wide range of Reynolds numbers validates the wind field model. The Strouhal numbers obtained from the numerical simulation had a good agreement with those obtained from experiment. The wind field model developed in the present study is applied to simulate more complex flow phenomena in street canyons with two different building configurations. The results indicated that the flow at rooftop of buildings might not be assumed parallel to the ground as some numerical modelers did. A counter-clockwise rotating vortex may be found in street canyons with an inflow from the left to right. In addition, increasing building height can increase velocity fluctuations in the street canyon under certain circumstances, which facilitate pollutant dispersion. At high Reynolds numbers, the flow regimes in street canyons do not change with inflow velocity.

Application of CLEAR-VOF method to wave and flow simulations

A two-dimensional numerical model based on the Navier-Stokes equations and computational Lagrangian-Eulerian advection remap-volume of fluid （CLEAR-VOF） method was developed to simulate wave and flow problems. The Navier-Stokes equations were discretized with a three-step finite element method that has a third-order accuracy. In the CLEAR-VOF method, the VOF function F was calculated in the Lagrangian manner and allowed the complicated free surface to be accurately captured. The propagation of regular waves and solitary waves over a flat bottom, and shoaling and breaking of solitary waves on two different slopes were simulated with this model, and the numerical results agreed with experimental data and theoretical solutions. A benchmark test of dam-collapse flow was also simulated with an unstructured mesh, and the capability of the present model for wave and flow simulations with unstructured meshes, was verified. The results show that the model is effective for numerical simulation of wave and flow problems with both structured and unstructured meshes.

黄土长大隧道机械化快速施工及安全控制技术研究

为解决黄土长大隧道工期受限问题,拟采用成套机械化工装设备配合三台阶三步法快速施工工艺完成安全、高效的隧道施工。以蒙华运煤专线隧道群快速作业为背景,研究三台阶三步法快速施工工艺和安全控制技术,提出能有效控制黄土隧道围岩变形量的"两紧跟"技术和解决衬砌混凝土背后脱空问题的二衬混凝土滑槽逐窗入模浇筑技术、拱顶带模注浆及防脱空监测技术。结果表明:联合应用"两紧跟"技术、混凝土滑槽逐窗入模技术和拱顶带模注浆及防脱空监测技术可大幅提高成套机械化工装设备配合三台阶三步法快速掘进施工的可靠性,保障工程快速、安全及经济施工。研究结果具有较好的普适性,可成为长大黄土隧道快速施工工艺选择的依据和施工安全控制问题的典型解决方案。

大断面古土壤隧道围岩压力分布规律及支护结构受力特征分析——以银西高铁早胜3号隧道为例

银西高铁早胜3号隧道位于甘肃省宁县境内,为国内首条穿越古土壤地层的隧道。为研究隧道穿越古土壤地层时围岩压力分布情况及支护结构受力变形特征,通过在隧道相同里程布设压力盒、表面应变计和钢筋应力计等传感器,对围岩压力、初期支护受力变形情况进行长期现场监测,并将监测结果得到的频率值换算为力值或应变,最后对数据进行分析。结果表明:1)对于三台阶七步开挖法,围岩压力大致经历了急剧变化—缓慢变化—平稳变化3个阶段,三台阶七步开挖的施工工法决定了相同里程先开挖一侧围岩压力明显大于后开挖一侧; 2)钢拱架呈现三维受力状态,相邻2榀拱架间轴力以受压为主,支护结构的完整程度以及与混凝土的协作关系直接影响轴力变化情况; 3)拱脚应变的最大值主要集中在上台阶和仰拱底部附近。

软弱地层大断面隧道三台阶七步法与临时仰拱法适应性分析的对比研究

软弱围岩力学性质较差、强度低、自稳能力差。目前在软弱围岩隧道施工中常采用的三台阶七步法经大量工程实践表明存在初期支护变形大、地表沉降大、难以及时封闭、对突发事件的应变能力较差等特点。针对广东赤竹、高栋两座高速铁路隧道洞口段软弱围岩具体条件,进行三台阶七步法和三台阶临时仰拱法两种施工工法的对比试验,在隧道拱顶沉降、周边收敛和地表沉降测试基础上,从工程应用效果以及数值仿真模拟等方面进行了系统的工法适应性研究。结果表明:在该类软弱围岩地层大断面隧道施工中,三台阶临时仰拱法在控制拱顶沉降、地表沉降、围岩应力、塑性区扩展面积及深度方面要优于三台阶七步法,所得结论对其他类似工程具有借鉴意义。

三台阶三步法在湿陷性黄土隧道中的应用及沉降规律研究

随着隧道建设工程的不断发展,在不同地质条件下进行隧道工程施工已成为必然发展趋势,由于湿陷性黄土地质环境复杂,其隧道施工工艺及沉降规律研究较少。以蒙西—华中地区铁路运煤专线隧道为工程背景,提出三台阶三步法快速施工工艺,并通过有限元三维模型模拟隧道开挖过程,研究隧道施工引起的地表沉降规律。结果表明:隧道拱顶沉降符合高斯分布,地表沉降最大值位于隧道中心轴线处;地表沉降曲线呈反"S"形,可将沉降分为缓慢变化、急剧下降和稳定3个阶段。

Numerical Simulation of Wave Forces on Seabed Pipelines

A three-step finite element method (FEM) together with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is applied to incompressible turbulent flow around seabed pipelines at relatively high Reynolds numbers. Both two dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out to determine the three-dimensional effect. The results of numerical simulation agree quite well with the wave forces acting on pipeline models measured in physical model test.

A kind of double-sided porous anodic alumina membrane fabricated with the three-step anodic oxidation method

The porous anodic alumina membranes （PAAMs） have been successfully used as templates for the fabrication of functional nano-materials due to their outstanding regularity and physicochemical properties. In this paper, a transparent double-sided anodic alumina membrane with ultra-thin aluminum substrate was fabricated with the three-step anodic oxidation method in the oxalic acid electrolyte. The characters such as the top-surface morphology, membrane thickness, and depth of nanopores of this three-layer （A1203-A1-A1203） sandwiched nano-structure were controllable through regulating the main anodic oxidation conditions, e.g., anodic oxidation time of various steps, coating remove process. The experiments data revealed that the aluminum substrate is exponential declined with the oxidation time when it was approximately reduced by a few micrometers. This new double-sided anodic alumina membrane can be used as the high-quality functional field emission materials and templates.

A semi-implicit three-step method based on SUPG finite element formulation for flow in lid driven cavities with different geometries

A numerical algorithm using a bilinear or linear finite element and semi-implicit three-step method is presented for the analysis of incompressible viscous fluid problems. The streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) stabilization scheme is used for the formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. For the spatial discretization, the convection term is treated explicitly, while the viscous term is treated implicitly, and for the temporal discretization, a three-step method is employed. The present method is applied to simulate the lid driven cavity problems with different geometries at low and high Reynolds numbers. The results compared with other numerical experiments are found to be feasible and satisfactory.

上软下硬地层大断面铁路隧道施工方案优选研究

为进一步提高复杂围岩条件下隧道开挖的安全稳定性,依托八苏木铁路隧道工程,通过数值模拟的方法研究了上软下硬复合地层下大断面铁路隧道施工方案优选,对比分析台阶法、三台阶临时仰拱法、CRD法和三台阶七步法的初支结构位移及内力.综合结构位移及内力考虑,使用三台阶七步法进行开挖为最优方案.

Key Techniques for the Construction of High-Speed Railway Large-Section Loess Tunnels

The successful completion of the Zhengzhou-Xi＇an high-speed railway project has greatly improved the construction level of China＇s large-section loess tunnels, and has resulted in significant progress being made in both design theory and construction technology. This paper systematically summarizes the tech- nical characteristics and main problems of the large-section loess tunnels on China＇s high-speed railway, including classification of the surrounding rock, design of the supporting structure, surface settlement and cracking control, and safe and rapid construction methods. On this basis, the key construction tech- niques of loess tunnels with large sections for high-speed railway are expounded from the aspects of design and construction. The research results show that the classification of loess strata surrounding large tunnels should be based on the geological age of the loess, and be determined by combining the plastic index and the water content. In addition, the influence of the buried depth should be considered. During tunnel excavation disturbance, if the tensile stress exceeds the soil tensile or shear strength, the surface part of the sliding trend plane can be damaged, and visible cracks can form. The pressure of the surrounding rock of a large-section loess tunnel should be calculated according to the buried depth, using the corresponding formula. A three-bench seven-step excavation method of construction was used as the core technology system to ensure the safe and rapid construction of a large-section loess tunnel, following a field test to optimize the construction parameters and determine the engineering measures to stabilize the tunnel face. The conclusions and methods presented here are of great significance in revealing the strata and supporting mechanics of large-section loess tunnels, and in optimizing the supporting structure design and the technical parameters for construction.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A EUTROPHICATION WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR RIVER NETWORKS

The Preissmann implicit scheme was used to discretize the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations, the river-junction-fiver method was applied to resolve the hydrodynamic and water quality model for river networks, and the key issues on the model were expatiated particularly in this article. This water quality module was designed to compute time dependent concentrations of a series of constituents, which are primarily governed by the processes of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions. Based on the theory of Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program （WASP） water quality model, emphasis was given to the simulation of the biogeochemical transformations that determine the fate of nutrients, in particular, the simulation of the aquatic cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. This model also includes procedures for the determination of growth and death of phytoplankton. This hydrodynamic and water quality model was applied to calculate two river networks. As illustrated by the numerical examples, the calculated water level and discharge agree with the measured data and the simulated trends and magnitudes of water quality constituents are generally in good agreement with field observations. It is concluded that the presented model is useful in the pollutant control and in the determination of pollutant-related problems for river networks.